WEEKS Transport of Nutrients in the Respiratory

1-2 and Circulatory System

I Lesson

This lesson will provide you information on how respiratory and circula-
tory system work together in transporting nutrients, gases and other molecules
to and from the different parts of the body.
For respiratory system, you will learn the parts of the human respiratory
system, how gas exchange and transport of nutrients happen. You can match
air flow and blood flow during ventilation and learn the securing and guarding
in the respiratory tract.
Likewise in circulatory system, you will be familiarized with the parts of
the circulatory system. You will also know more about the functions and me-
chanisms involve in it. This lesson is very important specially this time of pan-
demic because what is affected in our body are the main organs of respiratory
system and circulatory system.

When you eat foods, you are actually using the chemical energy that
fuels your body to do various activities. How are these nutrients, other fluids,
gases and other molecules transported in your body? Can you enumerate the
different organ systems in your body that work together to perform each
func- tions to maintain homeostasis?
You can start by doing a simple exercise! Are you ready? Try to jump
five times before you continue studying the lesson. Have you felt some changes
in your body? Try to feel the left part of your chest. Do you feel an increased
and faster heartbeat than when you are just sitting or doing a regular routine
of being stationary in your place? Are you grasping for more air?
There are two organ systems that work together to allow the exchange of
gases when you are doing strenuous activity like jumping. These are the res-
piratory system and the circulatory system.
Nowadays in the time of pandemic, if a person is experiencing symptoms
like fever, colds and has a hard time breathing, there is a necessary measure to
keep oneself away from the suspicion of having acquired the virus that weak-
ens the respiratory system. This can be explained by the interaction of respira-
tory and circulatory system if the virus gets in the body. How is this possible?
You will learn all these in the succeeding lessons.

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 Let`s start by studying the coordinated parts and functions of the organs
in the respiratory and circulatory system that will aid in the transport of nut-
rients, gases, and other molecules to and from the different parts of the body.
In humans and other animals, the necessary nutrients , gases and li-
quids are transported in the body though the blood. Blood is carried through the
body via blood vessels. There are three blood vessels in the human body. These
are the vein, artery and capillary.
An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it
branches into ever-smaller vessels. All arteries have relatively thick walls that can
withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart. Eventually, the
smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries,
where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels
that exit capillaries to form venules, small blood vessels that carry blood to a
vein, a larger blood vessel that returns blood to the heart.
The respiratory system works directly with the circulatory system
to provide oxygen to the body. This substance moves into the blood vessels that
circulates the oxygen-rich blood to tissues and cells in the body. The chart below
shows the comparison of the arteries and veins in human body.

Comparison of Arteries and Veins

Arteries Veins
Direction of blood Conducts blood away Conducts blood toward the
flow form the heart heart
General appear- rounded Irregular; often collapsed
ance
pressure high low
Well thickness thick thin
Relative oxygen Higher in systemic Lower in systemic veins; higher
concentration arteries; lower in pul- in pulmonary veins
monary arteries
valves Not present Present most commonly in
limbs and veins inferior to the
heart

Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or

organ, and is usually expressed in terms of volume of blood per unit of time. It
is initiated by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Ventricular contrac-
tion ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher
pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and
arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system .

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Learning Task 1: Study the diagram of the human respiratory system. Copy
the diagram and label the parts correctly. Choose form the words listed below.

mouth
nose
C

bronchi D

air sacs E

lungs
branching tubes
F
trachea

Learning Task No. 2: Copy and complete each statement. Choose from the

words inside the box.

1. The main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory
system.
2. The upper right chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the
lungs.
3. The chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted
blood to the lungs.
4. The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for
oxygenation.
5. Is the thickest of the heart's chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygen-
ated blood to tissues all over the body.

Left atrium
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Learning Task 3: Read the instruction in each activity. Prepare and write
your answers in your notebook.

