Unit Iv

Computer & software applications

Computer software
• Software, instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and
routines associated with the operation of a computer system.
• This software is used for water transmission line design, modelling of
water distribution network and gives a required output for the given
input with a short period of time and accuracy.
Computer software
Water distribution system designing softwares differ from each another in
various aspects include their
• functionality
• compatibility to different computational systems
• graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• searching and optimizing algorithms
• languages and programs used in their developments.

The choice of water distribution network software is based on the availability

of the data, time, financial implications, resources, applicability and overall
purview of the project.
software for water transmission
The design and modeling of water distribution networks including public
domain softwares like
• EPANET
• Branch
• LOOP

commercial softwares like

• Aquis
• H2O map
• KYPipe
• WaterCAD
• WaterGEMS
EPANET 2.0
• EPANET – Environmental Protection agency Network.
• It is an Application for Modeling Drinking Water Distribution Systems
• It was developed as a tool for understanding the movement and fate
of drinking water constituents within distribution systems, and can be
used for many different types of applications in distribution systems
analysis.
• EPANET is public domain software that can be freely copied and
distributed. It is a Windows -based program that will work with all
versions of Windows.
EPANET - capabilities
• With EPANET, users can perform extended-period simulation of the
hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe
networks, which consist of pipes, nodes (junctions), pumps, valves,
storage tanks, and reservoirs.
• It can be used to track the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at
each node, the height of the water in each tank, a chemical
concentration, the age of the water, and source tracing throughout
the network during a simulation period.
• EPANET's user interface provides a visual network editor that
simplifies the process of building pipe network models and editing
their properties and data.
EPANET – hydraulic modelling
EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysis that includes the
following capabilities:
• Ability to use pressure dependent demands in hydraulic analyses.
• No limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed.
• Computes friction headloss using the Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or
Chezy-Manning formulas.
• Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
• Computes pumping energy and cost.
• Models various types of valves, including shutoff, check, pressure
regulating, and flow control.
• Allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with
height).
EPANET – water quantity modelling
EPANET provides the following water quality modeling capabilities:
• Storage tanks as being either complete mix, plug flow, or two-
compartment reactors.
• Movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the network over
time.
• Movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows or decays with time.
• Age of water throughout a network.
• Percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time.
• Reactions in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall.
• Allows for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location in the
network.
EPANET applications
EPANET helps water utilities maintain and improve the quality of water
delivered to consumers. It can be used for the following:
• Design sampling programs
• Study disinfectant loss and byproduct formations
• Conduct consumer exposure assessments
• Evaluate alternative strategies for improving water quality
• Plan and improve a system's hydraulic performance
• Assist with pipe, pump, and valve placement and sizing
• Energy minimization
• Fire flow analysis
• Vulnerability studies
EPANET components – INPUT/OUTPUT
PARAMETERS
• Physical components:
EPANET models a water
distribution system as a collection
of links connected to nodes. The
links represent pipes, pumps, and
control valves. The nodes represent
junctions, tanks, and reservoirs.
• Junctions are points in the
network where links join together
and where water enters or leaves
the network.
EPANET components
The output results computed for junctions at all time periods of a simulation are:
•Hydraulic head (internal energy per unit weight of fluid)
•Pressure
•Water quality

Junctions can also:

•Have their demand vary with time
•Have multiple categories of demands assigned to them
•Have negative demands indicating that water is entering the network
•Have pressure driven demand
EPANET components
• Reservoirs are nodes that represent an infinite external source or sink of
water to the network. They are used to model such things as lakes, rivers,
groundwater aquifers. Reservoirs can also serve as water quality source
points. The primary input properties for a reservoir are its hydraulic head
(equal to the water surface elevation if the reservoir is not under pressure)
and its initial quality for water quality analysis.
• Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water
can vary with time during a simulation. The primary input properties for
tanks are:
1. Bottom elevation (where water level is zero)
2. Diameter (or shape if non-cylindrical )
3. Initial, minimum and maximum water levels
4. Initial water quality
EPANET components
• Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the network to another. EPANET
assumes that all pipes are full at all times. Flow direction is from the end at higher
hydraulic head (internal energy per weight of water) to that at lower head. The principal
hydraulic input parameters for pipes are:
1. Start and end nodes
2. Diameter
3. Length
4. Roughness coefficient (for determining headloss)
5. Status (open, closed, or contains a check valve)

