Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 38 views

    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Exothermic Reaction Is One That Releases Energy in The Form of Heat or

    Uploaded by

    mark bendano
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. [1] Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat or light, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. [2] The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. [3] Thermochemical equations provide the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction, indicating whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Exothermic Reaction Is One That Releases Energy in The Form of Heat or

    Uploaded by

    mark bendano
    38 views3 pages
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. [1] Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat or light, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. [2] The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. [3] Thermochemical equations provide the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction, indicating whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

    Original Title

    Thermochemistry

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. [1] Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat or light, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. [2] The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. [3] Thermochemical equations provide the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction, indicating whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views3 pages

    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Exothermic Reaction Is One That Releases Energy in The Form of Heat or

    Uploaded by

    mark bendano
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. [1] Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat or light, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. [2] The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. [3] Thermochemical equations provide the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction, indicating whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Thermochemistry

    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

    Exothermic reaction is one that releases energy in the form of heat or


    light. Another way of describing an exothermic reaction is that it is one in
    which the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants,
    because energy has been released during the reaction.

    Endothermic reaction is one that absorbs energy in the form of heat or


    light. It is one in which the energy of the products is greater than the
    energy of the reactants, because energy has been absorbed during the
    reaction.

    First Law of Thermodynamics

    The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation


    of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation
    of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant;
    energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither
    created nor destroyed. The first law is often formulated:

    ΔU=Q−W

    It states that the change in the internal energy ΔU of a closed system is


    equal to the amount of heat Q supplied to the system, minus the amount
    of work W done by the system on its surroundings. An equivalent
    statement is that perpetual motion machines of the first kind are
    impossible.

    Thermochemical Equations
    Balanced chemical equations that show the enthalpy relation between
    products and reactants

    H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g); ∆H= -185 kJ

    Exothermic reaction: 185 kJ of heat is evolved when 2moles of HCl are


    formed.2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g); ∆H= +182 kJ

    Endothermic reaction: 182 kJ of heat must be absorbed to decompose 2


    moles HgO.

    The sign of ∆H indicates whether the reaction isendothermic (+) or


    exothermic (–)

    • Coefficients in the equations represent thenumbers of moles of reactants


    and products• Phases must be specified (s), (l), (g), (aq)

    • The value quoted for ∆H applies when productsand reactants are at the
    same temperature, usually25oC

    Thermochemical Equations Rule #1

    ∆H is directly proportional to the amount of reactants and products.

    When one mole of ice melts, ∆H = +6.00 kJ.

    When one gram of ice melts, ∆H = +0.333 kJ.g-1

    H2(g) + Cl2(g)→ 2HCl(g); ∆H = -185kJ1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g)→ HCl(g);


    ∆H = -92.5kJ

    Thermochemical Equations Rule #2

    ∆H for a reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to ∆H for the


    reverse reaction.

    2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g); ∆H= +182 kJ2Hg(l) + O2(g) → 2HgO(s) ;


    ∆H= -182 kJ
    Thermochemical Equations Rule #3

    ∆H is independent of the path of the reaction –it depends only on the


    initial and final states

    Thermochemical Equations Rule #3

    ∆H is independent of the path of the reaction –it depends only on the


    initial and final states

    Thermochemical Equations Rule #3

    ∆H is independent of the path of the reaction –it depends only on the


    initial and final states

    Standard enthalpy of formation and reaction Hess’ Law

    Hess' Law is an early statement of the law of conservation of energy


    (1840). It says that the heat liberated by a process doesn't depend on how
    the process happens (only on the starting and ending states: in other
    words, it's a state function). Now we know we should really use enthalpy
    for this, not heat, because enthalpy is a state function, so this is true,
    while heat is a process. Hess' Law lets us break a reaction or process into
    a series of small, easily measured steps, and then we can add up the ΔH
    of the steps to find the change in enthalpy of the whole thing. Hess' law is
    a great way to think about chemical processes and make predictions.

    Standard enthalpies of formation help us predict reaction enthalpies for


    many reactions if the products and reactants are well-studied, even if the
    specific reaction is new. To do this, we imagine that we take the reactants
    and separate them into their pure elements in a standard state. The
    standard state is the element in its most stable form at room temperature
    and atmospheric pressure. Then we take the elements and recombine
    them to make the products. The reaction enthalpy is equal to the
    difference in the enthalpies of these processes.

    You might also like