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CHAPTER 1
QUESTIONS
1. The function of cost accounting is to provide goods sold and valuing inventories;
the cost accounting information that is the determining product selling price;
basis for planning and controlling current meeting competition; bidding on
and future operations. It provides the cost contracts; and analyzing profitability.
figures and analyses that management b. Planning by providing historical costs
needs in order to find the most efficient that serve as a basis for projecting data.
methods of operating, achieving control of c. Controlling operations by providing cost
costs, and determining selling prices. data that enable management to
2. Originally issued for companies marketing periodically measure results, to take
products in Europe, a set of international corrective action where necessary, and
standards for quality management, known to search for ways to reduce costs.
as the ISO 9000 family, was designed by the 6. Unit cost information is important to
International Organization for management because the unit costs of one
Standardization. Obtaining ISO 9000 is period can be compared with those of other
important because many companies will periods, and significant trends can be
only contract with ISO 9000 suppliers. identified and analyzed. Unit costs are also
3. Manufacturers convert purchased materials used in making important marketing
into finished goods by using labor, decisions related to selling prices,
technology, and facilities. Merchandisers competition, bidding, and profitability
purchase completed products for resale. analysis.
Service businesses or agencies sell or 7. For a manufacturer, the planning process
provide services rather than products. involves the selection of clearly defined
4. A manufacturer differs from a merchandiser objectives of the manufacturing operation
in these ways: and the development of a detailed program
a. The merchandiser buys items to sell to guide the organization in reaching the
while the manufacturing business must objectives. Cost accounting provides
make the items it markets. historical cost information that is used as the
b. Usually the manufacturer has a greater basis for planning future operations.
investment in physical facilities. 8. In a manufacturing concern, effective control
c. The manufacturer will incur some costs is achieved in the following ways:
peculiar to this type of industry, such as a. Responsibility must be assigned for
machine maintenance, materials each detail of the master production
handling, and inspection of plan.
manufactured goods. b. There must be a periodic measurement
The two types of operations are similar in of the actual results as compared with
that they are both concerned with predetermined objectives.
purchasing, storing, and selling goods; they c. Management must take corrective
must have efficient management and action as necessary to improve or
adequate sources of capital; and they may eliminate inefficient and unprofitable
employ many workers. operations.
5. Cost accounting information is used by 9. Responsibility accounting is the assigning of
management in the following ways: accountability for costs or production results
a. Determining product costs which are to those individuals who have the authority
necessary for: determining cost of to influence costs or production. It involves
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2 Chapter 1
an information system that traces these data 16. Key elements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
to the managers who are responsible for include: certification by the CEO and CFO
them. that the financial statements fairly reflect the
10. The criteria for a cost center are: results of operations; the establishment of
a. A reasonable basis on which the Public Company Accounting Oversight
manufacturing costs can be allocated. Board to provide oversight of the accounting
profession; prohibiting a public accounting
b. A person who has control over and is
firm from providing many nonauditing
accountable for many of the costs
services to a company that it audits;
charged to that center.
requiring that a company’s annual report
11. The requirements for becoming a CMA contain management’s opinion on the
include a four-year college degree, two effectiveness of its internal controls; placing
years of relevant work experience, and the responsibility for hiring, compensating,
passing a rigorous two-day examination. and terminating the audit firm in the hands of
12. The four major categories of ethical conduct the board of director’s audit committee;
that must be adhered to by management criminal penalties for the destruction or
accountants include competence, alteration of business documents and for
confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity. retaliating against “whistleblowers.”
13. The steps that should be taken by the 17. Financial accounting focuses upon financial
management accountant include: statements which meet the decision-making
a. Discuss the problem with the immediate needs of external parties, such as investors,
supervisor except when it appears that creditors, and governmental agencies, and
the supervisor is involved, in which case to some extent the needs of management.
it should be taken to the next higher Management accounting focuses on both
management level. historical and estimated data that
b. Clarify relevant ethical issues by management needs to conduct ongoing
confidential discussion with an objective business operations and do long-range
advisor. planning. Cost accounting includes those
parts of both financial and managerial
c. Consult your own attorney as to legal
accounting that
obligations and rights.
collects and analyzes cost information. It
d. If the ethical issue still exists after provides the product cost data required for
exhausting all levels of internal review, special reports to management
there may be no other recourse on (management accounting) and for inventory
significant matters than to resign from costing in the financial statements (financial
the organization. accounting).
14. Corporate governance is the means by 18. With regard to methods for computing the
which a company is directed and controlled. cost of goods sold, the difference between
Good corporate governance is important to a manufacturer and a merchandiser is in the
all stakeholders because, due to recent determination of the cost of goods available
accounting scandals, the need for ethical for sale. Since the manufacturing business
conduct in managing corporate affairs has makes the products it has available for sale,
never been greater. the cost of goods manufactured must be
15. The recent accounting scandals where determined and added to beginning finished
management, including controllers and chief goods inventory to determine the cost of
financial officers, has “cooked the books” to finished goods available for sale. Since the
make reported financial results seem better merchandiser purchases rather than makes
than actual created the need for the goods to sell, the cost of purchases is added
Sarbanes-Oxley Act. To help curb future to beginning merchandise inventory to
abuses the act holds CEO’s and CFO’s compute the cost of goods available for sale.
accountable for the accuracy of their firms’ 19. Finished Goods—this is an inventory
financial statements. account reflecting the total cost incurred in
©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 1 3
manufacturing goods on hand that are ready

