WIND DIESEL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

A SEMINAR report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements to the

Faculty of Engineering for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By

AYUSH PANDEY 16KD1A0306

Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)
 ABSTRACT

A wind-diesel hybrid system combines wind turbine(s) with diesel

generator(s) to obtain a maximum contribution by the intermittent wind
resource while providing continuous high quality electric power. Reduce
system fossil fuel consumption. The more energy you use from your non-
renewable utility provider, the more these non-renewable resources are
wasted and the more harm is done to the environment. Wind power is
expected to be economically attractive, but wind power generation is
variable and unpredictable. The hybrid wind power with diesel generation
has been suggested (Hunter, 1994) and (Lipmann, 1989) to handle the
problem above. A hybrid wind diesel system is very reliable because the
diesel acts as a cushion to take care of variation in wind speed and would
always maintain an average power equal to the set point.
 INTRODUCTION

Combining two or more generating technologies such as wind and diesel

creates a hybrid power system. For remote locations, far from the public
power grid, this is an interesting alternative for self-sufficient power
supply. If the wind conditions are good wind-hybrids can usually provide
electricity at the lowest cost for such places. There are many different
concepts for hybrid systems. Small electrical systems up to a few kW
generally use batteries and often do not have motor driven gensets. Wind
and solar photovoltaics are often combined because they complement each
other on a daily and seasonal basis. The wind often blows when the sun is
not shining and vice versa. When considering kilowatt hours, small gensets
are more expensive to buy and operate than larger machines. Therefore,
batteries are cost-effective for small systems. However, the batteries are
also a troublesome part of hybrid systems because of their toxic content
(when batteries are worn out, remember that they must be properly
recycled). With larger electrical requirements engine driven gensets are
normally used because of the high expense of storing large amounts of
energy in batteries. A system that consists of wind turbine(s) and diesel
genset(s) is called a wind-diesel system. In these systems, the amount of
wind power ("wind penetration") is a decisive factor for the system design.
Low wind penetration does not require complex technology. When the
wind power production is always less than the load, and other power plants
are constantly on line to control grid frequency and voltage, the wind power
saves fuel by reducing the load on other power plants. This is similar to
connecting a wind turbine to a large national grid. The disadvantage is that
it does not save so much fuel, especially if an unsuitable type of diesel
genset is used. Gensets require a certain minimum load (around 25% of
rated load is typical, but there are more suitable standard gensets that can
cope with long time operation at down to 0% load). Usually a high wind
penetration is most economical in small power systems provided that the
wind conditions are good because of the high cost for small-scale
conventional generation. However, traditional wind-hybrid systems for
high wind penetration are rather complex. To match the varying wind
power output to the needs of the grid large batteries and/or dump loads are
usually used (sometimes in combination with custom-built diesel gensets).
A Swedish development of hybrid systems for high wind penetration
recently implemented on an isolated Estonian island has taken another
approach. By selecting a wind turbine with the most suitable characteristics
for high wind penetration the overall system design is simplified. Thus, the
cost of the system can be kept down although the amount of wind power is
high. This system is further described later in the article.
When is Wind Energy Suitable?

If you need power supply at a remote location when should you consider
wind as an alternative? The most important factors which will determine
the economy of wind energy at such places are:

 Local wind conditions - of course. If the average wind speed 10 m

above ground is less than 4 m/s, the production of a wind turbine
will be so small, that it is normally not economical. On the other
hand, for windy places like many islands, wind energy is highly
suitable.
 The cost of other generating alternatives. For remote locations the
transportation cost of fuel is often very high which makes diesel
generation extremely expensive.
 Seasonal variation of wind energy and load. In northern Europe,
for example, the production of a wind turbine is normally highest
during the winter which is very advantageous because usually the
energy demand is also highest during the winter. (Solar energy, on
the other hand, produces very little or nothing during the winter if
you are far from the equator. But for summer cottages far north used
mainly during the sunny season, solar energy has a suitable seasonal
variation.)
 The size of the power system. Extremely small loads of only a few
watts are often not economical to supply with wind energy. But for
larger energy requirements, like a remote village, wind energy is a
top alternative.
2. COMPONENTS and SYSTEMS

 One Pitch Wind 30/14 wind turbine (14 m diameter), equipped with
a hybrid control system. For more info. The wind turbine's electrical
system includes a standard frequency converter by ABB, with input
also for diesel and battery power. A lattice tower.
 Two SDMO diesel gensets, each rated 32 kW, with auxiliary
equipment, such as fuel tanks. (If one diesel genset is out of order,
there is one spare).
 A battery bank with a gross capacity of 100 kWh. The battery bank
is optional and can be disconnected (e.g. if the batteries would be
damaged). The system will work anyway but fuel savings will be
greater with the battery bank connected.
 Battery charger of standard industrial type.

WIND IS THE MAIN POWER SOURCE

The wind-diesel system on Osmussaare is made for high wind

penetration and is based on a concept originally developed at Chalmers
University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. By using a wind turbine
with variable speed, pitch control and a special control system, a higher
level of controllability is enabled than with ordinary grid-connected wind
turbines. The PitchWind wind turbine can control the power output to
match the needs of the grid. Also, the rotational energy of the wind turbine
can be used as a short-term energy storage, to even out the fast fluctuations
in wind speed.

