Seminar report on transparent concrete

A
Seminar Report
On
RECENT ADVANCES IN PAVEMENT DESIGN

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for

T.E. Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted by
Mr. More Kapil RAJENDRA

(Examination Seat No. T150750058)

Guided by
Prof. Kavathe
S.S.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SPVP’S S. B. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INDAPUR-PUNE, 413106
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

2020-2021

SPVP’S S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur, 2020-21

 SPVP’S S. B. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INDAPUR-PUNE, 413106
(SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out T.E.
seminar work entitled “Recent Advances In Pavement Design”.
It is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the prescribed syllabus of Savitribai Phule
Pune University, Pune for the academic year 2020–2021.

Examination No. Name of Student

T150750058 Mr. More Kapil Rajendra

Prof. S.S. Kavathe Prof. R. B. Ghogare

Internal Guide (HOD - Civil)

Prof. Prof. S. T. Shirkande

(External Examiner) (Principal)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to indebtedness to our

Guide Prof. S.S. Kavathe and H.O.D. of Civil Engineering Department Prof. R. B.
Ghogare, for the valuable guidance and the freedom they gave us to explore the topic.
Due to their constant encouragement and inspiration, we are able to present this
seminar work successfully. We are thankful to Prof. S. T. Shirkande (Principal),
SPVP’S S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur for extending us all facilities at
college and other department.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to all Faculties and Non
Teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department, SPVP’S S. B. Patil College of
Engineering, Indapur, for their encouragement and useful suggestions at various stages
to complete this seminar work successfully.

Finally, we would like to thank my parents, friends for unwavering

support and encouragement throughout the process of this T.E Seminar.
 ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of the human civilization, we have been continuously involved in
the development of innovative materials and technology. The desire of making our life
easy and more advanced differ humans from other animals. In this stage of continuous
development, concrete comes as a no less than a miracle for human development.
Transparent concrete is one of those innovative types of concrete, which do not only
break the orthodox image of concrete as dull and pale material but also helps to save
energy, which is one of the biggest concerns of the modern world.

Light Transmitting concrete, also known as translucent concrete. Light-

transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements. Light is conducted
through the concrete block from one end to another. Therefore fibres have to go
through the whole object, in order to achieve maximum penetration of light

Construction of high rise buildings and sky scrapers leads to the obstruction of
natural light in buildings. Due to this problem, use of artificial light has increased in
large amount. Thus, it becomes necessary to reduce artificial light consumption in
structure. This leads to the introduction of innovative concrete, Transparent concrete.
Transparent concrete is fiber reinforced concrete which is used for aesthetical
application by inserting the optical fibers in concrete. Both natural as well as artificial
light passes through the transparent concrete due to optical fibers.

The study is not only constrained with the decorative purpose but the effect of fiber
application in strength aspect is also discussed. Load carrying capacity of transparent
concrete increases when fibers are arranged in different layers and also various pattern
can be created to make the concrete decorative. This concrete can be used in interiors
of hall, lobby and ceiling to glow in dark by external lighting source and in day time it
glows by the light transmission from natural resources.

 Keywords : Light Transparent Concrete(LTC), Optical fiber, Energy saving,

Aron Losonczi, LiTraCon, light transmitting.
 CONTENT

Sr. No. Name of Content Page No.

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

Content 5

List of Figures 6

1. Introduction
1.1 Definition 7
1.2 Need For the Study 7
1.3 Objectives 8
1.4 History Of Transparent Concrete 8
2. Literature review 10
3. Study of transparent concrete
Principle involved in light transmitting
3.1 12
concrete
3.2 Types of optical fiber 13
3.3 Application of Transparent concrete 13
3.4 Advantage & Disadvantages 14

4. Methodology
Material required for making transparent 15
4.1
concrete
4.2 Procedure of making transparent concrete 17

4.3 Experimental analysis 18

5. Case study 19
6. Project review 23
7. Conclusion 25
8. References 26
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name Of Figure Page no.

