CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction
1.1 Problem Background
Today, producing electrical energy by renewable sources such as wind, solar anwave
arebecoming very important since the demand of electrical energy is increasing rapidly and
thefossil fuel sources are limited. Among these renewable sources, wind is highly popular
andwind conversion systems technology already plays an important role in power
production.Since power is proportional to the cube of wind speed the location of wind
turbinebecomes important. Therefore, building offshore wind farm is a good alternative to
extractmaximum power due to high average wind speed. Other advantages that make offshore
windfarm attractive are mitigation of noise and visual impact problems, since the park is
locatedfar away from where people continuously are. On the other hand, high construction cost
andmaintenance are disadvantages of offshore wind farms.

Due to the above given motivations, the numbers of offshore wind farms that include
severalwind turbines is increasing. The transmission of electrical power for such a long
distance fromoffshore to the consumer becomes a problem due to the reactive power generation
in the ACcable technology. HVDC systems cannot only solve this transmission problem, but
can alsomake a reduction in loss during power transmission. In case of using HVDC,
traditional 50 Hztransformers could be replaced with converters.By careful design of the power
electronics, the power production cost can be reduced.Basically, the main ability of the power
electronics is improving the control of the windturbine system and also to improve the
connection to the grid system.

Low weight of the components in converters as well as newer power electrical in a

semiconductors with lower losses are the other reasons that make them attractive in
windturbine systems.In the classical system with a two level six-pulse converter the six
switches operate with highfrequency. It would be a great advantage if we could have a few
IGBTs and less switching ofIGBTs. Therefore, this thesis will investigate a “Vienna rectifier
for a 5 MW wind turbine application”.

1
1.2 Previous Work
This thesis is a part of a project that is to design an offshore DC wind park system.
Theproject is divided into three main parts,
 Investigating different generating systems with low, medium or high speed
generatorsfor offshore wind turbines with HVDC transmission lines. Further,
estimating energyefficiency and determining weight and cost for the different
generators with differentAC\DC rectifier. Moreover calculating life cycle cost for
various systems.
 Designing a DC\DC converter including “High Frequency High power Transformer”
 Designing a meshed dc network, with wind farms connected to it.
In a previous Master Thesis, a diode rectifier for a 5 MW wind turbine with a
PMSG(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) was designed. The efficiency of the
rectifier aswell as the power extraction of that system was determined. Loss calculation results
werecompared with an active rectifier.
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this thesis is to design and evaluate a Vienna rectifier for a 5 MW
windturbine with a PMSG, to estimate the efficiency and the maximum power extraction using
thisrectifier. Moreover, an objective is to choose the suitable power electronic switches for
therectifier. Further, a target is to calculate the rectifier losses. Finally, an aim is to compare
theresults with the diode rectifier and the conventional IGBT converter.

However, some topics such as: control topology for rectifier with PMSG, design of
outputfilter, reactive power compensation and thermal calculation are not covered in this thesis
andthey are left for future work.

2
 CHAPTER 2
2. Theory
2.1. Wind Turbine System

Wind turbine system operates with fixed and variable speed and the aerodynamic forces
arecontrolled in three ways, such as stall, pitch and active stall. Based on their ability to
controlspeed and the type of the power controlColored cells show the combination that is used
as typical wind turbine systems while othersare not used in the wind turbine industry. Among
them, variable speed wind energyconversion are most commonly used due to that they allow
maximum power extraction fromthe wind as well as reduce mechanical stress and have less
noise emission
The mechanical power extracted from the wind can be calculated as
1
𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑐 = 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑟 𝑐𝑝 𝜔3 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
2

where Pmec is mechanical power on the shaft of the turbine, Pair is air density, cp is
powercoefficient,Aris area swept by the rotor, 𝜔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 is wind speed
The power coefficient cp is a function of the pitch angle in degrees 𝛾 and the tip speedratio 𝜆
The tip speed ratio is defined as
𝜔𝑟
𝜆=
𝜔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑

where 𝜔𝑟 is the rotor blade speed.