On Osmussaare this means in practice that when the wind speed is high
enough for the wind turbine to alone supply the load, the diesel genset(s)
are automatically shut off. No expensive dump load, rotary converter or
custom-built diesel genset is necessary to accomplish this.

When there is excess energy available, the battery charger is connected.

Excess energy can also be used for low-priority loads such as hot water
heaters but this option is not used on Osmussaare.

Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected
to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an
inexpensive source of electric power, competitive with or in many places
cheaper than coal or gas plants. Onshore wind farms also have an impact
on the landscape, as typically they need to be spread over more land than
other power stations and need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can
lead to "industrialization of the countryside"and habitat loss. Offshore
wind is steadier and stronger than on land and offshore farms have less
visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are higher. Small
onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric
power to isolated off-grid locations.

Wind is an intermittent energy source, which cannot make electricity nor

be dispatched on demand.It also gives variable power, which is consistent
from year to year but varies greatly over shorter time scales. Therefore, it
must be used together with other electric power sources or storage to give
a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases,
more conventional power sources are needed to back it up (such as fossil
fuel power and nuclear power), and the grid may need to be
upgraded.Power-management techniques such as having dispatchable
power sources, enough hydroelectric power, excess capacity,
geographically distributed turbines, exporting and importing power to
neighboring areas, energy storage, or reducing demand when wind
production is low, can in many cases overcome these problems.Weather
forecasting permits the electric-power network to be readied for the
predictable variations in production that occur.

In 2018, global wind power capacity grew 9.6% to 591 GW and yearly
wind energy production grew 10%, reaching 4.8% of worldwide electric
power usage, and providing 14% of the electricity in the European
Union.Wind power supplied 15% of the electricity consumed in Europe in
2019 .

Denmark is the country with the highest penetration of wind power, with
43.4% of its consumed electricity from wind in 2017.At least 83 other
countries are using wind power to supply their electric power grids.

2.1 AC Based Hybrid System

Low penetration systems -Wind acts as a negative load, very little

control or integration of wind turbines into the power system is needed.
Medium penetration systems -Wind becomes a major part of the power
system but diesel engines still provide much of the system power control.
Additional components and limited supervisory control required to assist
diesels in maintaining power quality. High penetration systems -
Completely integrated power system with advanced control. Diesel
generators shut off when not needed. Limited operational control of system
by plant staff.

2.2 Low Penetration System:

Generally easy integration with existing diesel system, little or no

diesel modifications required. Diesel engines provide all frequency,
voltage and reactive power control requirements. Switch gear would need
to be modified to add turbines and turbine control software installed.
Modest fuel savings of up to ~20% possible

2.3 DC Based Hybrid Power System

For small remote communities that provide less than a few hundred
kilowatt-hours per day, a battery bank is the main device of power supply.
The batteries operate as a direct current bus and central connection point.
Small wind turbines or photovoltaic convert available resources to electric
power that is rectified to DC to charge the battery bank. A diesel generator
is available to charge the battery bank when wind and solar power
availability drops below demand. The AC load demand is met by inverting
the DC power supplied from the battery bank.

2.4 Parallel Hybrid Power System

In parallel hybrid system configuration, the diesel generator and

renewable energy generators supply a portion of the load demand
directly. There are two types of sub-configurations of this hybrid system.
These are the DC-coupled and AC-coupled configurations. The DC-
coupling configuration system utilizes a bi-directional inverter, which is
operated in parallel with the diesel generator and can act as inverter and
rectifier/battery charger. It is a DC-coupled configuration hybrid
system in a sense that the renewable energy sources are connected
together at the DC bus to the battery and supply the AC load via the
bi-directional inverter. Here, the AC power from the wind turbine must
be converted into DC by utilizing AC/DC converters or rectifiers
before power is delivered to the DC-bus. The parallel hybrid power
system with DC-coupling configuration can further be improved by
connecting all of the renewable generators to the AC-bus to perform an
AC-coupling configuration. The load can be supplied from the renewable
energy supplies in parallel with the diesel Genset. A bidirectional inverter
is utilized here such that the battery can either supply the
load or be charged depending upon the load requirement and the
status of other energy sources. This type of configuration is also
referred to as centralized AC-bus topology in a sense that all the energy
generators are connected at the AC-bus and the load is supplied at a single
point.

ADVANTAGES:

 They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and
environmental impact of electrical generation in remote
communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid.
 Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which
creates pollution and is costly to transport.
 The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets
relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent
wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand
of the usually variable load.

CONCLUSION:

The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is

Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power
delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power
comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long
term. Sites such as , Antarctica, as well as and in Australia have peak wind
penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output
include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines ,
controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), storing energy
in a flywheel (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now
being converted to wind hydrogen systems such as on Ramea in Canada
which is due for completion in 2010. Recently, in Northern Canada wind-
diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote
locations at Lac de Gras, in Canada's Northwest Territories, and Katinniq,
Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, two systems are used to save fuel at mines.
There is another system in Argentina.