REPUBLIC ACT NO.

1425

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS
AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME
TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication
to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;

WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose
Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped
the national character;

WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of
the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;

WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation
by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic
conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,

SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation
shall be used as basic texts.

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures
to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of
appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the
effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature,
to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and
regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a
sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of
the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of
said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication
in the Official Gazette.

SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their
libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in
English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for
required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.

SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and
the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause
them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok
organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.

SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine
hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious
doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.

SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated
out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of
this Act.

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context

Definition of terms:
Nationalism- identification with one's own nation and support for its interests,
especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Liberalism- the holding of liberal views, the belief in freedom and human rights
Democracy- a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible
members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Imperialism- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through
diplomacy or military force.
Industrial revolution- the changes in manufacturing and transportation that
began with fewer things being made by hand but instead made using machines
in larger-scale factories.
Optimism- hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful
outcome of something.
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT: THE THREE GREAT REVOLUTIONS
The birth of modernity was precipitated by three great revolutions around the
world:
The Industrial revolution in England
The French Revolution in France
The American Revolution.
Industrial Revolution in England
 The economic opportunities created by the Industrial Revolution had
encouraged Spain in 1834 to open the Philippine economy to world
commerce.
 The Industrial Revolution that started in Europe had repercussions to the
Philippine economy.
 The economic opportunities created by the Industrial Revolution had
encouraged Spain in 1834 to open the Philippine economy to world
commerce.
The French Revolution in France
 The French revolution (1789-1799) started a political revolution in Europe and
in some parts of the world.
 French revolution had democratic principles of Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity--the battle cry of the French Revolution--started to spread in Europe
and around the world.
 The French revolution (1789-1799)
 The struggle between liberals and conservatives.
 This aspiration had inspired colonies under Spain and Portugal to revolt in
order to gain independence from their colonial masters in the 19th century.
The American Revolution
 The American Revolution refers to the political upheaval during the last half
of the 18th century in which the 13 colonies of North America overthrew the
rule of the British Empire and rejected the British monarchy to make the United
States of American a sovereign nation.
 The American revolution had given the world in the 19th century the idea that
colonized people can gain their independence from their colonizers.
 Indirectly, the American Revolution had in a way inspired
Filipino reformists like Rizal to aspire for freedom and independence.
The Age of Enlightenment or simply The Enlightenment is a term used to
describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the
eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and
legitimacy for authority.
The massive changes in society brought about by the three great revolutions
has resulted to dissatisfaction.\
THE CHURCH IN THE 19TH CENTURY
 The weakening of the grip of the Catholic Church of the growing secularized
society of Europe and Spain has implications to the Philippines.
 In Spain, the liberals considered the Church as an enemy of reforms.
 The declining influence of the Catholic Church in Europe and Spain has little
effect, however, to the control and power of the local Churches in the
Philippines.
The Philippines during Rizal’s time
 Injustices of the Spaniards
 Instability of Colonial administration
 Corrupt Officialdom
 No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Human rights denied to Filipinos
 No equality before the law
 Racial Administration
 Frailocracy
 Forced labor (Polo y Servicios)
 Enconmienda System
 Tortures conducted by Guardia Civil
PHILIPPINE CONDITION IN THE 19TH CENTURY: THE RISE OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
A. Characteristic of Philippine society during the Spanish Period
 Government – union of Church and State
 Economy – land-based (Enconmienda System)
 Society – classes were based on “purity” of blood; the Spaniards, the Mestizos,
and the indios.
 Friar abuses, corruption, racial discrimination
B. 1760 – 1850 – one of the most significant periods in the Philippine history
1. The concept of free trade spread in Europe, and Spain was forced to
implement important economic reforms in the country (e.g. direct trade
between the Philippines and Spain)
2. Agricultural resources (cash crops such as abaca, tobacco, sugar) were
developed.
3. Manila was opened to world trade
Effect: The spread of liberal ideas to the colonies due to the increased
exposure to the west.
C. Other events which gave rise to nationalism
1. The rise of the Chinese mestizo class (Illustrados – “enlightened ones”
2. Education Decree of 1863 – established the public education system and a
normal school for men.
3. Liberal Government under Governor General dela Torre from 1869-1871
4. Secularization in the clergy (priesthood)
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the death of the Gomburza
On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed at the Cavite arsenal
staged a revolt against the Spanish government’s voiding of their exemption from
the payment of tributes. The Cavite Mutiny led to the persecution of prominent
Filipinos; secular priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—who
would then be collectively named GomBurZa—were tagged as the masterminds
of the uprising. The priests were charged with treason and sedition by the Spanish
military tribunal—a ruling believed to be part of a conspiracy to stifle the growing
popularity of Filipino secular priests and the threat they posed to the Spanish
clergy. The GomBurZa were publicly executed, by garrote, on the early morning
of February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan.

Lupang hinirang
Juan felipe composer
Jose palma – wrote the words
Beautiful country and our willingness to die for her freedom
Carinosa – national dance
Sipa – national game
Anahaw – national leaf
From the Rizal Day 2013 essay  on the centenary of the Rizal Monument, and the history of
Bagumbayan:

On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed at the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt
against the Spanish government’s voiding of their exemption from the payment of tributes. The
Cavite Mutiny led to the persecution of prominent Filipinos; secular priests Mariano Gómez,
José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—who would then be collectively named GomBurZa—were
tagged as the masterminds of the uprising. The priests were charged with treason and sedition by
the Spanish military tribunal—a ruling believed to be part of a conspiracy to stifle the growing
popularity of Filipino secular priests and the threat they posed to the Spanish clergy. The
GomBurZa were publicly executed, by garrote, on the early morning of February 17, 1872 at
Bagumbayan.

The Archbishop of Manila refused to defrock them, and ordered the bells of every church to toll
in honor of their deaths; the Sword, in this instance, denied the moral justification of the Cross.
The martyrdom of the three secular priests would resonate among Filipinos; grief and outrage
over their execution would make way for the first stirrings of the Filipino revolution, thus
making the first secular martyrs of a nascent national identity. Jose Rizal would dedicate his
second novel, El Filibusterismo, to the memory of GomBurZa, to what they stood for, and to the
symbolic weight their deaths would henceforth hold:

The Government, by enshrouding your trial in mystery and pardoning your co-accused, has
suggested that some mistake was committed when your fate was decided; and the whole of the
Philippines, in paying homage to your memory and calling you martyrs, totally rejects your guilt.
The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has put in doubt the crime charged against you.

To mark the 142nd anniversary of the martyrdom of the priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora, we have put together resources that detail the effect of their martyrdom
upon the Philippine revolution. Below you will find an infographic on prominent Filipinos
executed in Bagumbayan from 1843 to 1897 and writings by personalities of the Philippine
revolution on GomBurZa, including a retelling of their execution.