In variable speed wind turbines, 𝜔𝑟 is changed proportionally to the wind speed for the
lowerwind speed, in order to extract maximum power from the wind; 𝜆 is kept constant
therefore,cp has the value between 0.4 to 0.5

3
 2.2 Wind energy conversion

The kinetic energy of wind is given by [10]

1
𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2

m = ρvS
where,
m= air mass
v = wind speed
ρ = air density
S = covered surface of the turbine.

2.3 Background

Electrical and hybrid vehicles, which are considered as the best replacement of
conventional fossil fuel internal combustion engine based vehicles, have been greatly
evolving and significantly commercialized during the recent years. Accordingly, there
will be a growing demand for electrical energy when these vehicles become part of the
electric grid load.

Conventional electrical energy sources depend heavily on fossil fuels burning.

However, burning of the fossil fuels causes environmental issues such as global warming,
acid rain and urban smog, etc. by releasing carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other
pollutants into the atmosphere . Based on the issue, the renewable energy, which includes
photovoltaic energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy, etc., has been heavily
investigated and rapidly developing. Renewable energy has the advantages that it is
abundant, clean, and becoming increasingly economical.

4
 In fact, renewable energy sources help in reducing about 70 million metric tons of
carbon emissions per year that would have been produced by fossil fuels . Among various
types of renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable
energy sources . histogram of the global cumulative wind power capacity from 1996 to
2011.

, the global cumulative wind power capacity has been explosively increased from about
6.1 GW in 1996 to 238.4 GW in 2011, and the growth rate is expected to continue in the
coming years.

In wind energy conversion systems (WECSs), the key technologies include wind
turbine technology, power electronics technology, and system control technology. For the
wind turbines, based on the orientation of the rotation axis of the wind turbine, there are
horizontal-axis wind turbines and vertical-axis wind turbine

. In the horizontal-axis wind turbines, the rotation axis of the wind turbine is
parallel to the ground, while in the vertical-axis wind turbines, the rotation axis is
perpendicular to the ground. Compared to the vertical-axis wind turbines, horizontal-axis
wind turbines have higher wind energy conversion efficiency, which are widely applied
in the wind energy industry.

The wind turbines can also be classified as fixed-speed wind turbines and
variable-speed wind turbines based on whether the operation speed is controllable. The
fixed-speed wind turbines possess the merits that they are simple, robust, and require
lower construction and maintenance cost. However, their operation speed is fixed and
cannot be controlled with the variation of the wind speed, which results in lower energy
conversion efficiency compared to the variable-speed wind turbines. Nowadays, most
of the wind turbinesapplied in industry are variable-speed wind turbines.

5
` Among various types of variable- speed WECSs, three kinds are most widely applied in
industry: doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) WECSs with reduced-capacity power
converters, geared/gearless squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) WECSs with full-
capacity power converters, and (3) geared/gearless wound-rotor synchronous generator
(WRSG)/permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) WECSs with full-capacity power
converters

In the DFIG WECSs, only 30% of the rated power is processed by the power converters,
which greatly reduces the cost of the converters while preserving the capability to control the
speed of the generator in the range of about of its rated speed [6]. In SCIG,
WRSG and PMSG WECSs, full-capacity power converters are needed to process the power
generated by the generators up to the rated power of the systems. With the application
of the full-capacity power converters, the generators are fully decoupled from the grid, and
are able to operate in the full speed range.

As the large scale wind turbines (up to 10 MW) attract more and more attention
nowadays, the direct-drive PMSG based WECSs which are very suitable for large scale wind
plants have become a "hot topic". In this thesis, the control algorithms for the direct-drive
wind turbine PMSG systems are studied and simulated.

The direct-drive wind turbine PMSGs do not have the gearbox between the wind
turbine and the PMSG rotor shaft, which avoids the mechanical power losses caused by the
gearbox. Moreover, the removal of the gearbox also helps in reducing the cost of the
system. The overall configuration of a direct-drive wind turbine PMSG system , this system is
composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter
The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the
electrical power, while therectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the
speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable
frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control algorithm, the
inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the
grid.