for sale to customers.
Work in Process—this inventory account
includes all of the costs incurred to date in
manufacturing goods that are not yet
completed.
Materials—this account represents the cost
of materials on hand that will be used in the
manufacturing process.
20. Manufacturers, such as aircraft producers
and home builders, make tangible products
by applying labor and technology to raw
materials. They may have as many as three
inventory accounts: Finished Goods, Work
in Process, and Raw Materials.
Merchandisers, such as wholesalers and
department stores, purchase tangible
products in finished form from suppliers.
They have only one inventory account,
Merchandise Inventory. Service businesses,
such as airlines and sports franchises,
provide intangible benefits such as
transportation and entertainment. They have
no inventory account.
21. A perpetual inventory system involves
maintaining a continuous record of
purchases, issues, and new balances of all
goods in
4 Chapter 1
stock. Under a periodic inventory system no are first accumulated in the factory overhead
attempt is made to record the cost of account and are then transferred to the work
merchandise sold at the time of sale. At the in process account.
end of the accounting period a physical 26. Cost of goods sold represents the total
inventory is taken for the purpose of manufacturing cost of the goods sold during
determining the cost of goods sold and the a given accounting period, while the cost of
ending inventory. goods manufactured represents the total
22.The basic elements of production cost are: manufacturing cost of all goods that were
a. Direct materials. finished during the accounting period,
b. Direct labor. whether or not sold.
c. Factory overhead. 27. Non-factory costs are charged to selling or
general administrative expense accounts
23. Direct materials—the cost of those
and do not affect the determination of
materials which become part of the item
manufacturing costs. Costs which benefit
being manufactured and can be readily
both factory and non-factory operations
identified with it.
must be allocated in some equitable
Indirect materials—the cost of those items manner.
which are necessary for the manufacturing
28. A mark-on percentage is a percentage of the
process but cannot be identified specifically
total manufacturing cost that is added to the
with any particular item manufactured, and
manufacturing cost to establish a selling
the cost of those materials which do become
price that covers the product’s share of
a part of the manufactured product but
selling and administrative expenses and
whose cost is too insignificant to track to
earns a satisfactory profit.
individual jobs.
29. Job order costing is appropriate when the
Direct labor—the labor cost for employees
output of an enterprise consists of
who work directly on the product
custom-made or specially ordered goods.
manufactured.
Manufacturers such as machine shops and
Indirect labor—the cost of labor for those shipbuilders, merchandisers such as
employees who are required for the computer retailers, and service firms, such
manufacturing process but who do not work as CPAs and architects, all use job order
directly on the item being manufactured. costing.
Factory overhead—includes all costs 30. Process costing is appropriate when an
related to the manufacturing process except enterprise’s operations involve the
direct materials and direct labor, such as continuous or mass production of large
indirect materials, indirect labor, and all quantities of homogeneous items.
other factory expenses. Manufacturers such as chemical producers
24. Prime cost is the cost of direct materials and and candy makers, merchandisers such as
direct labor; it represents cost specifically newspapers and agricultural wholesalers,
identified with the product. and services such as hospital X-ray
Conversion cost is the cost of direct labor departments and airlines all use process
and factory overhead; it is the expense costing.
incurred to convert raw materials into 31. An advantage of accumulating costs by
finished goods. departments (process costing) or by jobs
No, one of the component costs, direct (job order costing) is that the information
labor, would be added twice. The cost of provided aids management in achieving
manufacturing includes direct materials, control of costs. With a process cost system,
direct labor, and factory overhead. Both management can make departmental
prime cost and conversion cost include the comparisons of current period costs with
cost of direct labor. prior period costs and can take corrective
25. Costs for direct materials and direct labor action as needed. If costs were accumulated
are charged directly to the work in process for the factory as a whole, management
account, while the factory overhead costs would have difficulty identifying specific
Chapter 1 5
sources of excessive costs and