January 21, 1843- executed for the revolt by apolinario de la cruz

82 non-commissioned officers and soldiers of tayabas regiment
Febuary 17, 1872 – garroted after cavite revolt of January 20, 1872
Gomburza – mariano Gomez, jose apolonio burgoz, jocinto Zamora

THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION ON GOMBURZA

• JOSE RIZAL’S LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE, 18 APRIL 1889—

“Without 1872 there would not now be a Plaridel, a Jaena, a Sanciangco, nor would the brave
and generous Filipino colonies exist in Europe. Without 1872 Rizal would now be a Jesuit and
instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere, would have written the contrary. At the sight of those
injustices and cruelties, though still a child, my imagination awoke, and I swore to dedicate
myself to avenge one day so many victims. With this idea I have gone on studying, and this can
be read in all my works and writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.” [via]

• JOSE RIZAL’S LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE, 18 APRIL 1889—

“If at his death Burgos had shown the courage of Gomez, the Filipinos of today would be other
than they are. However, nobody knows how he will behave at that culminating moment, and
perhaps, I myself, who preach and boast so much, may show more fear and less resolution than
Burgos in that crisis. Life is so pleasant, and it is so repugnant to die on the scaffold, still young
and with ideas in one’s head…” [via]

• “RITUAL FOR THE INITIATION OF A BAYANI,” 1894—

Document, via Jim Richardson, details the ritual to be followed when a Katipunan member with
the rank of Soldier (Kawal) is to be elevated to the rank of Patriot (Bayani): “Presiding over the
ritual, the Most Respected President (presumably Bonifacio himself) reflects on the martyrdom
of the priests Burgos, Gomez and Zamora—a great wrong, he says, that tore aside the veil that
had covered the eyes of the Tagalogs. Tracing the Katipunan’s political lineage a little further
back, he also alludes to the movement for reforms that preceded the Cavite mutiny, mentioning
specifically the newspaper El Eco Filipino, which was founded by Manuel Regidor (the brother
of Antonio Ma. Regidor), Federico de Lerena (the brother-in-law of José Ma. Basa) and other
liberal Filipinos in Madrid in 1871. Copies were sent to Manila but soon began to be intercepted,
and people found in possession of the paper were liable to be arrested.” [via]

• EMILIO JACINTO, “GOMEZ, BURGOS AT ZAMORA!” APRIL 30, 1896—

Jim Richardson: “The day that Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were executed, writes Jacinto, was a
day of degradation and wretchedness. Twenty-four years had since passed, but the excruciating
wound inflicted that day on Tagalog hearts had never healed; the bleeding had never been
staunched. Though the lives of the three priests had been extinguished that day, their legacy
would endure forever. Their compatriots would honor their memory, and would seek to emulate
their pursuit of truth and justice. As yet, Jacinto acknowledges, some were not fully ready to
embrace those ideals, either because they failed to appreciate the need for solidarity and unity or
because their minds were still clouded by the smoke of a mendacious Church. But those who
could no longer tolerate oppression were now looking forward to a different way of life, to a
splendid new dawn.” [via]

RECALLING THE GOMBURZA

•  EDMOND PLAUCHUT, AS QUOTED BY JAIME VENERACION—

The Execution of GomBurZa [via]

Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a Spanish court martial found three secular
priests, Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of treason as the instigators of a
mutiny in the Kabite navy-yard a month before, and sentenced them to death. The judgement of
the court martial was read to the priests in Fort Santiago early in the next morning and they were
told it would be executed the following day… Upon hearing the sentence, Burgos broke into
sobs, Zamora lost his mind and never recovered it, and only Gomez listened impassively, an old
man accustomed to the thought of death.

When dawn broke on the 17th of February there were almost forty thousand of Filipinos (who
came from as far as Bulakan, Pampanga, Kabite and Laguna) surrounding the four platforms
where the three priests and the man whose testimony had convicted them, a former artilleryman
called Saldua, would die.

The three priests followed Saldua: Burgos ‘weeping like a child’, Zamora with vacant eyes, and
Gomez head held high, blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, heads bared and praying. He
was next to die. When his confessor, a Recollect friar , exhorted him loudly to accept his fate, he
replied: “Father, I know that not a leaf falls to the ground but by the will of God. Since He wills
that I should die here, His holy will be done.”

Zamora went up the scaffold without a word and delivered his body to the executioner; his mind
had already left it.

Burgos was the last, a refinement of cruelty that compelled him to watch the death of his
companions. He seated himself on the iron rest and then sprang up crying: “But what crime have
I committed? Is it possible that I should die like this. My God, is there no justice on earth?”

A dozen friars surrounded him and pressed him down again upon the seat of the garrote,
pleading with him to die a Christian death. He obeyed but, feeling his arms tied round the fatal
post, protested once again: “But I am innocent!”

“So was Jesus Christ,’ said one of the friars.” At this Burgos resigned himself. The executioner
knelt at his feet and asked his forgiveness. “I forgive you, my son. Do your duty.” And it was
done.

(Veneracion quotes Leon Ma. Guerrero’s The First Filipino: “We are told that the crowd, seeing
the executioner fall to his knees, suddenly did the same, saying the prayers to the dying. Many
Spaniards thought it was the beginning of an attack and fled panic-stricken to the Walled City.”)

• LEON MA. GUERRERO, IN THE FIRST FILIPINO, ASIDE FROM CITING EDMOND
PLAUCHUT, REVYE DES DEUX MONDES, MAY 15, 1877, WROTE:

“Montero deserves a hearing because he had access to the official records. His account, in brief,
is that the condemned men, in civilian clothes, were taken to the headquarters of the corps of
engineers outside the city walls, where a death-cell had been improvised. Members of their
families were allowed to visit them. The night before the execution, Gómez went to confession
with an Augustinian Recollect (leaving a fortune of 200,000 to a natural son whom he had had
before taking orders); Burgos to a Jesuit; Zamora, to a Vicentian. At the execution itself, Burgos
is described ax “intensamente pálido;” Zamora, as “afligidísmo;” and Gómez as “revelando en su
faz sombría la ira y la desesperacíon.” The judgment was once more read to them, on their knees.
Burgos and Zamora “lloraban amargamanete,” while Gòmez listened “con tranquilidad
imperturbable. Ni un solo músculo de su cara se contrajó.” The order of execution, according to
Montero, was Gómez, Zamora, Burgos and Saldúa last of all. He explains the panice saying it
was the natives when a horse bolted: Burgos, thinking rescue was on the way, rose to his feet and
had to be held down by the executioner. Monero denies both the anecdotes concerning Gómez
and Burgos. It is fair to add that Montero seems to lose his composure in refuting Plauchut.”
[via]

RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD IN CALAMBA

BIRTH OF JOSE RIZAL

 Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo Y Rialonda

 Born on June 19, 1861
 Father Rufino Collantes- baptized Jose Rizal
 Father Pedro Cosañas- godfather

AFFLUENCE OF RIZAL’S FAMILY

 The family’s predilection for studies.