The principal outputs computed over time are:

• Hydraulic head (water surface elevation)
• Water quality
EPANET components
Computed outputs for pipes include:
• Flow rate
• Velocity
• Headloss
• Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
• Average reaction rate (over the pipe length)
• Average water quality (over the pipe length)

The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the pipe walls can be
computed using one of three different formulas:
• Hazen-Williams formula
• Darcy-Weisbach formula
• Chezy-Manning formula
EPANET components
Valves are links that limit the pressure or flow at a specific point in the network.
Their principal input parameters include:
•Start and end nodes
•Diameter
•Setting
•Status

The computed outputs for a valve are flow rate and headloss. The different types
of valves included in EPANET are:
•Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)
•Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV)
•Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV)
•Flow Control Valve (FCV)
•Throttle Control Valve (TCV)
•General Purpose Valve (GPV)
EPANET components
In addition to physical components, EPANET employs three types of
informational objects –
curves
Patterns
controls - that describe the behavior and operational aspects of a
distribution system.
EPANET ANALYSIS
• After a network has been suitably described, its hydraulic and water
quality behavior can be analyzed.
• The analysis describes how to specify options to use in the analysis,
how to run the analysis and how to troubleshoot problems that might
have occurred with the analysis.
EPANET results
• The software result describes the different ways in which the results
of an analysis as well as the basic network input data can be viewed.
These include different map views, graphs, tables, and special reports.
• In addition to graphs and tables, EPANET can generate several other
specialized reports. These include:
1. Status Report
2. Energy Report
3. Calibration Report
4. Reaction Report
5. Full Report
Loop software
• Loop 4.0 is a program that is developed by the World Bank for
simulation, design & optimization of looped water distribution
networks.
• The program is free and is in the public domain.
• The algorithm is applied for determining the economical sizes of
pipes.
• The LOOP is only a tool to provide a good starting solution for the
user to further improvement in the solutions.
• This method has been found to be working quite well when
compared to other theoretically rigorous methods and hence
expected to result in a quick and good starting solutions.
Loop software
• Loop simulates the hydraulic characteristics of a pressurised, looped
(closed circuit) water distribution network.
• The network is characterized by pipes and nodes (points of
inputs/demand or pipe junctions)
• Data required are the description of the elements of the network
such as pipe lengths, diameters, friction coefficients, nodal demands
and ground elevation, and data describing the geometry of the
network.
• The program outputs include flows and velocities in the links and
pressures at the nodes.
• Loop 4.0 handles up to 1000 pipes and can simulate and design up to
10 nodes with known hydraulic grade lines (e.g. storage reservoirs).
Loop software – INPUT DATA