inefficiencies. The information provided by a
job order cost system aids management in
the determination of selling prices, the profit
on each job, and costs applicable to similar
jobs produced in future periods.
32. A job cost sheet is a form on which all of the
individual costs applicable to a job are
recorded. Since the job cost sheets show
detailed costs and gross profit for each job,
they are useful to management in bidding on
similar jobs in the future.
33. Standard costs are reasonably attainable
costs which are estimated by management
in advance of production. Standard costs
are then compared with actual costs, and
differences called variances are calculated
and analyzed. A standard cost system is not
a separate cost accounting system but is
applied in conjunction with either process
costing or job order costing to increase cost
control effectiveness.
34. Square footage occupied by each of the
areas would be a good cost allocation base
to use in allocating the depreciation expense
between the factory operations and the
selling and administrative function. This
distinction is important because the
depreciation allocated to factory operations
is a manufacturing expense that becomes
part of inventory cost and eventually cost of
goods sold, whereas the portion allocated to
selling and administrative expense is a
period cost that is always expensed in the
period incurred.
Chapter 1 6
EXERCISES
E1-1
The variances for kitchen wages and utilities were favorable for September,
whereas the variances for food and supplies were unfavorable. On a
year-to-date basis, the only expense that did not have the same pattern as
September was utilities which had a $120 F variance for the month, but an $850
U year-to-date variance.
E1-2
Merchandise inventory, January 1 $ 22,000

Plus purchases 183,000
Merchandise available for sale $ 205,000
Less merchandise inventory, January 31 17,000
Cost of goods sold $ 188,000
E1-3
Finished goods, July 1 $ 85,000

Plus cost of goods manufactured 343,000
Finished goods available for sale $ 428,000
Less finished goods, July 31 93,000
Chapter 1 7
E1-4
Selling &
DirectDirectFactory Admin.
ItemsMaterials LaborOverheadExpense
a. Steel used in an overhead door plant √

b. Cloth used in a shirt factory √
c. Fiberglass used by a sailboat
builder √
d. Cleaning solvent for the factory floor
√
e. Wages of a binder employed in a
printing plant √
f. Insurance on factory machines √
g. Rent paid for factory buildings √
h. Wages of the Machining
Department supervisor √
i. Leather used in a shoe factory √
j. Wages of a factory janitor √
k. Electric power consumed in
operating factory machines √
l. Depreciation on corporate offices √
m. Fuel used in heating a factory √
n. Paint used in the manufacture of
jet skis ….….. √
o. Wages of an ironworker in the
construction business √
p. Electricity used in lighting
sales offices √
E1- 5
When direct materials and supplies are purchased, the materials account is debited.
When direct materials and supplies are issued to the factory, the materials account is
credited, Work in Process is debited for the cost of the direct materials, and the factory
overhead account is debited for the cost of indirect materials.
When labor costs are distributed, the payroll account is credited, Work in Process is
debited for the cost of direct labor, and Factory Overhead is debited for the cost of
indirect labor.
8 Chapter 1
As other costs related to manufacturing are recorded, the factory overhead account is
charged. The debit to Work in Process for factory overhead is made by allocating
overhead expenses to this account. At the same time, the factory overhead account is
credited. The total cost of goods completed is recorded by debiting Finished Goods and
crediting Work in Process. When units are sold, Cost of Goods Sold is debited and
Finished Goods is credited.
E1-6
Black Hills Manufacturing Co.

Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month Ended January 31, 20—
a. Materials:
Inventory, January 1 $ 25,000
Purchases 21,000
Total cost of available materials $ 46,000
Less inventory, January 31 22,000
Cost of materials used $ 24,000
Less indirect materials used 1,000
Cost of direct materials used in production $ 23,000
Direct labor 18,000
Factory overhead:
Indirect materials $ 1,000
Indirect labor 3,000
Other 8,000
Total factory overhead 12,000
Total manufacturing cost $ 53,000
Add work in process inventory, January 1 24,000
$ 77,000
Less work in process inventory, January 31 20,000
Cost of goods manufactured $ 57,000
b. Finished goods inventory, January 1 $ 32,000

Add cost of goods manufactured 57,000
Goods available for sale $ 89,000
Less finished goods inventory, January 31 30,000
Chapter 1 9
E1-7
a. Direct materials used during the period $ 205,000

Add inventory of direct materials at the end of the period 95,000
Direct materials available during the period $ 300,000
Less inventory of direct materials at the beginning of the
period 90,000
Direct materials purchased during the period $ 210,000
b. Total manufacturing costs incurred during the period $ 675,000
Less: Direct materials used $ 205,000
Factory overhead incurred 175,000 380,000
Direct labor costs incurred during the period $ 295,000
c. Cost of goods available for sale $ 775,000
Less finished goods inventory at the end of the period 75,000
Cost of goods sold during the period $ 700,000
d. Sales $900,000
Costs of goods sold 700,000
Gross profit $ 200,000
E1-8
Work in Process (Direct Materials) 21,000

Factory Overhead (Indirect Materials) 5,000
Materials 26,000
Work in Process (Direct Labor) 15,000
Factory Overhead (Indirect Labor) 3,000
Payroll 18,000
Factory Overhead 7,200
Accounts Payable (or Prepaid Rent) 4,000
Accounts Payable (Utilities) 1,200
Accounts Payable (or Prepaid Insurance) 500
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery and Equipment 1,500
Work in Process 15,200
($5,000+$3,000+$7,200)
10 Chapter 1
E1-9
a. Work in Process—(Jobs1040, 1065, 1120)) 7,780

Materials 7,780
Work in Process—(Jobs 1040, 1065, 1120) 8,200
Payroll 8,200
Work in Process—(Jobs 1040, 1065, 1120) 3,280
b.
DirectDirect Total
Jobs MaterialsLabor FactoryProduction
Completed Cost CostOverhead Cost
1040 $3,600$ 4,000 $ 1,600 $ 9,200

1065 2,380 2,500 1,000 5,880
1120 1,800 1,700 680 4,180
Total $7,780$ 8,200 $ 3,280 $19,260
c. Finished Goods 19,260

Work in Process—(Jobs1040, 1065, 1120) 19,260
d.
Unit Cost
Job 1040 ($9,200 ÷ 400) $23.00
Job 1065 ($5,880 ÷ 240) $24.50
Job 1120 ($4,180 ÷ 200) $20.90
Chapter 1 11
e.
Selling Price Per Unit
Job 1040 ($23.00 × 140%) $32.20
Job 1065 ($24.50 × 140%) $34.30
Job 1120 ($20.90 × 140%) $29.26
E1-10
a. Work in Process 14,500

Materials 15,700
b. Work in Process 11,500
Factory Overhead (Indirect Labor) 900
Payroll 12,400
c. Work in Process 9,500
d. Finished Goods 27,500
Work in Process* 27,500
*Jobs completed:
Racers $12,000
Cruisers 15,500
Total $27,500
e. Cost of Goods Sold 27,500

Finished Goods 27,500
Accounts Receivable 49,000
Sales 49,000
12 Chapter 1
PROBLEMS
P1-1
Leonardo’s Italian Cafe

Performance Report—Dining Room
February 28, 2011
Budgeted Actual Variance
Expense February Year-to- February Year-to- February Year-to-

Date Date Date
Dining room $4,150 $8,450 $4,400 $9,100 $250U $650U

wages
Laundry and 1,500 3,150 1,400 3,000 100F 150F

housekeeping
Utilities 2,050 4,250 2,100 4,450 50U 200U
Depreciation 1,500 3,000 1,500 3,000 ---------- ---------
Total $9,200 $18,850 $9,400 $19,550 $200U $700U
P1- 2
1. Merchandise inventory, April 1 $ 38,000

Plus purchases 121,000
Merchandise available for sale $159,000
Less merchandise inventory, April 30 33,000
Cost of goods sold $126,000
Chapter 1 13
2. Finished goods, April 1 $ 67,000