 Its stone house of adobe and hardwood.
 Ownership of carriage and horses- symbol of wealth and respectability.
 A home library with numerous volumes of books.
 Presence of personal servants.
 Private tutoring of the children.

CHILDHOOD DAYS AND MEMORIES

 Owing to happy and comfortable life Rizal had good memories.

 He always treasured the care demonstrated to him by his parents.
 3 years old- he learned how to pray and even read the bible.
 He grew up a pious Catholic
 Father Leoncio Lopez- parish priest of Calamba who made him develop a sound
philosophy of life.
 It was also from him that Rizal learned the value of scholarship and intellectual honestly.

FIRST SORROW

 Death of Concepcion (Concha)

 First time he cried as a young boy
 He was 4 years old at that time.

EARLY DEMONSTRATION OF INBORN TALENTS

 3 years old- he was able to master the alphabet.

 At the age of 5, Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould clay and wax
objects which attracted his fancy.

SA AKING MGA KABATA

 To my fellow Children
 Rizal’s first poem in native language at the age of eight.
 Reveals Rizal’s national sentiment.

INFLUENCE ON THE HERO’S BOYHOOD

 Tio Jose Alberto- Inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability.

 Tio Manuel- encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical exercises.
 Tio Grogorio- intensified Rizal’s voracious reading of good books.

PREPARATIONS FOR FORMAL SCHOOLING

 Mother- Rizal’s first teacher

 Maestro Celestino- first private tutor
 Maestro Lucas Padua- second tutor
 Leon Monroy- tutor who instructed Rizal in Spanish and Latin

FORMAL SCHOOLING AT A VILLAGE

 Rizal left Calamba in order to study in Biñan.

FIRST DAY AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL

 Maestro Justiniano Cruz- expert in Latin and Spanish grammars.

 Pedro- son of the teacher who challenges him.

ACADEMIC STUDIES

 He was able to emerge the best in his class in Latin, Spanish, and the rest of the subjects
in the curriculum for elementary pupils.
 Many of his older classmates in Biñan became jealous.
 They did everything to destroy Rizal’s reputation to Maestro Cruz.

ACADEMIC INSTRUCTION
 Rizal did not enjoy his schooling at the village school.
 He did not like his teacher because of his corporal punishment in making pupils learn.
 He described this kind of instruction was barbarous.

END OF SCHOOLING

 Rizal returned to Calamba, after receiving a letter from his sister Saturnina.
 Before living Biñan, he made a last visit to the town Church and bade farewell to Maestro
Cruz and his classmates.

FIRST TASTE OF INJUSTICE

1. Arrest and incarnation of his mother in 1871- opened his eyes to injustice of the regime.

 Due to her alleged complicity in the attempted murder of Tio Jose Alberto’s unfaithful
wife.
 Doña Teodora was arrested and made to walk a distance of 50 km from Calamba to Santa
Cruz.
 She was jailed for almost 2 and ½ years. She was freed.

2. Martyrdom of GOMBURZA

RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION

ATENEO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA

 He entered the school when he was only 11 years old.

 Ateneo de Manila was formerly known as Escuela Pia.

ENROLLMENT AT ATENEO

 Rizal was refused entry into the institution for 2 reasons

1. He was undersized for his age.

2. He was late in registration.

 Jose did not used the surname Mercado when he enrolled. He registered as Jose Rizal
because his brother Paciano was associated to Father Burgos.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

 Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877.

 Rizal graduated with a degree of, Bachelor in Arts.
 He gain the highest academic honors.
 He excelled in his academic studies during the entire duration of his stay in Ateneo.
EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

 He joined some religious confraternities like Sodality of Our Lady and Apostleship of
Prayer.
 He also joined the Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural Sciences.
 He took special lessons for Spanish in Santa Isabel.
 He took painting lessons under Agustin Saez and sculpture lessons under Romualdo de
Jesus. As a result of his talent he was able to carve the image of the Virgin Mary and the
Sacred Heart of Jesus.
 He sustained the physical fiteness training that helped hi develop his weak and frail body.

LITERARY WORKS IN ATENEO

1. My First Inspiration
2. In Memory of y Town
3. To the Child Jesus
4. The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education

 
UNIVERSITY OF STO TOMAS
His mother, Doña Teodora, had second thoughts about sending her son to school because of the
previous incident involving the execution of friars Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. However, it was
Don Francisco who decided his son should to the University of Santo Tomas, a prestigious
institution run by the Dominican order.
Rizal was undecided upon entering the Institution. He finally decided to take up Philosophy and
Letters during his first year because of 2 reasons.

1. It was what his father would have wanted for him.

2. He had failed to seek the advice of the rector of the Ateneo, Father Ramon Pablo.

He also enrolled surveying course at Ateneo, and gained the title on November 25, 1881
 
After his freshman year, he shifted his course from Philosophy and letters to Medicine. It was
because of 2 reasons

1. He was advised by Father Ramon to pursue the course.

2. He wants to cure his mother’s failing eyesight.

 
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
 
Rizal’s academic performance at UST was not comparable with how he fared at Ateneo.
 
There are 3 factors of Rizal’s poor performance in UST according to (Zaide & Zaide, 1999).

1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him.

2. Filipino students suffered discrimination.
3. The method of instruction at UST was obsolete and repressive.

 
LITERARY WORKS IN UST

1. A La Juventud Filipina
2. El Consejo de Dioses
3. Junto al Pasig

RA 1425 (RIZAL LAW)

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY
HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
SENATOR CLARO M. RECTO – THE PROPONENT OF THE LAW
MAY 12, 1956 – THE LAW WAS SPECIFIED ONLY TO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
JUNE 12, 1956 – STUDYING RIZAL BECAME A LAW.
1. MANDATORY READING OF NOVELS AS THEY WERE WRITTEN IN SPANISH.
2. ACCESSIBILITY OF THE NOVELS TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC
3. HAVE AN ADEQUATE NUMBER OF COPIES IN LIBRARIES
4. PUBLISH THE WORKS IN MAJOR PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES

CHALLENGES

• OPPOSITION FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

• THREATS OF THE RELIGIOUS SECTORS
• OBSERVABLE IDEOLOGIES OF THE CHURCH AND STATE
• AN OPENING TO DIFFERENT PROPOSITIONS

IMPORTANCE IN STUDYING THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

1. HE SHOWED US FREEDOM THROUGH GOODNESS.

2. HE SHOWED HIS LOVE FOR THE COUNTRY THROUGH HIS NOVELS.

3. HE WAS HUMBLY FIGHTING FOR REFORMS THROUGH HIS WRITINGS INSTEAD OF THROUGH A
REVOLUTION.

4. HE FOUGHT TO HAVE THE PHILIPPINES A PERMANENT REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH

CORTES.
5. RIZAL HAD A CONCEPT OF NATION AND THEREAFTER ASPIRE AND STRUGGLE FOR THE
NATION’S FREEDOM.

