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Sixth Term Examination Papers 9475

MATHEMATICS 3 Afternoon

MONDAY 21 JUNE 2010 Time: 3 hours



Additional Materials: Answer Paper

Formulae Booklet

Candidates may not use a calculator

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Please read this page carefully, but do not open this question paper until you are
told that you may do so.
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces on the answer
booklet.
Begin each answer on a new page.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

Each question is marked out of 20. There is no restriction of choice.
You will be assessed on the six questions for which you gain the highest marks.
You are advised to concentrate on no more than six questions. Little credit will be given
for fragmentary answers.
You are provided with a Mathematical Formulae Booklet.
Calculators are not permitted.

Please wait to be told you may begin before turning this page.

_____________________________________________________________________________

This question paper consists of 8 printed pages and 4 blank pages.

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© UCLES 2010
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Section A: Pure Mathematics

1 Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn and xn+1 be any fixed real numbers. The numbers A and B are defined by
n n
1X 1X
A= xk , B= (xk − A)2 ,
n n
k=1 k=1

and the numbers C and D are defined by

n+1 n+1
1 X 1 X
C= xk , D= (xk − C)2 .
n+1 n+1
k=1 k=1

(i) Express C in terms of A, xn+1 and n.

n
1X 2
(ii) Show that B = xk − A2 .
n
k=1

(iii) Express D in terms of B, A, xn+1 and n.

Hence show that (n + 1)D > nB for all values of xn+1 , but that D < B if and only if
r r
(n + 1)B (n + 1)B
A− < xn+1 < A + .
n n

2 In this question, a is a positive constant.

(i) Express cosh a in terms of exponentials.

By using partial fractions, prove that
Z 1
1 a
dx = .
0 x2 + 2x cosh a + 1 2 sinh a

(ii) Find, expressing your answers in terms of hyperbolic functions,

Z ∞
1
2
dx
1 x + 2x sinh a − 1

and
Z ∞
1
dx .
0 x4 + 2x2 cosh a +1

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3 For any given positive integer n, a number a (which may be complex) is said to be a primitive
nth root of unity if an = 1 and there is no integer m such that 0 < m < n and am = 1. Write
down the two primitive 4th roots of unity.

Let Cn (x) be the polynomial such that the roots of the equation Cn (x) = 0 are the primitive
nth roots of unity, the coefficient of the highest power of x is one and the equation has no
repeated roots. Show that C4 (x) = x2 + 1 .

(i) Find C1 (x), C2 (x), C3 (x), C5 (x) and C6 (x), giving your answers as unfactorised poly-
nomials.

(ii) Find the value of n for which Cn (x) = x4 + 1.

(iii) Given that p is prime, find an expression for Cp (x), giving your answer as an unfactorised
polynomial.

(iv) Prove that there are no positive integers q, r and s such that Cq (x) ≡ Cr (x)Cs (x) .

4 (i) The number α is a common root of the equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0

(that is, α satisfies both equations). Given that a 6= c, show that

b−d
α=− .
a−c
Hence, or otherwise, show that the equations have at least one common root if and only
if
(b − d)2 − a(b − d)(a − c) + b(a − c)2 = 0 .

Does this result still hold if the condition a 6= c is not imposed?

(ii) Show that the equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x3 + (a + 1)x2 + qx + r = 0 have at least

one common root if and only if

(b − r)2 − a(b − r)(a + b − q) + b(a + b − q)2 = 0 .

Hence, or otherwise, find the values of b for which the equations 2x2 + 5x + 2b = 0 and
2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 1 = 0 have at least one common root.

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5 The vertices A, B, C and D of a square have coordinates (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, a) and (0, a),
respectively. The points P and Q have coordinates (an, 0) and (0, am) respectively, where
0 < m < n < 1. The line CP produced meets DA produced at R and the line CQ produced
meets BA produced at S. The line P Q produced meets the line RS produced at T . Show
that T A is perpendicular to AC.

Explain how, given a square of area a2 , a square of area 2a2 may be constructed using only a
straight-edge.

[Note: a straight-edge is a ruler with no markings on it; no measurements (and no use of

compasses) are allowed in the construction.]

6 The points P , Q and R lie on a sphere of unit radius centred at the origin, O, which is fixed.
Initially, P is at P0 (1, 0, 0), Q is at Q0 (0, 1, 0) and R is at R0 (0, 0, 1).

(i) The sphere is then rotated about the z-axis, so that the line OP turns directly towards
the positive y-axis through an angle φ. The position of P after this rotation is denoted
by P1 . Write down the coordinates of P1 .

(ii) The sphere is now rotated about the line in the x-y plane perpendicular to OP1 , so that
the line OP turns directly towards the positive z-axis through an angle λ. The position
of P after this rotation is denoted by P2 . Find the coordinates of P2 . Find also the
coordinates of the points Q2 and R2 , which are the positions of Q and R after the two
rotations.

(iii) The sphere is now rotated for a third time, so that P returns from P2 to its original
position P0 . During the rotation, P remains in the plane containing P0 , P2 and O. Show
that the angle of this rotation, θ, satisfies

cos θ = cos φ cos λ ,

and find a vector in the direction of the axis about which this rotation takes place.