Geometric data

Hydraulic data

Input data Water source data

Cost estimation data

Population data
Loop software – INPUT DATA
The data required can be classified into five categories: geometric data, hydraulic
data, water source data, data of cost estimation parameters and historical
population data.
1. Geometric data - Node to node connectivity of pipe, Length of pipes, Reduce
levels of nodes in a study area.
2. Hydraulic data - Average water demands at all the relevant nodes, Pipe
resistance coefficient in terms of Hazen William's C, Hydraulic gradient desired.
3. Water Source data - Elevations of service reservoir.
4. Data of cost estimation parameters - Available commercial diameters with data
on unit cost and allowable working pressure, Newton-Raphson stopping
criterion (viz. Maximum allowable error in flow balance), Maximum and
minimum pressure at nodes.
5. Historical population data – The population of the study area of required year
have been collected from census of India.
Loop software – collection of data for a
given study area
Particulars Collected data
Title of the project
Name of the user
Number of pipes in a network
Number of nodes in a network
Type of pipe material used
Peak design factor
Newton raphson stopping criterion in lps
Maximum residual pressure (m)
Maximum allowable pressure (m)
Design hydraulic gradient
Simulation or design
Type of formula
Loop software - output
After analysis, Output data obtained from LOOP software 4.0 is shown
below. It is displayed by table format in the software.
• The number of iterations run for obtaining the design output.
• The output for pipe i.e. available flow (lps) in each pipe, economical
diameter (mm), head loss (m), head loss gradient (m/km) and
available velocity (m/s).
• The output for each of nodes i.e. the available flow (lps) at the node,
hydraulic gradient line (m) and pressure (m).
• The output for cost of pipe i.e. diameter (mm), length (m), cost (in
Rs.) and cumulative cost (in Rs.).
branch software
• It is similar to the LOOP software.
• In BRANCH 3.0 is a program that is developed by the World Bank for
simulation, design & optimization of branched water distribution
networks.
• The program is free and is in the public domain. BRANCH is used to
design pressurised, branched (tree-type, non-looped) water
distribution networks by choosing from among a set of commercial
diameters for each pipeline so that the total cost of the network is
minimized subject to meeting certain design constraints
• Both construction costs and the design constraints can be expressed
as linear, mathematical statements.
• The network is characterized by links (individual pipes) connected by
nodes, which are points of flow input, outflow or pipe junctions.
branch software
• Version 3.0 of the software can handle up to 125 pipes.
• Data required include description of network elements such as pipe
lengths, friction coefficients, nodal demands and ground elevations,
data describing the geometry of the network, the commercial pipe
diameters and their unit costs, and system constraints (minimum
pressures, minimum and maximum gradients).
• Outputs include optimal lengths and diameters of pipes in each link,
total network costs and hydraulic information.
branch software - configuration
• Program Version: BRANCH 3.0
• Language: Quick Basic 4.5
• Code: Structured optimized
• Memory handling: Dynamic
• Operating system requirements: DOS, MS-Windows (95, 98, 2000)
• Menu driven system: Hierarchical and structured
• Design: Linear programming formulation for gravity main network
• Calculation method: Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach
• Data Input: Tabular oriented input
• Data Output: Tabular output in format of .doc files
• Calculation capacity: 125 no. of pipes, 126 no. of nodes, maximum commercial diameter
input up to 20 no.
• Language: English
• Handbook: English, electronic manual
branch software – INPUT DATA