6. HE CONTRIBUTED TO THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND DESTINY OF A NATION.

TH
19 CENTURY PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S CONTEXT

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAD
ENCOURAGED SPAIN IN 1834 TO OPEN THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY TO WORLD
COMMERCE.
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THAT STARTED IN EUROPE HAD REPERCUSSIONS TO
THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY.
• THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAD
ENCOURAGED SPAIN IN 1834 TO OPEN THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY TO WORLD
COMMERCE.
• THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
• THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799) STARTED A POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN
EUROPE AND IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD.
• FRENCH REVOLUTION HAD DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND
FRATERNITY--THE BATTLE CRY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION--STARTED TO
SPREAD IN EUROPE AND AROUND THE WORLD.
• THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES.
• THIS ASPIRATION HAD INSPIRED COLONIES UNDER SPAIN AND PORTUGAL TO
REVOLT IN ORDER TO GAIN INDEPENDENCE FROM THEIR COLONIAL MASTERS IN
THE 19TH CENTURY.
• AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION REFERS TO THE POLITICAL UPHEAVAL DURING THE
LAST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY IN WHICH THE 13 COLONIES OF NORTH
AMERICA OVERTHREW THE RULE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND REJECTED THE
BRITISH MONARCHY TO MAKE THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAN A SOVEREIGN
NATION.
• THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD GIVEN THE WORLD IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE
IDEA THAT COLONIZED PEOPLE CAN GAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM THEIR
COLONIZERS.
• INDIRECTLY, THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD IN A WAY INSPIRED OTHER
NATIONS INCLUDING THE PHILIPPINES.
• THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
 • THE WEAKENING OF THE GRIP OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH OF THE GROWING
SECULARIZED SOCIETY OF EUROPE AND SPAIN HAS IMPLICATIONS TO THE
PHILIPPINES.
• IN SPAIN, THE LIBERALS CONSIDERED THE CHURCH AS AN ENEMY OF REFORMS.
• THE DECLINING INFLUENCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN EUROPE AND SPAIN
HAS LITTLE EFFECT, HOWEVER, TO THE CONTROL AND POWER OF THE LOCAL
CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES.
• THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL’S TIME
• INJUSTICES OF THE SPANIARDS
• INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
• CORRUPT OFFICIALDOM
• NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES
• HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS
• NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
• RACIAL ADMINISTRATION
• FRAILOCRACY
• FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIOS)
• ENCONMIENDA SYSTEM
• TORTURES CONDUCTED BY GUARDIA CIVIL
• GOVERNMENT – UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
• ECONOMY – LAND-BASED (ENCONMIENDA SYSTEM)
• SOCIETY – CLASSES WERE BASED ON “PURITY” OF BLOOD; THE SPANIARDS, THE
MESTIZOS, AND THE INDIOS.
• FRIAR ABUSES, CORRUPTION, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
• 1760 – 1850 – ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PERIODS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• THE CONCEPT OF FREE TRADE SPREAD IN EUROPE, AND SPAIN WAS FORCED TO
IMPLEMENT IMPORTANT ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE COUNTRY (E.G. DIRECT
TRADE BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND SPAIN)
• AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES (CASH CROPS SUCH AS ABACA, TOBACCO, SUGAR)
WERE DEVELOPED.
• MANILA WAS OPENED TO WORLD TRADE
EFFECT: THE SPREAD OF LIBERAL IDEAS TO THE COLONIES DUE TO THE
INCREASED EXPOSURE TO THE WEST.

1. THE RISE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO CLASS (ILLUSTRADOS – “ENLIGHTENED ONES”

2. EDUCATION DECREE OF 1863 – ESTABLISHED THE PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND A
NORMAL SCHOOL FOR MEN.

3. LIBERAL GOVERNMENT UNDER GOVERNOR GENERAL DELA TORRE FROM 1869-1871

4. SECULARIZATION IN THE CLERGY (PRIESTHOOD)

THE BIRTH OF A NEW NATIONALISM

THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872 AND THE DEATH OF THE GOMBURZA

 JANUARY 20, 1872, TWO HUNDRED FILIPINOS EMPLOYED AT THE CAVITE ARSENAL
STAGED A REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT’S VOIDING OF THEIR EXEMPTION FROM
THE PAYMENT OF TRIBUTES.
GOMBURZA WERE TAGGED AS THE MASTERMINDS OF THE UPRISING. THE PRIESTS WERE
CHARGED WITH TREASON AND SEDITION BY THE SPANISH MILITARY TRIBUNAL.
THE GOMBURZA WERE PUBLICLY EXECUTED, BY GARROTE, ON THE EARLY MORNING OF
FEBRUARY 17, 1872 AT BAGUMBAYAN.
1. RECOMMENDED BY THE US GOVERNMENT
• WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT – RECOMMENDED RIZAL TO BE A NATIONAL HERO MAINLY FOR
TWO REASONS:
• HE WAS EXECUTED BY THE SPANIARDS
• HE FOUGHT A PEACEFUL WAR
2. A NATIONAL DECLARATION BY EMILIO AGUINALDO
• DECEMBER 30 – DECLARED BY AGUINALDO AS A DAY OF COMMEMORATION AND
MOURNING ON THE DEATH OF JOSE RIZAL
• THIS DECLARATION AIMED TO RELIVE THE HEROISM AND PATRIOTISM OF JOSE RIZAL
• 3. PHILOSOPHY OF JOSE RIZAL
IT IS RARELY BELIEVED THAT THE PHILOSOPHY OF JOSE RIZAL FUELED THE REVOLUTION.
• JOSE RIZAL OPENED THE MINDS OF THE WHOLE NATION INCLUDING ANDRES
BONIFACIO.
• JOSE RIZAL BELIEVED THAT “THE PEN IS MIGHTIER THAN SWORD.”
• 4. THE LA LIGA MOVEMENT
LA LIGA FILIPINA – A CIVIC ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHED BY JOSE RIZAL ON JULY 3,
1892
• IT AIMED NOT ONLY TO RAISE THE NATIONALISM OF FILIPINOS BUT ALSO TO
DEVELOP FILIPINOS SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY.

• WHY IS JOSE RIZAL CHOSEN TO BE A HERO?