1 Italian Pavilion building build from T.C. 7

2 Plan view of block 8

3.1.1 principle of Optic-fiber 12
3.1.2 Placing of optic-fiber 12

3.2 Types of Optic-fiber 13

4.1 Preparation of mould. 16

4.2.1 Preparation of panel 17

4.2.2 Optical Fibers. 17

4.2.3 Fixing of fibers 17

4.2.4 Polished panel 18

5.1 LTC Panel of Main Entrance Door 20

of Museum Cella
5.2.1 Transparent concrete 23

5.2.2 Garden Pavilion 24

5.2.3 Halifax Monument 24

LIST OF TABLES

Table No Name Of Table Page no.

4.1 Mix proportion 16

5.1 Description of project 19

5.1.1 Material Specification of LiTraCon 20

5.1.2 Cost of Production 21

5.1.3 Technical data sheet of LiTraCon 21
 CHAPTER NO. 01

INTRODUCTION

What is transparent concrete?

Transparent concrete: transparent concrete or translucent concrete is a concrete

based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light
optical elements i.e. Optical fibers.

Fig.1.1 Italian Pavilion building build by Transparent Concrete

Need of study of Transparent concrete:

 It has very good architectural properties for giving good aesthetical view to the
building.
 Where light is not able to come properly at that place transparent concrete can
be used.
 Energy saving can be done by utilization of transparent concrete in building.
 It is essential to innovate something to provde the natural light to building
instead of artificial light.
Objectives:

 To make concrete partly transparent by using optical fibres in it to impart good

appearance to structure.
 To study improvement in performance of concrete in light transmission by
using optical fibre and improve performance of structure to derive natural light.
 To study Energy saving for illumination by using transparent block for
building.
 To study cost effectiveness of this high performance concrete

History of Transparent Concrete

Light transmitting concrete was first mentioned on October 27, 1922 a

patent filed under United States Patent office Paul Liese of Tempeloh of Germany. His
inventions were related to transparent building blocks or panels for concrete walls and
ceilings and in the structures made there from the detailed research of P. Liese in his
approved Patent on Aug 4, 1925

Fig. 1.4 Plan view of block

Later in 1965, a method of constructing a translucent panel by James N. Lowe,

London, England; was patented in United States Patent Office. The invention relates to
method of making translucent concrete panels which are used, for example, as church
windows, and which can comprise a mosaic of pieces of stained glass or translucent
ceramic material supported by a concrete formwork.

Initially, the pieces of glass have been set directly in a matrix of concrete but
difficulties have arisen in making the panel strong enough to be load bearing and in
making the bond between inside and outside of large buildings in the walls of which
the panels are set.

In the early 1990s forms of Light transmitting concrete depending upon the
pattern of fibres arranged size of fibres and the size of structure were developed. The
advanced inventions have also overcome the problem of strength as well as durability.

Aron Losonczi (1977) got his Architect M.Sc. degree at the Technical
University of Budapest. Between 2001-2003 he studied at the Royal Art College in
Stockholm as a postgraduate student.

Losonczi developed the first Litracon material in 2001 and got his first patent
in 2002. He founded his company Litracon in 2004. The company is located in
Hungarian town it deals with developing, manufacturing and selling lighttransmitting
concrete products. Losonczi filed his second patent for Litracon in 2007.

Light transmitting concrete is used in fine architecture as a façade material and

for cladding interior walls. Light transmitting concrete has also been applied to various
design products, as a load bearing structure. Concrete has a sometimes-bad impression
as a harsh, rigid and straight-edged material and as a rough look in all direction.

Hungarian architect, Aron Losonczi,first introduced the idea of light transmitting

concrete in 2001 and then successfully produced the first transparent concrete block in
2003, named LiTraCon
 CHAPTER NO. 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Luhar and Khandelwal (2015) has studied the compressive strength of TC