Plus cost of goods manufactured 287,000
Finished goods available for sale $354,000
Less finished goods, April 30 61,000
Cost of goods sold $293,000
P1-3
1.
Indy Furniture Company
For the Month Ended November 30, 2011
Direct materials:
Inventory, November 1 $ 0
Purchases 33,000
Total cost of available materials $33,000
Less inventory, November 30 7,400
Cost of materials used $25,600
Cost of direct materials used in production $24,200
Direct labor 18,500
Factory overhead:
Depreciation of building 3,000
Depreciation of machinery and equipment 2,200
Utilities 2,750
Cost of goods manufactured during the month $56,350
14 Chapter 1
P1-3 Continued
2.

Income Statement
For the Month Ended November 30, 2011
Sales $68,300
Cost of goods sold:
Finished goods inventory, November 1 $ 0
Goods available for sale $56,350
Less finished goods inventory, November 30 13,900 42,450
Gross profit on sales $25,850
Selling and administrative expenses 15,200
Net income $10,650
Chapter 1 15
P1-3 Concluded
3.

Balance Sheet
November 30, 2011
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $21,800
Accounts receivable 16,200
Inventories:
Finished goods $ 13,900
Work in process 0
Materials 7,400 21,300
Total current assets $59,300
Plant and equipment:
Building $300,000
Less accumulated depreciation 3,000 $ 297,000
Machinery and equipment $ 88,000
Less accumulated depreciation 2,200 85,800
Total plant and equipment 382,800
Total assets $442,100
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $8,900
Stockholders’ equity:
Capital stock $422,550
Retained earnings 10,650
Total stockholders’ equity 433,200
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $442,100
16 Chapter 1
P1-4
1. a. Materials 58,000
Accounts Payable 58,000
Materials 62,000
c. Payroll 48,000
Wages Payable 48,000
Wages Payable .......................................................... 48,000
Cash........................................................................ 48,000

Selling and Administrative Expenses
(Salaries) 7,000
Payroll 48,000
d. Factory Overhead (Depreciation of Building) 1,600
Factory Overhead (Depreciation of Factory
Equipment) 1,833*
(Depreciation of Building) 400
(Depreciation of Office Equipment) 1,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Building 2,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Factory Equipment 1,833*
Accumulated Depreciation—Office Equipment 1,000
*Rounded
Chapter 1 17
P1-4 Continued
e. Factory Overhead (Miscellaneous) 8,250
(Miscellaneous) 2,750
f. Work in Process 38,683
g. Finished Goods 91,000
h. Accounts Receivable 362,000
Sales 362,000
Cost of Goods Sold 188,000
i. Cash 345,000
j. Accounts Payable 158,000
Cash 158,000
18 Chapter 1
P1-4 Continued
2.
Cash Accounts Receivable

4/30 25,000 (c) 48,000 4/30 65,000 (i) 345,000
(i) 345,000 (j) 158,000 (h) 362,000
370,000 206,000 427,000
164,000 82,000
Finished Goods Work in Process

(h) 188,000 4/30 35,000 (g) 91,000
4/30
120,000
(g) 91,000 (b) 47,000
211,000 (c) 29,000
23,000 (f) 38,683
149,683
58,683
Materials Building
4/30 18,000 (b) 62,000 4/30 480,000
(a) 5 8,000
76,000
14,000
Accumulated
Depreciation—Building Factory Equipment
4/30 72,000 4/30 220,000
(d) 2,000
74,000
Accumulated
Depreciation—Factory
Equipment Office Equipment
4/30 66,000 4/30 60,000
(d) 1,833
67,833
Chapter 1 19
Accumulated
Depreciation—Office Equipment Accounts Payable
4/30 36,000 (j) 158,000 4/30 95,000
(d) 1,000 (a) 58,000
37,000 (e) 11,000
164,000
,000
6
Payroll Wages Payable