A. Venn Diagram of Respiratory and Circulatory System

From the previous lesson you, became familiar with the respiratory
sys- tem. But as you explore this module you will then realize that respiratory
and circulatory system works together to perform their specific functions
effective- ly. Below are the descriptions for the two body systems. Construct
a Venn dia- gram to show their similarities and differences? Write the letter
inside the cor- responding space.
A-Arteries F-Larynx K-Pumps blood
B-Blood G-Lungs L-Trachea
C-Bronchioles H-Nose M-Uses oxygen
D-Gas exchange I-Pharynx N-Veins
E- Heart J-Capillaries O-Valve

Respiratory System Circulatory System

both
h

B. Inhale and Exhale

Each of the following goes with inhaling or exhaling. Place a checkmark
in the box where you think each statement belongs.

INHALING EXHALING
1. air moves out of the lungs
2. air moves into the lungs
3. ribs move out
4. ribs move in
5. chest space becomes smaller
6. chest space becomes larger
7. diaphragm moves down
8. Diaphragm moves up

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 E
Learning Task 4: Read the handout about the heart and blood circulation.
Prepare and write your answers in your notebook.

Handout: The Heart and Blood Circulation

The human heart consists of four chambers: The left and right atrium
which are the receiving chambers contracts to push blood into the lower cham-
bers. The left and right ventricles which act as the pumping chambers propel
blood to the lungs or to the rest of the human body.

There are two distinct but linked circuits in the human circulation called
the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Both circuits transport blood and
gases. The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it
picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic
circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and
returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent
back to the pulmonary circulation.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk,
which leads toward the lungs and divides into two branches into the left and
right pulmonary arteries. These vessels in turn branch many times before reach-
ing the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange occurs. The carbon
dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters. The pulmonary trunk arteries
and their branches are the only arteries in the post-natal body that carry relatively
deoxy- genated blood.

Highly oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in

the lungs passes through a series of vessels that join together to form the
pulmonary veins—the only post-natal veins in the body that carry highly
oxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins conduct blood into the left
atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps
oxygenated blood into the aorta and on to the many branches of the systemic
circuit.

Eventually, these vessels will lead to the systemic capillaries, where

ex- change with the tissue fluid and cells of the body occurs. In this case, oxygen
and nutrients exit the systemic capillaries to be used by the cells in their meta-
bolic processes, and carbon dioxide and waste products will enter the blood.

The blood exiting the systemic capillaries is lower in oxygen

concentra- tion than when it entered. The capillaries will ultimately unite to form
venules, joining to form ever-larger veins, eventually flowing into the two major
systemic
veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, which return blood
to the right atrium. The blood in the superior and inferior venae cavae flows into
the right atrium, which pumps blood into the right ventricle. This process of
blood circulation continues as long as the individual remains alive.
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 Dual System of the Human Blood Circulation Blood flows from the right
atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the pulmonary
circuit. The blood in the pulmonary artery branches is low in oxygen but
relatively high in carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the pulmonary
capillaries (oxygen into the blood, carbon dioxide out), and blood high in
oxygen and low in carbon dioxide is returned to the left atrium. From here,
blood enters the left ventricle, which pumps it into the systemic circuit.
Following exchange in the systemic ca- pillaries (oxygen and nutrients out of the
capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes in), blood returns to the right atrium

and the cycle is repeated.

Diagram showing the dual blood circulation

Guide Questions:
After reading the handout about the heart and blood circulation, answer the fol-
lowing questions.
1. What are the two circuits by which the gases are circulated in and out of the
lungs?
2. What tissues in the body transport the nutrients, gases and other
substances in the human body?
3. Describe the transport of gases in a pulmonary circuit.
4. Describe the transport of gases in a systemic circuit.
Learning Task No. 5: Examine the diagram showing the pulmonary and sys-
temic circuit. A blood that carries gases enters into the venules and gas ex-
change happens in the capillaries.
Write the number that corresponds to the correct order by tracing the blood flow
in correct order. Some numbers are indicated already.

5 Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary veins

Left ventricle

Lungs

Mitral Valve

1 Venules

7 Pulmonary semilunar valve

Pulmonary arteries

Veins

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Capillaries

14 Aortic semilunar valve

Arteries

Inferior vena cava & superior vena cava

Left atrium

Arterioles

Aorta

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