which shows that it almost equals to ordinary Portland cement concrete. In her
research work, she used the “Plastic Optical Fiber” of diameter 1mm for
transmission of light and place horizontally the distance of 8mm. Ordinary
Portland Cement Concrete was used for the manufacture of concrete blocks of
size 70mm x 70mm x 70mm. They casted two cubes of ordinary concrete and
one of TC. The compressive strength of ordinary concrete cubes was 38.77Mpa
and 40.23MPa and that of TC was 36.70Mpa. Therefore, from her research
work, it is clear that transparent concrete can be used in construction work
without any fear of compressive strength
2) Kamdi (2013) has focused on materials for preparation, mixing procedure,
uses, environmental impact and future of TC. He mainly gives an idea about
using optical fiber with fine concrete for making transparent concrete. He
reveals the fact that TC is not used widely due to its limited application in
developing only precasted and prefabricated blocks and panels. Nevertheless,
by reducing the energy uses, transparent concrete can make a big impact on the
environment.
3) Momin et al. (2013) have stated that specimen with optical fiber permits more
transmission of light through it than a specimen with the glass rod. In their
research work, they have used the mould of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm
for the casting of glass rod cubes and 150mm x 150mm x 100mm for the
casting of cubes with optical fiber. Light transmitted through the glass rod and
optical fiber cubes was 0.254%-1.57% and 7.41%-9.5% respectively. However,
the compressive strength of optical fiber cubes was slightly less than that of
glass rod cubes.
4) Tiwari and Saharan (2016) have studied the compressive strength properties of
two different types of concrete. In the first type they studied the normal TC mix
and in the second type, they added 0.625% percentage of rice husk along with
0.125% of steel fiber by mass. The optical fiber of diameter 0.5mm with the
varying percentage ranging from 0.25-4% of total volume of cubes was used
 for both types of concrete. They used concrete moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x
15cm and cement, sand & aggregates were taken in the proportion of 1:1.5:3
respectively with water cement ratio of 0.45. As the percentage of optical fiber
increases, the compressive strength of cubes decreased. However, it can be
increased, by adding rice husk and steel fiber.
5) Bishettiet al. (2016) had prepared wooden mould of 15cm x 15cm x 15cm by
drilling its two faces for holding the optical fiber. Mix design ratio of concrete
was taken as 1: 2.24: 1.78. As the percentage of optical fiber increases, the
compressive strength of transparent concrete decreases. Starting from
43.55MPa for 0% optical fiber, it declines up to 31.10MPa for 5% optical fiber
6) Paul and Dutta (2013) researched on bending and compression resistance of
beams made of translucent concrete. As a result of the research, it was stated
that the resistance features of the said material depend highly on the plastic
optical fiber density in the concrete element. It was estimated that the plastic
optical fiber share in the concrete, which will not worsen its resistance,
amounts to 0.8% by applying the plastic optical fibers of the 1.5mm in
diameter and of 0.4% steel fibers. What is more, plastic optical fibers can be
easily connected with the concrete and they meet the conditions of bending and
compression resistance.
7) In Poland, it was M. Kurpińska (2013), who started research on the TC
production technologies with the use of the plastic optical fibers. She made TC
specimens which contained plastic optical fibers having the 2.5% density and
being 0.7-1.2mm in diameter. She also noticed that the said density enables
good light conductance, where the element thickness does not matter.
Furthermore, the resistance of the translucent concrete blocks fits the
boundaries 50–80 MPa.
 CHAPTER NO. 3

STUDY OF TRANSPARENT CONCRETE

Principle involved in light transmitting concrete

Transparent concrete work based on “Nano-Optics”. The principle behind

transmission of light in an optical fiber is total internal reflection. The light should
incident at an angle greater than the critical angle.
In an Optical fiber the rays undergo repeatedly until total number of reflections run
out to the other end of the fiber even if fiber is bent.
The most interesting form of this phenomenon is probably the sharp display of
shadows on the opposing side of the wall. Moreover, the colour of the light also
remains the same. This new product is a combination of optical fibres and fine
concrete and can be produced as building blocks panels.

Fig. 3.1.1 principle of Optic-fiber

Fig. 3.1.2 Placing of Optic-fiber

 Types of optical fibre

There are basically three basic types of optical fibers are available:

1. Single-mode step index fibers.

2. Multimode step-index fiber

3 Multimode graded index fiber

Fig 3.2 Types of Optic-fibers

 In single-mode fiber, only one type of ray of light can propagate through the
fiber. There is no dispersion i.e. no degradation of the signal during traveling
through the fiber.
 Multimode step-index has core with the same refractive index throughout the
fibre.
 Multimode graded-index fibre it has a core whose refractive index varies with
the distance from the fibre axis.

multimode fibres have large intermodal dispersion effects due to the many
light modes of propagations it handles at one time. Because of this multimode
fibres operate at lower bandwidths, however they are typically used for
enterprise systems such as offices, buildings, universities since they are more
cost effective than single mode ones.