6
 (d)
Fig.2.1(a) Type A (fixed speed); (b) Type B (limited variable speed); (c) Type C (variable
speed with partial scalefrequency converter); (d) Type D (variable speed with full scale
frequency converter)

7
 Wind turbine systems consists of three main different parts; generators,converters and
transformers. As is displayed, different types of generators such as the squirrelcage induction
generator (SCIG), wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) and permanentmagnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) are used in various configurations. These days, usinga PMSG
is more common due to its high efficiency and reliability. Low weight and volumeare the
other reasons that make it popular in wind turbine systems . As mentioned earlier,another
important part in a wind turbine is the converter. Different common types ofconverters such
as back to back six switch two level PWM converter or multi level convertersuch as back to
back three level neutral point clamped are used .The Vienna rectifier issuch an AC\DC
converter that could also be used in wind turbine system. Due to the featureof fewer switches
it could decrease the cost and control complexity.Here, an effort is made to investigate the
using of a Vienna rectifier as AC\DC converter in awind turbine configuration combined with
aPMSG.

8
 CHAPTER 3
3.VIENNA RECTIFIER
3.1 Vienna Rectifier Principal
The Vienna rectifier was introduced in 1993 by Prof. Johann W. Kolar . It is a
threephase, three levels and three switch rectifier; it is kind of PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation)rectifier with controlled output voltage. The topology of the Vienna Rectifier is a
combinationof a boost DC\DC converter with a three-phase diode bridge rectifier.

Fig 3.1 Vienna rectifier

The output capacitor is split in two parts with two equal values (C1 and C2).Across
each capacitor, two voltage sources +V0/2 and -V0/2 exist which detect the outputvoltage of
the circuit.
Therefore three different voltages (+V0/2, 0, -V0/2) are available. TheDC bus voltage
is assumed to be a constant dc voltage [and can be connected to aconventional six switch or
other type of inverter
The input current for each phase is defined by the voltage applied across the
correspondinginductor LN; the input voltage of the rectifier is determined by the switching
state and theinput current direction. The input inductors (LN) charge when the switch is on
and the currentincrease in the inductor, and when the switch is off the inductors discharge

9
through thepositive or negative diode depending on the current flow direction. The existence
of an inputinductor creates a current source at the input while the capacitors create output
voltages. Inother words, the Vienna rectifier may be considered as a diode–transistor matrix
connectingthe input current sources with output voltages
The Vienna rectifier like all the other converters in power electronics has advantages
anddisadvantages. The pros of this converter are given below,
• Has continuous sinusoidal input current
• No need for a neutral wire
• Low number of IGBTs used
• Low manufacturing cost
• Reduce blocking voltage stress on power semiconductor (in comparison with two
levelconverters it becomes half because there is only one switch existing on one phase leg
of the rectifier. This result would be true if the neutral point is completely balanced;
however the neutral operating point operating imbalance, the capacitor voltage will
exceed half of dc-link voltage and in this case, the voltage stress on the switches will
increase, therefore the neutral point is an important topic in three system level
converter
• Reduction in switching loss of the power semiconductors by almost 40%
• Wide voltage range
• Higher efficiency.
• Boosting ability.
• Production of three levels of voltage with two equal DC voltages.On the other hand,
acting as a unidirectional active AC\DC converter and lack of regenerationcan be considered
as cons. In unidirectional converters power flows in one direction from ACside to DC side
and it cannot act as an inverter.

10
3.2 Operation of the Vienna Rectifier
The Vienna rectifier has three switches, and by choosing their (ON\OFF) state
considering thepolarity of the phase current in each phase, the voltage for each phase will be
determined. So,the phase voltage is depending on the direction of phase current and switch
position. In thistopology, the midpoint N is considered as reference point with zero voltage.