1. HE SHOWED US FREEDOM THROUGH GOODNESS.
• 2. HE SHOWED HIS LOVE FOR THE COUNTRY THROUGH HIS NOVELS.
• 3. HE WAS HUMBLE, FIGHTING FOR REFORMS THROUGH HIS WRITINGS INSTEAD OF
THROUGH A REVOLUTION.
• 4. RIZAL IS AN AMERICAN-SPONSORED HERO: HE OPTED FOR A NONVIOLENCE
REFORM IN THE GOVERNMENT.
• 5. HE FOUGHT TO HAVE THE PHILIPPINES A PERMANENT REPRESENTATION IN THE
SPANISH COURTS.
• 6. RIZAL HAS A CONCEPT OF NATION AND THEREAFTER ASPIRE AND STRUGGLE FOR
THE NATION’S FREEDOM.
• 7. HE CONTRIBUTES TO THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND DESTINY OF A NATION.
• NATIONAL SYMBOLS
1. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG - DEFINED BY THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION
OF THE PHILIPPINES, IS MADE OF SILK, HAD A WHITE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE AT THE
LEFT CONTAINING A SUNBURST OF EIGHT RAYS AT THE CENTER, A FIVE-POINTED STAR AT
EACH ANGLE OF THE TRIANGLE, AN UPPER STRIPE OF BLUE AND A LOWER STRIPE OF RED.
• TRIANGLE –REVOLUTION (KATIPUNAN),EQUALITY
 • SUNBURST – FIRST 8 PROVINCES WHO FOUGHT SPAIN (BATANGAS,
BULACAN, CAVITE, LAGUNA, MANILA, NUEVA ECIJA, PAMPANGA,
AND TARLAC)
• STARS – THE 3 MAIN ILSANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES
(LUZON,VISAYAS,MINDANAO)
• BLUE STRIPE – PEACE AND PREPAREDNESS, JUSTICE
• RED STRIPE – PATRIOTISM AND VALOR

• 2. NATIONAL ANTHEM: “LUPANG HINIRANG”

• THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM IS ENTITLED “LUPANG HINIRANG”
AND COMPOSED BY JULIAN FELIPE. “LUPANG HINIRANG” WAS FIRST
PLAYED PUBLICLY ON JUNE 12, 1898 DURING THE PROCLAMATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE. ITS LYRICS WERE ADOPTED FROM THE
SPANISH POEM, FILIPINAS, WHICH WAS WRITTEN BY JOSÉ PALMA.
• NATIONAL FLOWER: SAMPAGUITA
• THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLOWER IS CALLED “SAMPAGUITA” WHICH
IS GENERALLY KNOWN AS THE ARABIAN JASMINE. ITS WHITE COLOR
SYMBOLIZES PURITY, SIMPLICITY, HUMILITY AND STRENGTH.
• NATIONAL TREE: NARRA
• THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL TREE IS CALLED “NARRA” GENERALLY
KNOWN AS ROSEWOOD. IT WAS MADE OFFICIAL BY GOV. GEN. FRANK
MURPHY THROUGH PROCLAMATION NO. 652 S. 1934. IN FACT, UNDER
THE DENR MEMORANDUM ORDER DATED FEBRUARY 5, 2013,
CUTTING OF NARRA NEEDS TO BE APPROVED BY THE DENR CENTRAL
OFFICE, PARTICULARLY BY THE OFFICE OF THE UNDERSECRETARY
FOR FIELD OPERATIONS.
• NATIONAL BIRD: PHILIPPINE EAGLE
• THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BIRD IS CALLED “PHILIPPINE EAGLE”
SCIENTIFICALLY KNOWN AS PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI. IT WAS MADE
OFFICIAL IN 1978 BY FORMER PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS
THROUGH PROCLAMATION NO. 1732.
• NATIONAL GEM: PHILIPPINE PEARL
• THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL GEM IS CALLED “PHILIPPINE PEARL” AS
DECLARED BY FORMER PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS THROUGH
PROCLAMATION NO. 905 S. 1996. IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY KNOWN AS
PINCTADA MAXIMA. IN FACT, WORLD’S LARGEST PEARL WAS
DISCOVERED BY A FILIPINO DIVER IN A GIANT TRIDACNA (MOLLUSK)
UNDER THE PALAWAN SEA IN 1934.
• NATIONAL SPORT; ARNIS
• ARNIS IS TO THE PHILIPPINES LIKE JAPAN’S KARATE AND KOREA’S
TAEKWONDO. IT’S BOTH A MARTIAL ART AND A SPORT WHOSE
ORIGINS ARE STILL LARGELY UNCONFIRMED BECAUSE OF LACK OF
DOCUMENTATION. IT’S KNOWN BY TWO OTHER NAMES: KALI AND
ESKRIMA, AND MAKES USE OF BOTH BLADED WEAPONS,
BATONS/STICKS, AND BARE HANDS. IT BECAME A NATIONAL SYMBOL
IN 2009 WHEN THEN-PRES. GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO SIGNED
REPUBLIC ACT 9850 INTO LAW.
• DR JOSE RIZAL – NATIONAL HERO
• MANGO – NATIONAL FRUIT
 • ANAHAW – NATIONAL LEAF
• CARABAO – NATIONAL ANIMAL
• BAHAY KUBO – NATIONAL HOUSE
• BANGUS – NATIONAL FISH
• NATIONAL DANCE – TINIKLING OR CARIÑOSA
• NATIONAL DISH – SINIGANG OR ADOBO
• SADLY, THESE CANNOT BE INCLUDED IN THE LIST ABOVE AS THEY
ARE LISTED BY THE NCCA AS NATIONAL SYMBOLS BECAUSE THERE IS
NO LAW THAT HAS BEEN SIGNED DECLARING THEM AS SUCH.
RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD IN CALAMBA
CALAMBA
• Is an agricultural town
• Prosperous due to its production of sugar
• Despite the cruelties suffered by tenants, their life was far better than the other towns
in Laguna.
• Father Side
• Domingo Lam-co – great grandfather (pure Chinese)
• Ines de la Rosa – great grandmother (Chinese– Filipino)

One of their children is Juan Mercado.