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7 Given that y = cos(m arcsin x), for |x| < 1, prove that

d2 y dy
(1 − x2 ) −x + m2 y = 0 .
dx2 dx

d3 y d2 y dy
Obtain a similar equation relating 3
, 2
and , and a similar equation relating
dx dx dx
d4 y d3 y d2 y
, and .
dx4 dx3 dx2
dn+2 y dn+1 y dn y
Conjecture and prove a relation between , and .
dxn+2 dxn+1 dxn
Obtain the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for y. Show that, if m is an even
integer, cos mθ may be written as a polynomial in sin θ beginning

m2 sin2 θ m2 (m2 − 22 ) sin4 θ

1− + − ··· . (|θ| < 21 π)
2! 4!
State the degree of the polynomial.

8 Given that P(x) = Q(x)R0 (x) − Q0 (x)R(x), write down an expression for
Z
P(x)
¡ ¢2 dx .
Q(x)

(i) By choosing the function R(x) to be of the form a + bx + cx2 , find

Z
5x2 − 4x − 3
dx .
(1 + 2x + 3x2 )2

Show that the choice of R(x) is not unique and, by comparing the two functions R(x)
corresponding to two different values of a, explain how the different choices are related.

(ii) Find the general solution of

dy
(1 + cos x + 2 sin x) + (sin x − 2 cos x)y = 5 − 3 cos x + 4 sin x .
dx

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Section B: Mechanics

P
Q
a
θ O

The diagram shows two particles, P and Q, connected by a light inextensible string which
passes over a smooth block fixed to a horizontal table. The cross-section of the block is a
quarter circle with centre O, which is at the edge of the table, and radius a. The angle
between OP and the table is θ. The masses of P and Q are m and M , respectively, where
m < M.

Initially, P is held at rest on the table and in contact with the block, Q is vertically above O,
and the string is taut. Then P is released. Given that, in the subsequent motion, P remains
in contact with the block as θ increases from 0 to 21 π, find an expression, in terms of m, M ,
θ and g, for the normal reaction of the block on P and show that
m π−1
> .
M 3

10 A small bead B, of mass m, slides without friction on a fixed horizontal ring of radius a. The
centre of the ring is at O. The bead is attached by a light elastic string to a fixed point P in
the plane of the ring such that OP = b, where b > a. The natural length of the elastic string
is c, where c < b − a, and its modulus of elasticity is λ. Show that the equation of motion of
the bead is µ ¶
a sin φ
maφ̈ = −λ − 1 sin(θ + φ) ,
c sin θ
where θ = ∠BP O and φ = ∠BOP .

Given that θ and φ are small, show that a(θ + φ) ≈ bθ. Hence find the period of small
oscillations about the equilibrium position θ = φ = 0.

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11 A bullet of mass m is fired horizontally with speed u into a wooden block of mass M at rest
on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is µ.
While the bullet is moving through the block, it experiences a constant force of resistance to
its motion of magnitude R, where R > (M + m)µg. The bullet moves horizontally in the block
and does not emerge from the other side of the block.

(i) Show that the magnitude, a, of the deceleration of the bullet relative to the block while
the bullet is moving through the block is given by

R R − (M + m)µg
a= + .
m M

(ii) Show that the common speed, v, of the block and bullet when the bullet stops moving
through the block satisfies

Ru − (M + m)µgu
av = .
M

(iii) Obtain an expression, in terms of u, v and a, for the distance moved by the block while
the bullet is moving through the block.

(iv) Show that the total distance moved by the block is

muv
.
2(M + m)µg

Describe briefly what happens if R < (M + m)µg.

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Section C: Probability and Statistics

12 The infinite series S is given by

S = 1 + (1 + d)r + (1 + 2d)r2 + · · · + (1 + nd)rn + · · · ,
for |r| < 1 . By considering S − rS, or otherwise, prove that
1 rd
S= + .
1 − r (1 − r)2

Arthur and Boadicea shoot arrows at a target. The probability that an arrow shot by Arthur
hits the target is a; the probability that an arrow shot by Boadicea hits the target is b. Each
shot is independent of all others. Prove that the expected number of shots it takes Arthur to
hit the target is 1/a.

Arthur and Boadicea now have a contest. They take alternate shots, with Arthur going first.
The winner is the one who hits the target first. The probability that Arthur wins the contest
is α and the probability that Boadicea wins is β. Show that
a
α= ,
1 − a0 b0
where a0 = 1 − a and b0 = 1 − b, and find β.
α β
Show that the expected number of shots in the contest is + .
a b

13 In this question, Corr(U, V ) denotes the product moment correlation coefficient between the
random variables U and V , defined by
Cov(U, V )
Corr(U, V ) ≡ p .
Var (U )Var (V )

The independent random variables Z1 , Z2 and Z3 each have expectation 0 and variance 1.
What is the value of Corr(Z1 , Z2 )?

Let Y1 = Z1 and let

1
Y2 = ρ12 Z1 + (1 − ρ212 )2 Z2 ,
where ρ12 is a given constant with −1 < ρ12 < 1. Find E(Y2 ), Var (Y2 ) and Corr(Y1 , Y2 ).

Now let Y3 = aZ1 + bZ2 + cZ3 , where a, b and c are real constants and c > 0. Given that
E(Y3 ) = 0, Var (Y3 ) = 1, Corr(Y1 , Y3 ) = ρ13 and Corr(Y2 , Y3 ) = ρ23 , express a, b and c in
terms of ρ23 , ρ13 and ρ12 .

Given constants µi and σi , for i = 1, 2 and 3, give expressions in terms of the Yi for random
variables Xi such that E(Xi ) = µi , Var (Xi ) = σi2 and Corr(Xi , Xj ) = ρij .

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