11
Fig3.2 Conduction path for phase A

12
 If the line current is positive and switch SA is ON the current pass through the switch
and the phase voltage (VAN) become zero. If the polarity of the current remains asbefore but
the control switch SA is off, the current flows through diode D11, the voltage VAN is+V0/2,
illustrates this case. Similarly, the voltage VAN can determined if the linecurrent is negative
and switch SA is ON or OFF, the current path for these two cases isillustrated
The current path for two example switching position, 110 and 001,

Fig 3.3 The current path for two switching position

13
 SA SB SC VAN VBN VCN
0 0 0 +V0/2 -V0/2 -V0/2
0 0 1 +V0/2 -V0/2 0
0 1 0 +V0/2 0 -V0/2
0 1 1 +V0/2 0 0
1 0 0 0 -V0/2 -V0/2
1 0 1 0 -V0/2 0
1 1 0 0 0 -V0/2
1 1 1 0 0 0
Tabel 3. 1 Eight different switching combination

3.3 PERFORMANCE PARAMERTER OF RECTIFIER:

INPUT PARAMETERS

I.DISPLACEMENT FACTOR

Cosine of displacement angle is called displacement factor

D.F = COS α

II. CURRENT DISTROTION

CDF= IS1/IS

III. POWER FACTOR

The Input power factor is defined as the ratio of the total mean input
power to the total RMS input VA (apparent power)

P.F = CDF × DF

14
IV. HARMONIC FACTOR

It is define as the ratio of total harmonic content to the fundamental

component.

HF= {1/𝐶𝐷𝐹 2 - 1}

V. ACTIVE POWER

The portion of power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the ac

waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as active
power.

Pi= VO IO

VI. REACTIVE POWER

The portion of power due to stored energy, which return to the source in
each cycle, is known as reactive power.

Qi = VO IO Tan α

OUTPUT PARMETERS

I. VOLTAGE RIPPLE FACTOR

It is the ration of net harmonic content on the output voltage to average output
voltagge. Ripple voltages are the small undesired residual periodic varittation of the DC at
the output stage of the power supplies. These ripples are due to insufficient suppression of the
alternating waveform within the power supplies. Large Ripple means less effective filtering
smaller ripple means more effective filtering.

With the above assumptions the peak to peak ripple factor can be calculated as:

For a full – wave rectifier:

Vpp = I/2fc

15
For a half – wave rectification:

Vpp = I/fc

Where

Vpp = The peak to peak ripple voltage

I = The current in the circuit

f = The frequency of the ac power

c = Capacitance

For the rms value of the ripple voltage, the calculation is more involved as the shape of the
ripple waveform has a bearing on the result. Assuming a saw tooth waveform is a similar
assumption to the ones above and yields the results:

1
𝛾=
3√3𝑓𝐶𝑅

Where

ɣ is the ripple factor

R is the resistance of the load

II. CURRENT RIPPLE FACTOR

It is the ratio of harmonic content on the output current to average output current. We
can easily see that the load current will have ripple, and if we define this ripple to be

IRr = √|𝐼𝑟|2 − 𝐼𝑅2

16
 CHAPTER 4
4.Semiconductor Components in the Vienna Rectifier

4.1 Diode

Diodes are the simplest devices among the entire power semiconductors. The pn-
junction is the basic building block for all the other power semiconductors.Generally, it
consists of the three layers with different doping and thickness. The first layer is a heavily
doped n-type, n+ that formed the cathode. On the top of that, is a layer of lightlydoped n-
type, n- that is called drift region and finally a heavily doped p-type, p+ layer on top,is
forming the anode.

Fig4.1 (a) diode circuit symbol.(b) Cross-sectional view of a pn-junction

diode

The diode‘s cross sectional area depends on the amount of current that the device is
designedto carry. Diodes always conduct the current in one direction, from the anode to the
cathode.As the i-v characteristic, when the applied voltage over the diode is greater than a
definite forward threshold voltage (about 1 V), the diode starts to conduct and the current
grows linearly.

17
 When the diode is reversed biased or the voltage across the diode is less than the
forward threshold voltage, then the diode blocks the current. In the ideal case, the forward
voltage drop can be considered zero and the ideal characteristic curve is obtained.