• Juan Mercado - son of Doming Lam-co and Ines de la Rosa.
• Grandfather of Rizal
• Cirila Alejandro – wife of Juan Mercado
• She was a mestiza.
• Grandmother of Rizal
• Juan and Cirila had 14 children, one of whom was Rizal’s father, Don Francisco.
• Domingo Lam-co assumed and kept the surname Mercado.
• They used Spanish name to avoid suspicion and discrimination from the Spanish.
• Mother Side
• Manuel de Quintos – Great grandfather of Jose
• He came from the clan of the last Malay king of Tondo (Lakandula
clan)
• Regina Ursua – Great grandmother of Jose
• She had a Japanese ancestry.
• Brigida de Quintos – grandmother of Jose
• Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo – grandfather of Jose
• Their second child was Teodora Alonzo.
DON FRANCISCO MERCADO Y CHINCO
• Took courses in Latin and Philosophy in Colegio de San Jose in Manila.
• One of the wealthiest man in Biñan.
 • From his father ,Rizal inherited a profound feeling of dignity, self- respect, serenity
and poise, and seriousness.
DOŇA TEODORA ALONSO
• She completed her education at Colegio de Santa Rosa, a prestigious college for girls
in Manila.
• He inherited a practical temperament, patience, self- sacrifice, temperament of a
dreamer and fondness for poetry.
RIZAL’S IMMEDIATE FAMILY
th
• Rizal was in a typical middle class family in the 19 century Philippines.
• He lived in a life of comfort and peace , considering that his family belonged to the
principalia class or ruling elite of his town.
SOCIAL STATUS OF RIZAL’S FAMILY
1. The family was focused on studying.
2. They lived in a stone house of adobe and hardwood.
3. They owned carriages and horses as a symbol of wealth and respect.
4. They owned a home library with numerous volumes of books.
5. Presence of personal servants.
6. Private tutoring of the children.
BIRTH OF YOUNG JOSE
• Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo y Rialonda/Realonda
• Born on June 19, 1861
• Father Rufino Collantes- baptized Jose Rizal
• Father Pedro Cosañas- godfather
RIZAL’S SIBLINGS
• SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913) “Neneng”
Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage.
• PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)
Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child and became a farmer and later a
general of the Philippine Revolution.
• NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)  “Sisa”
The third child who was a teacher and musician.

• OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) “Ypia”

The fourth child who died in 1887 from giving birth.
 • LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)
The fifth child.
• MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945) “Biang”
The sixth child.
• JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) “Pepe”
The second son and the seventh child.
• CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865) “Concha”
The eight child. Died at the age of three.
• JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) “Panggoy”
The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster.
• TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951) “Trining”
The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die.
• SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) “Choleng”
The youngest child.
CHILDHOOD DAYS AND MEMORIES
• Before reaching 3 years old, he was able to speak Spanish alphabet.
• At the age of 3 (1864),he learned how to pray and even read the bible.
• Leon Monroy – taught Rizal how to speak and write the Latin language.
FIRST SORROW
• At the age of 4 (1865), her sister Concha ( Concepcion) died due to unknown disease.
• This was the first time that Rizal shed real tear as a boy.

• He grew up as a devoted Catholic.

• Father Leoncio Lopez- parish priest of Calamba made him develop a sound
philosophy of life. ( to eliminate social ills)
• It was also from him that Rizal learned the value of scholarship and intellectual
honestly.
THE STORY OF THE MOTH AND FLAME
• Made the longest impression on Rizal- “died a martyr to its illusions.”
• Just like the moth that died a victim of its illusions, Rizal died a martyr in search of
the lights of the truth, freedom, and justice.
MORAL OF THE STORY
• 1.Learn to listen.
• 2. Have courage to face challenges in life.
• 3. Dying for another is worth it if it is for that person to see the light.
• 4. Painful times can make us stronger.
EARLY DEMONSTRATION OF INBORN TALENTS
 • At the age of 5 (1866), Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil.
• He was exceptional in molding wax and clays which further developed his cognitive
and psychomotor skills.
SA AKING MGA KABABATA
• “To My Fellow Children”
• Rizal’s first poem in Tagalog.
• It reveals Rizal’s national sentiment at a young age.
• Language is the identity of one’s culture and past.
• Whenever people of a country truly love
The language which by heaven they were taught to use
That country also surely liberty pursue
As  does the bird which soars to freer space above.
• For language is the final judge and referee
Upon the people in the land where it holds sway;
In truth our human race resembles in this way
The other living beings born in liberty.
• Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue
Is worse than any best or  evil  smelling fish.
To make our language richer ought to be our wish
The same as any mother loves to feed her young.
• Tagalog and the Latin language are the same
And English and Castilian and the angels' tongue;
And God, whose watchful  care o'er all is flung,
Has given us His blessing in the speech we claim,
• Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know
Had alphabet and letters of its very own;
But these were lost -- by furious waves were overthrown
Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago.
INFLUENCE ON THE HERO’S BOYHOOD
• Tio Jose Alberto- inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability.
• Tio Manuel Alberto- encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical
exercises.
• Tio Gregorio Alberto- intensified Rizal’s voracious reading of good books and
influenced the love for education.
• "Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough;
be independent in thinking and make visual pictures of everything.“
• - Jose Rizal
PREPARATIONS FOR FORMAL SCHOOLING

• Teodora Alonso - Rizal’s first teacher

• Maestro Celestino- first private tutor
• Maestro Lucas Padua- second tutor

FORMAL SCHOOLING AT A VILLAGE

• Rizal left Calamba in order to study in Biñan.(1869)

• Paciano accompanied him on board a carromata.
• Rizal felt homesick as he remembered his mother and sisters.

FIRST DAY AT THE VILLAGE SCHOOL

• Maestro Justiniano Cruz- an expert in Latin and Spanish grammars and was a severe
disciplinarian.
• The son of Justiano, Pedro Cruz, was intimidated and challenged Rizal.
• He defeated Pedro in a wrestling match.
• After class, Andres Salandanan nearly broke the arm of Jose and nearly cracked his
head.
• After recognizing young Pepe, all the boys in the school were challenging him.

ACADEMIC STUDIES

• He excelled in different areas of learning, especially Latin and Spanish.

• Many of his older classmates in Biñan became jealous and did everything to destroy
Rizal’s reputation to Maestro Cruz.
• Consequently, Rizal took a whipping in the palm everyday.

LIFE IN BIŇAN

• It was systematic and disciplined, following certain routines.

• As early as 4:00 in the morning, he was already on his toes to attend mass.
• After hearing the mass, he had to go home and study his lessons.
• 10: 00 he has to attend class, break in 12: 00 and return to class 2: 00 – 5:00
• At 6:00 he has to pray with his cousin and study.
• Every night young Pepe cried, looking at the sky and moon missing his family.
• He grew sad and thoughtful.
 • He also took painting lessons with Maestro Justiniano’s father-in-law, Juancho.
• He was given free lessons in painting and drawing.
• He became an apprentice painter.
ACADEMIC INSTRUCTION
• Rizal did not enjoy his schooling at the village school.
• He did not like his teacher because of his corporal punishment in making pupils learn.
• He described this kind of instruction was barbarous.