(c) 48,000 (c) 48,000 (c) 48,000 (c) 48,000
Capital Stock Retained Earnings

4/30 250,000 4/30 504,000
Sales Cost of Goods Sold

(h) 362,000 (h) 188,000
Selling and Administrative

Factory Overhead Expenses
(b) 15,000 (f) 38,683 (c) 7,000
(c) 12,000 (d) 400
(d) 1,600 (d) 1,000
(d) 1,833 (e) 2,750
(e) 8,250 11,150
38,683
20 Chapter 1
P1-4 Continued
3.
Beamer Manufacturing Co.
For the Month Ended May 31, 2011
Materials:
Inventory, May 1 $ 18,000
Purchases 58,000
Total cost of available materials $ 76,000
Less inventory, May 31 14,000
Cost of materials used $ 62,000
Cost of direct materials used in production $47,000
Direct labor 29,000
Factory overhead:
Depreciation of building 1,600
Depreciation of factory equipment 1,833
Miscellaneous expenses 8,250
Total manufacturing cost $114,683
Add work in process inventory, May 1 35,000
$149,683
Less work in process inventory, May 31 58,683
Cost of goods manufactured $91,000

Income Statement
For the Month Ended May 31, 2011
Sales $362,000
Cost of goods sold:
Finished goods inventory, May 1 $120,000
Goods available for sale $211,000
Less finished goods inventory, May 31 23,000 188,000
Gross profit on sales $174,000
Selling and administrative expenses 11,150
Chapter 1 21
Net income $162,850
22 Chapter 1
P1-4 Concluded

Balance Sheet
May 31, 2011
Assets
Current assets:
Cash $164,000
Accounts receivable 82,000
Inventories:
Finished goods $ 23,000
Work in process 58,683
Materials 14,000 95,683
Total current assets $341,683
Plant and equipment:
Building $ 480,000
Less accumulated depreciation 74,000 $ 406,000
Factory equipment $ 220,000
Office equipment $ 60,000
Total plant and equipment 581,167
Total assets $922,850
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 6,000
Stockholders’ equity:
Capital stock $250,000
Retained earnings* 666,850
Total stockholders’ equity 916,850
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $922,850
*$504,000 (bal. on 4/30) + $162,850 (Net income for May) = $666,850
Chapter 1 23
P1-5
1. Materials 55,000
2. Work in Process (Materials) 45,500
(Beginning balance + Purchases − Ending balance =

$6,000 + $45,000 − $5,500)
(Beginning balance + Purchases − Ending balance =

$800 + $10,000 − $900)
Materials 55,400
3. Payroll 65,000
4. Work in Process (Labor) 50,000
Payroll 65,000
5. Wages Payable...................................................................... 65,000
Cash................................................................................ 65,000
6. Factory Overhead 42,000
7. Factory Overhead 10,000
Various Credits (Prepaid Insurance,
Accumulated Depreciation, etc.) 10,000
8. Work in Process (Factory Overhead) 76,900
(Indirect materials + Indirect labor + Factory

overhead paid + Factory overhead recorded =
$9,900 + $15,000 + $42,000 + $10,000)

9. Finished Goods 169,400
(Work in process, beginning balance +

Materials + Labor + Factory overhead −
Work in process, ending balance =
$3,500 + $45,500 + $50,000 + $76,900 − $6,500)
24 Chapter 1
Chapter 1 25
P1-5 Concluded
10. Cost of Goods Sold 168,200
(Finished goods, beginning balance + Goods

finished during the month − Finished goods,
ending balance = $12,000 + $166,400 − $13,200)
P1-6
1.
O’Reilly Manufacturing Company
For the Month Ended July 31, 20—
Direct materials:
Inventory, July 1 $20,000
Purchases 110,000
Total cost of available materials $130,000
Less inventory, July 31 26,000
Cost of direct materials used in production $104,000e
Direct labor 160,000f
Factory overhead 80,000g
Total manufacturing cost $344,000d
Add work in process inventory, July 1 40,000
Total $384,000cLess work in
process inventory, July 31 36,000b Cost of goods
manufactured $348,000a
a Cost of goods manufactured = cost of goods sold + ending finished goods inventory − beginning
finished goods inventory ($345,000 + $105,000 − $102,000 = $348,000)
b Ending work in process (90% × $40,000 = $36,000)
c Total manufacturing cost to be accounted for ($348,000 + $36,000 = $384,000)
d Total manufacturing cost = total manufacturing cost to be accounted for − beginning work in process
inventory ($384,000 − $40,000 = $344,000)
e Direct materials used = beginning inventory + purchases − ending inventory =
($20,000 + $110,000 − $26,000 = $104,000)
f Direct labor = total manufacturing cost − direct materials − factory overhead
X = $344,000 − $104,000 − .5X
X = $160,000
g Factory overhead = 50% × $160,000 = $80,000
26 Chapter 1
Chapter 1 27
2.
Schedule to Compute Prime Cost
Direct materials used $104,000e
Direct labor incurred 160,000 f
Prime cost incurred during July $264,000
3.
Schedule to Compute Conversion Cost
Direct labor incurred $160,000 f
Factory overhead 80,000 g
Conversion cost incurred during July $240,000
28 Chapter 1
P1-7
Fayetteville Manufacturing Co.