Fig 4.2 The i-v characteristic of a pn-junction diode (a) the idealized (b) the
actual

In normal operation, the diode works in the both forward biased region which is
called conduction region and the reverse blocking region. In the later region, a small leakage
current flows as the voltage becomes more negative until the reverse voltage reaches the
breakdownvoltage of the diode.When the diode is switched off, a negative current occurs .
This negativecurrent sweeps out excess carriers in the diode and allows it to block a negative
polarityvoltage. This process takes a short time which is called reverse recovery time. The
reverserecovery current Irr and reverse recovery time trr of the diode increases with
increasing carrier

Fig 4.3 Reveres recovery

4.2 IGBT
The insulating gate bipolar transistor IGBT is one of the power semiconductor
devices, which are created by the combination of the bipolar junction transistor BJT and the

18
MOSFET. Each of these power semiconductors has particular characteristics; the
combination of them can make a good trade off of both. For example, BJTs have low voltage
drop in the on state but have longer switching times, especially at turn-off. The MOSFETs
can be turned on and off fast due to small gate capacitance, but their on-state conduction
losses are higher in comparison with BJTs at the same rating .
Therefore, the combination gives low conduction loss and fast switching, which is the
unique character of the IGBT. The structure is quite similar to the MOSFET. The p+ layer
forms the drain while the n+ layer forms source

Fig 4.4 (a)The n-channel IGBT circuit symbols. (b) Cross-sectional view of an IGBT

The i-v characteristic of the n-channel IGBT. In the forward direction it looks similar
to the BJTs, but with a difference being in the way it is controlled. The IGBTs are controlled
with input voltages, the gate–source voltage, while the input current is the controlling
parameter for the BJTs. The reverse blocking voltage can be as large as the forward blocking
voltage if the structure is made without n+ layer. However, if the n+ layer is used in the
construction, the breakdown voltage is lowered significantly.

Fig 4.5 The i-v characteristic of an IGBT

19
 The switching characteristic for the IGBTs, which are similar to the MOSFETs. The
power dissipation appears during the turn-on switching period. The faster turn-on switching
helps to reduce that power dissipation. The IGBT’s turn-off switching curves and there is a
difference in the drain current waveform compares with the MOSFET. In the IGBTs,
the drain current consists of two time intervals. During the first time interval, tfi1, the rapid
drop corresponds to the turn-off of the MOSFET section of the IGBT. The second time
interval, tfi2, corresponds to the BJTs and is due to the stored charges in the n- drift region.

Fig 4.6 Turn-on voltage and current waveforms of an IGBT

20
 Fig 4.7 Turn-off voltage and current waveforms of an IGBT

Power loss
Losses in power electronics are important features that determine the efficiency.
Amongdifferent types of losses in the power electronic switches, only switching losses and
conduction losses are considered in this project and other types of losses such as: gate driver
losses, capacitor losses and snubber’s losses are ignored. The losses can thus be written as

Ploss = Psw + Pcondt

Where Ploss is the total power loss in the converter, Psw is the switching loss in the
IGBT or diode and Pcondt is the conduction loss in the IGBT and diode.

21
 CHAPTER 5
5.SIMULATION AND RESULT
5.1 VIENNA RECTIFIER OPEN LOOP

22
 Time(ms)
Fig 5.2 Output voltage of vienna rectifier

Time(ms)
Fig5.3 Output current of vienna rectifier

23
 Fig 5.4 Input voltage

Fig5.5 Output capacitor voltage

24
 Fig5.6 input current

Fig5.7 Simulation results of output voltage harmonics at Resistive load

25
 Fig 5.7Simulation results of Input current harmonics at Resistive
load.

Input R Input Input Phase Input R Output Output Output Efficiency(ƞ)

Phase V Phase I PF Phase W Voltage Current Load in W R Load in %

232 0.66 0.99 152 900 0.33 300 66

232 1.13 0.99 260 900 0.67 600 77

232 2.08 0.99 478 900 1.33 1200 84

232 2.98 0.99 686 900 2.00 1800 87

232 3.87 0.99 889 900 2.67 2400 90

232 4.77 0.99 1096 900 3.33 3000 91

table 5.1Vienna Rectifier Simulation Input current and voltage at different Resistive loads.

