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    Lecture 1

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    mahima goyal
    A group is an algebraic structure with a binary operation that satisfies three properties: associativity, identity, and inverses. An abelian group is a group where the binary operation is commutative. A finite group has a finite number of elements, while an infinite group is not finite. The order of a finite group is the number of elements it contains. The set G={1, -1, i, -i} with multiplication is an abelian group of order 4 as it satisfies the group properties and multiplication is commutative within the set.

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    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    mahima goyal
    28 views2 pages
    A group is an algebraic structure with a binary operation that satisfies three properties: associativity, identity, and inverses. An abelian group is a group where the binary operation is commutative. A finite group has a finite number of elements, while an infinite group is not finite. The order of a finite group is the number of elements it contains. The set G={1, -1, i, -i} with multiplication is an abelian group of order 4 as it satisfies the group properties and multiplication is commutative within the set.

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    LECTURE 1

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    A group is an algebraic structure with a binary operation that satisfies three properties: associativity, identity, and inverses. An abelian group is a group where the binary operation is commutative. A finite group has a finite number of elements, while an infinite group is not finite. The order of a finite group is the number of elements it contains. The set G={1, -1, i, -i} with multiplication is an abelian group of order 4 as it satisfies the group properties and multiplication is commutative within the set.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views2 pages

    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    mahima goyal
    A group is an algebraic structure with a binary operation that satisfies three properties: associativity, identity, and inverses. An abelian group is a group where the binary operation is commutative. A finite group has a finite number of elements, while an infinite group is not finite. The order of a finite group is the number of elements it contains. The set G={1, -1, i, -i} with multiplication is an abelian group of order 4 as it satisfies the group properties and multiplication is commutative within the set.

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    of 2

    GROUP- A group is an algebraic structure (G, *) in which the binary operation * on G satisfies

    the following conditions:


    (I) for all a, b, c, ∈ G
    a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c (associativity)
    (II) there exists an elements e ∈ G such that for any a ∈ G
    a * e= e * a = a (existence of identity)
    −1
    (III) for every a ∈ G , there exists an element denoted by (𝑎) in G such that
    −1 −1 −1
    a *(𝑎) = (𝑎) * a = e , (𝑎) is called the inverse of a in G.
    Example 1: (Z, +) is a group where Z denotes the set of integers.
    Example 2: (R, +) is a group where R denotes the set of real numbers.

    ABELIAN GROUP- Let (G, *) be a group. If * is commutative that is a * b = b * a for all a,,b ∈ G
    then (G, *) is called an Abelian group.
    Example: (Z, +) is an Abelian group.

    FINITE GROUP- A group G is said to be a finite group if the set G is a finite set.
    Example: G = {–1, 1} is a group with respect to the operation multiplication. Where G is a finite
    set having 2 elements. Therefore G is a finite group.
    INFINITE GROUP- A group G, which is not finite is called an infinite group.

    ORDER OF A FINITE GROUP- The order of a finite group (G, *) is the number of distinct
    elements in G. The order of G is denoted by O (G) or by |G|.
    Example: Let G = {–1, 1} The set G is a group with respect to the binary operation multiplication
    and O (G) = 2.

    Example 1: Show that the set G = {1, –1, i, –i} where i = −1 is an abelian group with respect to
    multiplication as a binary operation.
    Solution: Let us construct the composition table

    ● 1 -1 i -i

    1 1 -1 i -i

    -1 -1 1 -i i

    i i -i -1 1

    -i -i i 1 -1
    From the above composition, it is clear that the algebraic structure (G, ⋅) is closed and satisfies
    the following axioms: Associativity: For any three elements a, b, c ∈ G
    8 Definition 9.38: An algebraic system (R, +, ⋅) is called a ring if the binary operations ‘+’ and ‘⋅ ’
    R satisfy the following properties: 1. (R, +) is an abelian group. 2. (R, ⋅) is a semi-group. 3. The
    operation ‘⋅ ’ is distributive over +, that is for any a, b, c ∈ R, a b c ab ac ⋅ + =⋅+⋅ ( ) and ( ) b c
    a ba ca + ⋅=⋅+⋅ Example 1: The set of all matrices of the form 0 0 a b ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ a and b being
    real numbers, with matrix addition and matrix multiplication is a ring. Example 2: The set of
    integers Z, with respect to the operations + and × is a ring. # 0 # 44*58)38 A ring R is said
    to be a commutative ring or an abelian ring if it satisfies the commutative law, ∀ ∈ ab R , , ab
    ba ⋅=⋅ .

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