Application of Transparent concrete

Transparent concrete offers advanced technical solutions, semi-natural and

ecological concrete. This concrete has a wide range of utilization in construction,
architecture, decoration and even furniture.

1. Transparent concrete blocks are best suited for floors, pavements and load-bearing
walls.

2. Interior wall cladding, dividing walls and facades based on thin panels.
3. It can be used as partitions wall where the sunlight does not reach satisfactorily.

4. Transparent concrete can also be used in furniture for the fancy and creative
purpose.

5. Light hanging from ceiling.

6. Used to glow sidewalks at night.

7. Increasing range of vision in dark subway stations.

8. To light indoor fire exit in case of power failure.

9. Highlighting speed bumps on freeways, highways and expressways at night.

Advantage & Disadvantages

Advantages

1. White or colorful illumination elements can be utilized to create special light

and color effects. Light transmitting concrete enable designers and to transform
innovative ideas into stunning reality.

2. The display layers of glass optical fibres that transmit light from the back to
the panel to the front.

3. Contributing positively to energy saving.

4. Light transmitting concrete is frost and de-icing resistant

5. Highest UV resistant panels can be build.

6. Concrete embedded with optical glass fibres running in a matrix while still
retaining the strength of concrete.

7. Light transmitting property is independent of the thickness of the concrete.

Disadvantages

1. The main Limitation is that these concrete has a very high initial cost
because of the optical fibers.

2. Casting of translucent concrete block is difficult for the labour, so special

skilled person is required
 CHAPTER NO. 4

METHODOLOGY

Materials required for making transparent concrete

A) Materials:

1. Cement

The cement used in this experimental works is “Koromandal King 53

Grade Ordinary Portland Cement”. All properties of Cement are tested by referring IS
12269-1987 Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland cement. The specific gravity
of Cement was 3.14. The initial and final setting times were found as 51minutes and
546minutes respectively. Standard consistency of cement was 40%.

2. Fine aggregate

Locally available sand passed through 4.75mm IS sieve was used. The
specific gravity 2.75 and fineness modulus of 2.80 were used as fine aggregate. The
loose and compacted bulk Density values of sand are 1600 and 1688 kg/m3
respectively, the water absorption of 1.1%.

3. Coarse aggregate

Crush granite aggregate available from local sources has been used . The
coarse aggregate with maximum size of 10mm having the specific gravity value of
2.6and fineness modulus of 5.60 were used as a coarse aggregate. The loose and
compacted bulk density values of coarse aggregate are 1437 and 1556kg/m3
respectively, the water absorption of 0.4%.

4. Optical Fibers Elements

There are main three types of optical fibers,
1. Single-mode step index fibers.

2. Multimode step-index fiber

3 Multimode graded index fiber

 We can use either any type of optical fiber.

5. Mixture proportion

In present work Indian standard method (IS 10262-2009) is used for mix
design, mix proportion are as follow.

Cement Sand Coarse Aggregate Water

1 1.25 2.9 0 .40
Table No. 4.1 mix proportion

B)preparation of mould

In the process of making light transmitting concrete, the first step involved is
preparation of mould. The mould required for the prototype can be made with different
materials which can be of either tin or wood. In the mould preparation, it is important
to fix the basic dimensions of mould. The standard minimum size of the cube
according to IS 456-2000 is15cmx15cmx15cm for concrete. In the mould, markings
are made exactly according to the size of the cube so that the perforated plates can be
used. Plates made of sheets which are used in electrical switch boards is used which
will be helpful in making perforations and give a smooth texture to the mould, holes
are drilled in to the plates as shown in Fig. 4 The diameter of the holes and number of
holes mainly depends on percentage of fiber used.

Fig. 4.1. Preparation of mould.

Procedure of making transparent concrete

Step 1-Preparation of the Mould:

Make the required size of rectangular mould from wood or tin. Place the clay
mud into the mould up to half of height of mould.

Fig 4.2.1 Preparation of panel

Step 2- Optical Fiber:

Cut the optical fibers more than the thickness of panel.

Fig 4.2.2 Optical Fibers.

Step 3- Fixing the Fibers:

Fiber is placed or press in clay mud as shown in Fig. .4.4.