For the Year Ended December 31, 2011
Direct materials used $370,000 c
Direct labor 360,000 b
Factory overhead 270,000 a
Total manufacturing cost $1,000,000
Add work in process inventory, January 1 20,000 d
$1,020,000
Less work in process inventory, December 31 50,000 d
Cost of goods manufactured $ 970,000
Supporting Computations:
a
Factory overhead: 27% × total manufacturing cost (27% × $1,000,000) = $270,000
b
Direct labor: 75% of direct labor equals $270,000, so direct labor was $360,000
($270,000 ÷ 75%)
c
Direct materials used equals total manufacturing cost less direct labor and factory
overhead [$1,000,000 − ($360,000 + $270,000)]
d
Work in process inventories:
Let X = ending work in process inventory
$1,000,000 + .4 X − X = $970,000

X = $50,000
.4X = $20,000
Chapter 1 29
P1-8
1.
Job 101Job 102 Job 103Job 104Total
Direct materials $2,200 $ 5,700 $ 7,100 $ 1,700 $ 16,700

Direct labor 2,700 6,800 9,200 2,100 20,800
Factory overhead 1,200 2,000 3,800 1,000 8,000
Total $6,100 $14,500 $20,100 $ 4,800 $45,500
2. a. Materials 37,000
Materials 18,050
c. Payroll 23,050
Payroll 23,050
30 Chapter 1
P1-8 Concluded
d. Factory Overhead 2,400

e. Factory Overhead 2,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery 2,000
f. Work in Process 8,000
g. Finished Goods* 40,700
h. Accounts Receivable 39,000
Sales 39,000
Cost of Goods Sold** 20,600
*Completed **Billed
Job 101 $ 6,100 $ 6,100
Job 102 14,500 14,500
Job 103 20,100 —
$40,700 $20,600
3. Added to work in process:

Direct materials $16,700
Direct labor 20,800
Factory overhead 8,000
Total $ 45,500
Transferred to finished goods 40,700
Balance (represented by the cost of Job 104) $ 4,800
4. Added to finished goods $40,700

Less costs of goods sold 20,600
Balance (represented by the cost of Job 103) $20,100
Chapter 1 31
P1-9
1. Work in Process (Jobs 230, 320, 560) 69,000
Materials 69,000
Work in Process (Jobs 230, 320, 560) 185,000

Payroll 185,000


Accounts Receivable (or Cash) 447,250

Sales 447,250

Finished goods 407,000
2. a. Sales $ 447,250
Manufacturing costs of goods sold:
Materials $ 69,000
Direct labor 185,000
Factory overhead 153,000 407,000
Gross profit on sales $ 40,250
Chapter 1 32
P1-9 Concluded
b.
230
320 560
Sales $152,000 $
120,000 $175,250
Manufacturing costs:
Materials $25,000 $15,000
$29,000
Direct labor 70,000 60,000
55,000
Gross profit (or loss) per job
$ 7,000 $ 5,000 $ 28,250
c.
230 320
560
Number of units completed

10,000 5,000 14,000
Selling price per unit $15.20 $24.00 $12.52
Manufacturing cost per unit 14.50 23.00 10.50
Gross profit (or loss) per unit

$ .70 $ 1.00 $ 2.02
Chapter 1 33
P1-10
1. Work in Process 98,500
Materials 98,500
Payroll 155,000
2.
Direct Direct Total
MaterialsLaborFactory Production
Job Cost Cost OverheadCost
007 $50,000 $ 80,000 $ 60,000 $190,000

008 22,000 40,000 32,000 94,000
009 18,500 23,000 17,500 59,000
010 8,000 12,000 10,500 30,500
Total $98,500 $155,000 $120,000 $373,500
Finished Goods Inventory (Job 009) $59,000