END OF SCHOOLING
•Rizal returned to Calamba, after receiving a letter from his sister Saturnina.
•Before living Biñan, he made a last visit to the town Church and bid farewell to
Maestro Cruz and his classmates.
• Rizal was so excited because he was going home by himself on board the steamship
Talim.
FIRST TASTE OF INJUSTICE
1. In 1871, her mother was arrested and imprisoned for almost 3 years.
- Due to her alleged involvement in the attempted murder of Tio Jose Alberto’s
unfaithful wife.
- Doña Teodora was arrested and made to walk a distance of 50 km from Calamba
to Santa Cruz.
• 2. Martyrdom of GOMBURZA (Feb 17, 1872)
• Mariano Gomez
• Jose Burgos
• Jacinto Zamora
• They were executed publicly using GARROTE.
Rizal dedicated the novel Noli me Tangere to the Martyrdom of the GomBurZa.

  Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, he was born in an affluent family in Calamba. He came from
a big family with ten siblings. He grew up as a pious Catholic and at the age of 3 he can already
read the bible. As a young boy he also experienced his first sorrow when her sister Concha died
when he was only 4 years old. As a young boy he already exhibited great talents such as
sketching, molding clay and even making his own poem.
            As preparation for proper schooling Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. He moved to
Biñan to have his proper schooling and there he learned Latin and Spanish grammar. However,
Rizal was also bullied by his older classmates because Rizal emerged the best in his class. He did
not enjoy his education at Biñan because he said it was “barbarous” because of the corporal
punishment of his teacher.
            At the age of 11 he enrolled at Ateneo Municipal. He was refused by the institution at
first, but Rizal showed that he can be a great student at this school. He had a lot of
extracurricular activity and at the same time finished Bachelor in Arts and gained the highest
academic honors. For 5 years Rizal was able to imbibe the Jesuit values of fairness, justice and
reason.
            At the age of 16 Rizal enrolled at University of Santo Tomas. For his first year he took up
Philosophy and Letters. But for his second year he shifted to medicine because he wants to cure
his mother’s failing eyesight. However, Rizal did not show same academic excellence he had in
Ateneo compared to UST. It is because of how the Dominican friars treated the Filipinos in the
institution. As well as the unjust treatment of the Spanish students to Filipino students. He was
also dissatisfied with the Dominican system of Education.

First Travel Abroad (1882 – 1887)

·         After finishing his medical course in University of Santo Tomas, Jose Rizal then decided
to go to Spain mainly for two reasons:
·         To finish his medical specialization.
·         To do his “secret mission” in preparation for his fight in the Philippines.
·         His travel was kept secret to avoid detection and suspicion from Spanish government and
friars.
·         He then used the name Jose Mercado and was also assisted by his uncle, Antonio Rivera.
 
Philippines to Singapore (May 3-11, 1882)
·         He boarded the ship Salvadora bound for Singapore.
·         Donato Lecha, captain of the ship defined Jose as a refined man.
·         He arrived in Singapore on May 9, 1882.
·         He stayed in Hotel de la Paz.
·         He then left Singapore on May 11, 1882 boarded the ship Djemnah.
 
Singapore to Ceylon (May 11 – 17, 1882)
·         Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seaport town in southern Ceylon.
·         He defined Point Galle as a picturesque but lonely town.
·         He then went to Colombo to get references in learning the French language.
·         He defined Colombo as an elegant town compared to Manila.
 
Ceylon to Italy ( May 17 – June 11, 1882)
·         He was amused when the first time he saw camels in Aden.
·         They travelled in Suez Canal, a route from Asia to Europe then docked in Port Said.
·         Jose then arrived in Naples, Italy, which according to Jose as a panoramic beauty.
 
Italy to France ( June 11 – June 12, 1882)
·         Djemnah then docked at the port in the city of Marseilles.
·         Jose visited Chateau D’if, a famous landmark in Count of Monte Cristo.
·         First Travel Abroad (1882 – 1887)
·         France to Spain
·         In the afternoon of May 5, 1882,  Jose left Marseilles by train and travelled going to
Barcelona.
·         He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882.
·         His first impression of the city was that it was unfavorable.
·         He then created articles for the Diariong Tagalog which were Amor Patria and Los Viajes
using the pen name Laong Laan.
·         During this time , Manila was ravaged by cholera according to his brother Paciano.
·         Jose was disheartened also because of the letter sent by Leonor Rivera.
·         Fall of 1882, Jose left Barcelona for Madrid.
Experiences in Madrid
·         Jose pursued his medical course and finished also the course which was decided by his
father.
·         Jose’s only vice was lottery in every lottery in Madrid.
·         Jose spends his leisure time reading and attending reunion of illustrados in Madrid.
·         He also practiced shooting and fencing in a communal gymnasium.
·         He was then acquainted in the fraternal group of illustrados in Madrid, Circulo Hispano –
Filipino.
·         He then declaimed the poem, Mi Piden Versus in a gathering of the group in New Year’s
Eve of 1882.
·         He then saved some of his money to purchase books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin ( Beecher
Stowe) and The Wandering Jew (Eugene Sue).
 
First Visit in Paris (1883)
·         He visited Paris during their summer vacation in Madrid.
·         According to Rizal, everything in Paris was so expensive that he called Paris as the
“costliest city in the world.”
·         He then visited Laennec Hospital where he observed Dr. Nicaise treating patients.
·         Jose was impressed and saddened on how the Masons were observed and recognized by
the government, which could not be done in the Philippines.
·         He then joined a masonic lodge, Acacia in which he later became a master mason in 1890.
·         He joined the masonic lodge to secure their aid against his fight with the Spanish.
·         During this time, Calamba was infested with pests,  hacienderos increased their taxes and
parasites killed a lot of poultry in Calamba.
 
The Return of Rizal in Madrid
·         June 24, 1884 – A saddening event happened to Rizal where he was broke that he cannot
afford to buy breakfast.
·         Rizal then attended class and won a gold medal in a Greek language contest.
·         June 25, 1884 – a banquet was called for the illustrados for the double victory Filipinos
achieved in Madrid: Luna’s Spoliarium (1st place) and Hidalgo’s Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas
al Populacho (2nd place)
·         November 20 – 22, 1884 – A bloody riot in Madrid exploded by the students of
Universidad Central.
·         November 26, 1884 – Jose send a letter about the riot that happened in Madrid explaining
it detail by detail.
·         June 21, 1884 – He earned the Licentiate in Medicine.
·         June 19, 1885 –  He finished his Philosophy and Letters as a Sobresaliente.
·         He was not happy earning his license as a Doctor because he knew he will not be accepted
in University of Santo Tomas.
 