Fig 4.2.3 Fixing of fibers

 Step 4- Concreting:
Pouring the concrete mixture in smaller or thinner layer carefully in mould.
Step 5- Removing the Mould:
After 24 hrs. remove the mould and pull off the mud. Step 6- Cutting and polishing:
Cut the extra-long fibers same as thickness of panel. Polished the panel surface by
using polish paper as shown in Fig. 4.5.

Fig. 4.2.4 Polished panel

Experimental analysis

 The compressive strength for concrete cubes with and without Optical fibers
has been calculated for3, 7 and 28 days.
 From the test results, it is observed that compressive strength for 3, 7 and 28
day with Optical fibers is 8.82 N/mm2, 11.45N/mm2 and 21.10N/mm2
respectively.
 That for Conventional concrete is 9.56 N/mm2, 13.02N/mm2 and 23.24N/mm2
respectively.
 The Non-destructive test conducted on concrete panel by using ultrasonic pulse
velocity method
 It is observed that the concrete quality grading is medium as per IS
13311 (Part 1):1992 used for non-destructive testing of concrete.
 CHAPTER NO. 5
CASE STUDY
case study :
“Light Transmitting Concrete” for the Cella Septichora Visitor Centre, Pecs,
Hungary (LiTraCon)

Description of project:
Location Pécs, Szent István tér, 7624 Hungary
Architect Bachmann Architects (H)
Area 50 square meter (Appx.)
Materials Glass optical fibre, concrete
Facilities 1. Cella septichora, 2. Sarchophagus, 3. Korsos ‘pitcher’
burial chamber, 4. Burial chamber, 5. Burial chamber
no.19, 6. Burial chamber no.3, 7. Burial chamber no.4,
enterance of peter paul chamber, 8. Peter paul burial
chamber, 9. Octagonal burial chamber
Start of works Project 2005
End of works Completion 2006
Total cost of the work 51360 euro (3.9 cr.appx.)

Table No. 5.1 Description of project

Project Details:
The 2-ton-heavy main entrance door of Museum Cella Septichora was made of
10cm thick Litracon Classic blocks. Shown Figure. The construction of panel used
material of 96%concrete and 4% glass optical fibre used in this panel. Specification of
material used of concrete panel in this work

Properties of light transparent concrete :

a) Durability aspect: The durability of light transmitting concrete is very good
in mild condition. The durability of this concrete in different exposure conditions has
not been found out. The concrete panels created for the have not shown any
deterioration or defects yet. The life of this concrete is assumed to be same as that of
the normal concrete.

b) Cost of Production: Depending upon the manufacturer, the costs of light

transmitting concrete various. The cost also depends upon the place of manufacturing
and the place where It is to be implemented.

Fig.5.1 LTC Panel of Main Entrance Door of Museum Cella Septichora by LiTraCon

Material Specification
Cement 53 grade
Aggregates 4mm down size (only for glass samples)
Sand 2.36 mm sieve size passing
Glass rods 0.5 mm diameter rods
Optical fibres 200µ diameter strands
Concrete 1.0:1.5:3.0
w/c ratio 0.5 for glass samples 0.45 for optical fibre samples

Table no.5.1.1 Material Specification of LiTraCon

 Thickness (mm) EXW Price (EUR / m2 ) Minimum order Quantity
(m2 )
25 845/- 7
30 935/- 6
40 1105/- 5
50 1275/- 4
60 1455/- 3
80 1800/- 2
100 2140/- 2
150 3010/- 1
200 3880/- 1

Table no.5.1.2 Cost of Production

Inventor and Patent owner Aron LOSONCZI

Manufacturer Litracon Kft, Tanya 832, H-6640
Csongrad, Hungary –EU
Ingredients 96% concrete, 4%optical fibre
Density 2100-2400 kg/m3
Grade of Concrete M50
Maximum block size 1200 x 400 mm
Thickness 25-500mm
Standard colors Grey, black, white
Finish Polished, molded washed
Compressive strength 50MPa
Bending tensile strength 7MPa
Special requests Custom made products (different block
sizes, thickness, color)