26
 Input current harmonics % at different R load levels, R-Phase

Output R 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th 23rd 25th 29th

Phase W Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. THD %
300W 0.066 0.072 0.03 0.035 0.025 0.025 0.016 0.021 0.016 17.87

600W 0.104 0.122 0.033 0.052 0.027 0.025 0.025 0.018 0.021 15.88

1200W 0.091 0.181 0.075 0.034 0.036 0.027 0 0.008 0 7.49

1800W 0.052 0.141 0.095 0.05 0.021 0.023 0.01 0.003 0.005 4.86

2400W 0.221 0.055 0.052 0.034 0.012 0.015 0.018 0 0 6.15

3000W 0.212 0.05 0.063 0.041 0.016 0.005 0.018 0.016 0.002 4.87

300W 10.02 10.93 4.55 5.31 3.79 3.79 2.43 3.19 2.43 17.87

600W 9.20 10.79 2.92 4.60 2.39 2.21 2.21 1.59 1.86 15.88

1200W 4.37 8.70 3.60 1.63 1.73 1.30 0.00 0.38 0.00 7.49

1800W 1.74 4.73 3.19 1.68 0.70 0.77 0.34 0.10 0.17 4.86

2400W 5.72 1.42 1.35 0.88 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.00 0.00 6.15

3000W 4.45 1.05 1.32 0.86 0.34 0.10 0.38 0.34 0.04 4.87

IEC Limit 10.7 7.2 3.1 2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7

Table 5.2 Vienna Rectifier Simulation Input current harmonics at different Resistive loads

27
 CHAPTER 6
6. Conclusion

A novel variable-speed WECS utilizing a PMSG and a Vienna rectifier has

been proposed. A capacitor bank is necessary to make the voltage and
current at the AC side of the Vienna rectifier satisfy an angle constraint.
The performances of the system under various levels of wind Speed have been
investigated.

The switching and conduction losses of the power semiconductors in the

Viennarectifier were estimated by simulations.

These preliminary results show that the proposed system has potential to
be more efficient as compared to a conventional six diode system. The
proposed system has a very simple power circuit and a simple control
system, and has a high power factor and a low input current THD.

Further investigation in this work will be to design intelligent controller

for a stand-alone hybrid generation system comprising the wind and solar
systems integrated to a common DC bus. Issues, such as experimental
verification, the effect of Vienna rectifier upon the machine performance
and control strategies, optimal modulation methods to improve system
dynamics and the interface with the power grid are still need to be
investigated.

28
6.2 PRESENT STATUS OF WORK
 We are done open loop for vienna rectifier
 The next phase,the vienna rectifier and z-source inverter are connected
to the wind conversion system in MATLAB

6.3 REFERENCE
1] J. W. Kolar and U. Drofenik, “A new switching lossreduced discontinuous
PWM scheme for a unidirectionalthree-phase/switch/level boost-type PWM
(VIENNA)
rectifier,” in Telecommunication Energy Conference, 1999.

2)J. W. Kolar, U. Drofenik, and F. C. Zach, “Current

handling capability of the neutral point of athree-phase/switch/level
boost-type PWM (VIENNA)rectifier,”in Power Electronics Specialists
Conference,
1996. PESC '96 Record., 27th Annual IEEE, pp.1329-1336, 1996.

[3] J. Alahuhtala and H. Tuusa, “Space vector modulationmethod for

unidirectional four-wire three-phase/level/switch(Vienna) rectifier,” in
Power Electronics, 2007. ICPE '07.7th Internatonal Conference on, pp. 742-748,
2007.

[4] T. Viitanen and H. Tuusa, “Space vector modulation andcontrol of a

unidirectional three-phase/level/switchVIENNA I rectifier with LCL-type AC
filter,” in Power
Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003. PESC '03. 2003IEEE 34th Annual, Vol.
3, pp. 1063-1068, 2003.

[5] L. Rixin, W. Fei, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, J. Dong, andDi Zhang,

“Average modeling and control design forVIENNA-type rectifiers considering
the DC-link voltagebalance,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 24, No. 11,
pp.
2509-2522, Nov. 2009.

[6] N. Backman and R. Rojas, “Modern circuit topologyenables compact power

factorcorrected three-phase rectifiermodule,” in Telecommunications
Energy Conference, 2002.

29