Work in Process Inventory
(Job 010) $30,500
3. Finished Goods 343,000


Sales 426,000
34 Chapter 1
P1-10 Concluded
4.
St. Lawrence Manufacturing Co.
For the Month Ended January 31, 20—
Direct materials used $98,500
Direct labor 155,000
Factory overhead 120,000
Total manufacturing cost $373,500
Less work in process inventory, January 31 30,500
Cost of goods manufactured $343,000
MINI-CASE
1. The ethical standards which apply to this case are competency, integrity, and
objectivity. Competency requires that Johns perform her professional duties in
accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. Integrity
requires that Johns refrain from either actively or passively subverting the attainment
of the organization’s legitimate and ethical objectives. Objectivity requires that Johns
communicate information fairly and objectively.
2. Johns should first explain to Deere that recording the revenue in 2011 would be a
violation of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). If Deere persists,
Johns should report the matter to the corporate controller. If there is no support from
top management, Johns should resign.
INTERNET EXERCISE 1
Students’ answers will vary depending upon articles chosen.
INTERNET EXERCISE 2
Students’ answers will vary, but key points include:

● Most significant legislation affecting the accounting profession since 1934.
● Applies to over 15,000 publicly-held companies.
● Creates a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB).
● Establishes standards related to the preparation of audits reports and the
conduct of audits relative to: the length of time that audit workpapers must be
kept; the prohibition of certain nonaudit services for audit clients; the requirement
that audit partners rotate off an audit every five years; the requirement that the
audit committee of a company’s board of directors approve all accounting
Chapter 1 35
services to be performed; and the requirement that a company’s CEO and CFO
attest to the accuracy of the financial statements.

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manufacturing goods on hand that are ready

sources of excessive costs and

Merchandise inventory, January 1 $ 22,000

Finished goods, July 1 $ 85,000

a. Steel used in an overhead door plant √

Black Hills Manufacturing Co.

b. Finished goods inventory, January 1 $ 32,000

a. Direct materials used during the period $ 205,000

Work in Process (Direct Materials) 21,000

a. Work in Process—(Jobs1040, 1065, 1120)) 7,780

1040 $3,600$ 4,000 $ 1,600 $ 9,200

c​. Finished Goods 19,260

a. Work in Process 14,500

e. Cost of Goods Sold 27,500

Leonardo’s Italian Cafe

​Budgeted Actual Variance

Expense February Year-to- February Year-to- February Year-to-

Dining room $4,150 $8,450 $4,400 $9,100 $250U $650U

Laundry and 1,500 3,150 1,400 3,000 100F 150F

Utilities 2,050 4,250 2,100 4,450 50U 200U

Depreciation 1,500 3,000 1,500 3,000 ---------- ---------

Total $9,200 $18,850 $9,400 $19,550 $200U $700U

1. Merchandise inventory, April 1 $ 38,000

2. Finished goods, April 1 $ 67,000

Indy Furniture Company

Indy Furniture Company

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Work in Process 29,000

Cash Accounts Receivable

Finished Goods Work in Process

Payroll Wages Payable

Capital Stock Retained Earnings

Sales Cost of Goods Sold

Selling and Administrative

Cost of goods manufactured $91,000

Beamer Manufacturing Co.

Net income $162,850

Beamer Manufacturing Co.

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

(Beginning balance ​+​ Purchases ​−​ Ending balance ​=

Factory Overhead (Indirect Materials) 9,900

(Beginning balance ​+​ Purchases ​−​ Ending balance ​=

(Indirect materials ​+​ Indirect labor ​+​ Factory

Factory Overhead 76,900

(Work in process, beginning balance ​+

Work in Process 169,400

(Finished goods, beginning balance + Goods

Fayetteville Manufacturing Co.

Let X = ending work in process inventory

$1,000,000 + .4 X ​−​ X = $970,000

Direct materials $2,200 $ 5,700 $ 7,100 $ 1,700 $ 16,700

d. Factory Overhead 2,400

3. Added to work in process:

4. Added to finished goods $40,700

1. Work in Process (Jobs 230, 320, 560) 69,000

Work in Process (Jobs 230, 320, 560) 185,000

Work in Process (Jobs 230, 320, 560) 153,000

c. Finished Goods 19,260

Budgeted Actual Variance

(Beginning balance + Purchases − Ending balance =

(Beginning balance + Purchases − Ending balance =

(Indirect materials + Indirect labor + Factory

(Work in process, beginning balance +

$1,000,000 + .4 X − X = $970,000

Gross profit (or loss) per unit