Table no.5.1.3 Technical data sheet of LiTraCon

Conclusion:
LiTraCon properties of concrete panel used optical fibres or glass rods and
gives transparency of panel and varies applicable this product for light block.
LiTraCon panel properties of material used M50 grade of concrete used for the panel
or block and ingredient.
The transmission of light through LiTraCon cube is depends upon percentage of
optical fibre used of that surface area. The transmission of light increases with increase
in percentage of optical fibre. LiTraCon panel reduce cost of concrete panel by and
with gives high strength and transparency of block. Study indicates there is lots of
future scope of development and use of Light Transmitting Concrete.
 CHAPTER NO. 6
PROJECT REVIEWS

1) Development of LTC in India:

A 27-year-old Civil Engineer Ramansh Bajpai from Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh developed a transparent concrete that partially utilises industrial waste in the
place of cement. This switch helps in reducing CO2 emissions by reducing the cement
consumption and can reduce electricity bills by 30 per cent.
After ten months of hard work and several failed attempts, Ramansh finally
perfected the formula. The rectangular-shaped concrete is made from plastic optical
fibres, steel and industry waste (ground granulated blast furnace slag).
The use of industrial waste further ensures that the cost of the transparent concrete is
15 per cent less than regular cement. In terms of durability, it is 23 per cent stronger
and 5 per cent lighter.

Fig.6.1 transparent concrete

2) Garden Pavilion, Zurich, Switzerland :
The idea was to create a simple structure which would sit quietly in the garden, but
possess a richness and complexity in its materiality which would develop several
relationships with the surrounding.
Architect: Gianni Botsford Architects
Structural engineer: TALL Engineers & Hemmerlein
Ingenieurbau Year – 2013

Fig. 6.3 Garden Pavilion

3) Halifax Monument, Grand Parade, Halifax, NS, Canada:

This four-metre-tall concrete arch is Nova Scotia's first monumentdedicated to peace
officers killed in the line of duty. The legs of the archare made of 70mm thick white
Litracon blocks and they can be lit from within.

Architect: Adam Collins Architects

Client: Halifax Regional Municipality
Year - 2007

Fig. 6.4 Halifax Monument

 CHAPTER NO. 6
CONCLUSION

 Plastic Optical Fiber based concrete allows the use of sunlight for illumination;
in the case of emergencies, transparent concrete will provide some relief in the
case of daytime power outage for skyscrapers, making evacuation safer and
more efficient.

 Transparent concrete can be useful to save energy and reduce electricity bill
without any fear of compressive strength, TC made with optical fiber provides
better transparency than TC with glass rod. However, compressive strength of
later was slightly better.

 POF-based transparent concrete could be regarded as an art which could be used

in museums and specific exhibitions rather than just a construction material.

 The strength parameter of transparent concrete is observed to be same as the

conventional concrete and it is also important from aesthetical point of view.

 Weight of Translucent concrete is same as conventional concrete

 CHAPTER NO. 7
REFERANCES

 Salmabanu Luhar, Urvashi Khandelwal, “compressive strength of translucent

concrete”,Volume 8, Issue 2, Sept. 2015, ISSN: 22316604.
 Kamdi A. B., “Transparent Concrete as a Green Material for Building”, vol. 2,
no. 3, (2013), pp. 172- 175.
 Akshaya B Kamdi , “transparent concrete as a green material for building”,
Vol. 2, No. 3, August 2013, ISSN 2319 – 6009.
 Abhishek Tiwari, Parmod Saharan,” Study of Behaviour of Translucent
Concrete”, Volume 3 Issue 7, 2016, IJCE-V3I7P127.
 Prasad Bishetti Etal, “ Experimental study of translucent concrete on
Compressive strength”, Volume 4, Issue 4, July.-Aug. 2016, ISSN 2320 -8163.
 H.B.Valambhiya, T.J.Tuvar, P.V.Rayjada, “History and case study on light
transmitting concrete” volume 4, issue 01, january 2017, JETIR (ISSN-2349-
5162)
 Er. Jadhav Sunil , Er. Kadlag Amol, Er. Kawade Chetan, “A Study on
Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical Fibers”, Vol.
5 | Iss.4|, Apr. 2015, ISSN: 2249–6645
 Riya Gite , Shilpa Kewate “International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research”, Volume 8, Issue 3,(March-2017) ,ISSN 2229-551
 Translucent Concrete: www.andreasbittis.de
 http://www.italcementi.com
 http://www.lucem.com
 http://www.litracon.com