Geometric data

Hydraulic data

Input data Water source data

Cost estimation data

Population data
branch software – INPUT DATA
The data required can be classified into five categories: geometric data,
hydraulic data, water source data, data of cost estimation parameters and
historical population data.
1. Geometric data - Node to node connectivity of pipe, Length of pipes,
Reduce levels of nodes in a study area.
2. Hydraulic data - Average water demands at all the relevant nodes, Pipe
resistance coefficient in terms of Hazen William's C, Hydraulic gradient
desired.
3. Water Source data - Elevations of service reservoir.
4. Data of cost estimation parameters - Available commercial diameters
with data on unit cost and allowable working pressure, Maximum
allowable error in flow, Maximum and minimum pressure at nodes.
5. Historical population data – The population of the study area of required
year have been collected from census of India.
branch software – collection of data for
a given study area
Particulars Collected data
Title of the project
Name of the user
Number of pipes in a network
Number of nodes in a network
Number of commercial diameter
Peak design factor
Maximum residual pressure (m)
Maximum allowable pressure (m)
Design hydraulic gradient
Type of formula
branch software - output
• The output file and format is same as the LOOP software.
• The output for pipe i.e. available flow (lps) in each pipe, economical
diameter (mm), head loss (m), head loss gradient (m/km) and
available velocity (m/s).
• The output for each of nodes i.e. the available flow (lps) at the node,
hydraulic gradient line (m) and pressure (m).
• The output for cost of pipe i.e. diameter (mm), length (m), cost (in
Rs.) and cumulative cost (in Rs.).
SEWER SOFTWARE
Sewer software is categorized into the following types
1. SewerGEMS
2. SewerCAD
SEWERGEMS
• SewerGEMS is an extremely efficient tool for laying out a storm or sanitary
sewer network.
• It is easy to prepare a schematic or scaled model and let SewerGEMS take
care of the link-node connectivity.
• In constructing the network for this lesson, you do not need to be
concerned with assigning labels to pipes and nodes, because the software
assigns labels automatically.
• A schematic drawing is one in which pipe lengths are entered manually, in
the user defined length field.
• In a scaled drawing, pipe lengths are automatically calculated from the
position of the pipes‘ bends and start and stop nodes in the drawing pane.
SEWERGEMS
SewerGEMS offers superior Interoperability. It also works well within
four different well known platforms so that a single, shared project
data source can be assessed within any of the platform. These
platforms are:
• Windows stand alone for ease of use, accessibility, and performance
• ArcGIS for GIS integration and thematic mapping
• Micro Station for bridging geospatial planning and engineering design
environments
• AutoCAD for convenient CAD layout and drafting
SEWERGEMS with gis mode
Some of the advantages of working in GIS mode include:
• Full functionality from within the GIS itself, without the need for data
import, export, or transformation
• The ability to view and edit multiple scenarios in the same geo
database
• Minimizes data replication
• GIS custom querying capabilities
• Lets you build models from scratch using practically any existing data
source
• Utilize the powerful reporting and presentation capabilities of GIS
SEWERGEMS
The efficiency of using the SewerGEMS V8i software for sanitary sewer network design is
given by
• Less time spent to create the drawings by using the tools for labeling the system parts,
updating data automatically for layout and longitudinal profile with the modifications we
make along the designing process, calculating the pipe diameters automatically, using the
features for creating the plotting drawings.
• This process is easy and simple for the design of sewerage networks. And it helpful for
designing large sanitary sewer network.
• A map containing pipe details, velocity, elevations and flow can be directly obtained from
SewerGEMS V8i. SewerGEMS V8i will maintain the minimum and maximum velocity
condition.
• Customized representation and information shown both in the layout and longitudinal
profile that can be used for any of our projects.
• Final drawings produced into a “dwg” format which is the most generally accepted file
format for engineers.
SewerCAD
• SewerCAD is an easy-to-use sanitary sewer modeling and design
software product that thousands of municipalities, utilities, and
engineering firms around the world trust to design, analyze, and plan
wastewater collection systems.
• Engineers can model both pressurized force mains and gravity
hydraulics with ease, using steady-state analysis with various standard
peaking factors, and extended-period simulations.
SewerCAD – data collection
• Obtain a topographic map of the area to be served.
• Locate the drainage outlet. This is usually near the lowest point in the
area and is often along a stream or drainage way.
• Sketch in preliminary pipe system to serve all the contributors.
• Pipes are located so that all the users or future users can readily tap
on. They are also located so as to provide access for maintenance and
thus are ordinarily placed in streets or other rights-of-way.
• Sewers layout is followed natural drainage ways so as to minimize
excavation and pumping requirements. Large trunk sewers are
located in low-lying areas closely paralleling streams or channels.
SewerCAD – data collection
• Establish preliminary pipe sizes. Eight inches pipe size (usually the
minimum allowable) can serve several hundred residences even at
minimal grades.
• Revise the layout so as to optimize flow-carrying capacity at minimum
cost. Pipe lengths and sizes are kept as small as possible, pipe slopes
are minimized, and followed the ground surface slope to minimize the
depth of excavation, and the numbers of appurtenances are kept as
small as possible.
• The pumping is avoided across drainage boundaries. Pumping
stations are costly and add maintenance problems.
SewerCAD uses
SewerCAD used when
• Design multiple sanitary sewer systems.
• Analyze various design scenarios for sanitary sewer systems.
• Import and export AutoCAD and Micro Station .DXF files.
• Generate professional-looking reports for clients.
• Generate plan and profile plots of a network.
SewerCAD – result output types
• Thematic mapping
• Dynamic, multi-parameter, and multi-scenario graphing
• Advanced dynamic profiling
• Property-based color coding and symbology
• Property-based annotation
• Project inventory report
• Scenario summary report
• Element report and graphs
• Hydrograph graphs
• Contouring with export to Shape file, DXF, and native CAD format.