France to Germany (1885 -1887)
·         After graduating in Madrid, he went to Paris to practice ophthalmology.
·         He then met Maximo Viola, who would later be his best friend in Europe.
·         Rizal stayed in Paris for four months, where he became an assistant ophthalmologist for
Dr. Louis de Weckert.
·         He then met Juan Luna and his girlfriend, Paz Pardo de Tavera.
·         In Luna’s painting The Death of Cleopatra, Jose posed as an Egyptian and posed a
sandugo depicting Sikatuna – Legazpi pact.
·         During this time he learned also to read the solfeggio and  play the piano and flute.
·         Alin mang Lahi – a patriotic song written by Rizal which asserts freedom.
·         February 3, 1886 – Jose arrived in Heidelberg, where he was considered a an excellent
chess player.
·         He also worked for Dr. Otto Becker, an ophthalmologist.
·         He was also amazed with flowers growing in Heidelberg, where he dedicated his fine
poem , A Flores de Heidelberg.
 
Germany
·         Dr. Karl Ullmer – A Protestant Pastor who was the friend of Jose and let Jose stay in his
home.
·         July 31, 1886 – Jose wrote his first German letter to Professor Blumentritt, director of
Ateneo of Leitmeritz in Austria.
·         August  9, 1886 – Jose left Heidelberg and arrived in Leipzig in August 16, 1886.
·         He then became friends with Friedrich Ratzel and Hans Meyer who were historians.
·         He then translated different German and Swiss literary works and was send to the
Philippines.
·         He even translated fairy tales in Tagalog for the nephew of the historians.
·         Knowing his translation skills, he then worked as a proof reader in a publishing firm in
Germany.
·         He then met one of the authors he admired, Dr. Feodor Jagor.
·         Jose then became a recognized member of Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society
and Geographical Society of Berlin.
·         He wrote Tagalische Verkunst, an article about the Tagalog language written in German
(Icelandic) which was praised and commended by the German community.
·         Jose stayed in Berlin to enhance his knowledge about ophthalmology, to observe Germany
and to publish his novel, Noli me Tangere.
·         Madame Lucie Cerdole – A professor in French language who enhanced the knowledge of
Jose about French language and culture.
·         Unter den Linden – a famous street in Berlin where Jose like to hang out.
·         In his letter to Trinidad, he discussed about the personality of German women: diligent,
serious, educated, friendly, not gossipy and not quarrelsome.
 
The Creation of Noli me Tangere
·         Winter of 1886 – Jose was flat broke and he had to pawn the diamond ring her sister,
Saturnina gave to him.
·         This was memorable for two reasons: the pain of hunger and sickness he experienced and
the creation of Noli me Tangere.
·         Uncle Tom’s Cabin – A novel used by Jose as a reference for Noli me Tangere.
·         January 1884 – Jose suggested that the novel should be done by a group of patriotic
Filipinos, but at the end he was the only one to finish it.
·         Half of the novel was written in Paris, he continued a quarter of his novel in Madrid and
the last part in Germany.
·         In Berlin, He finalized the revisions in February 1886.
·         Because Jose was flat broke, his friend, Maximo Viola funded the publication of the novel
where 2000 copies were printed for 300 pesos.
·         As a sign of gratitude, Jose gave Maximo one of the original copies of the novel and a
complimentary copy.
·         Jose admitted that the title, Noli me Tangere was not originally came from him but from a
Bible verse. ( John 20 : 13-17)
·         He dedicated the novel to his fatherland- the Philippines.
 
The Travels of Rizal and Viola
·         May 11, 1887 – The two left Berlin in an express train.
·         They visited different places in Europe like:
·         Dresden (Germany)
·         Teschen ( Czechoslovakia)
·         Leitmeritz ( Bohemia)
·         Vienna (Austria)
·         Munich (Germany)
·         Nuremberg (Germany)
·         Geneva (Switzerland)
·         June 23, 1887 – Jose and Maximo parted ways, Jose went to Italy and Maximo returned in
Spain.
·         June 27, 1887 – he arrived in Rome, where he called “The City of Caesar.”
·         After a week, Jose prepared to return to the Philippines.
 
First Homecoming
·         Because of the uproar created by the novel, Paciano advised Jose not to return home yet.
·         But Jose was determined to return home because  he wanted to treat his mother’s eyes.
·         July 3, 1887 – He then boarded Djemnah again after several years.
·         July 30, 1887 – He arrived in Saigon , Vietnam which he boarded his transfer ship,
Haiphong bound for Manila.
·         August 2, 1887 – the steam ship lest for Manila.
·         The calmness of the sea and the night sky, the illumination of the moonlight prepared Jose
for his battle against the Spanish.
·         Aug 5, 1887 – Jose arrived in the Manila.
·         Upon arrival, he then treated young Filipinos and introduced European culture.
·         But one thing that Jose was not able to do, to meet Leonor Rivera.
 
Second Travel Abroad ( 1888 -1892)
·         In September 1887, Jose suspended his trip to Europe because her sister, Olympia, died of
internal bleeding due to her giving birth.
·         Even though his family was persecuted because of the uproar of Noli me Tangere, his
family decided Rizal will stay in the Philippines.
·         December 29, 1887 – The Church ordered a prohibition in the publication and circulation
of the Noli me Tangere.
·         February 3, 1888 – After staying in the Philippines, Jose left Manila for Hongkong
bringing 5000 pesos, earning from his medical practice.
 
Jose in Hongkong ( February 3, 1888 – February 22, 1888)
·         With Jose Maria Basa, Jose Sainz de Veranda and some Portuguese, they boarded the ship
Kui Kiang.
·         Jose stayed in the house of Juan Lecaroz, where he went to observed botanical garden.
·         After staying for almost two weeks, Jose left Hongkong for Japan on board of Oceanic.
 
·         Jose in Japan (February 28, 1888 – April 13, 1888)
·         Upon arrival, he stayed in Hotel Grande and visited places like Yokohama and Tokyo.
·         Then he met Juan Perez Caballero, a Spanish ambassador in Japan.
·         Then he met, O Sei-san, Jose’s tour guide, translator and lover.
·         He also learned judo and kabuki.
 
Rizal in United States of America (April 13, 1888 -  May 13, 1888)
·         Leaving in April 13, 1888, Jose was saddened knowing O Sei-san was left behind.
·         He boarded the ship Belgic and arrived in United States in April 28, 1888.
·         He saw America was marred with racial prejudice.
·         He was quarantined in the ship because of the rumored cholera outbreak.
·         They later realized that the reason of quarantine was a political motive.
·         The day he was released, he stayed in Palace Hotel. (San Francisco)
·         Then he travelled to Oakland via ferry ship.
·         The next day he went to Reno, the biggest little city in the world.
·         He wrote in his diary the beauty of Nevada while travelling to Albany.
·         May 13, 1888 – He arrived in New York where he called it as the “Big Town.”
 
Rizal in England
·         Jose arrived in England on May 1888.
·         He chose England as his new home to improve his English language, to study Antonio
Morga’s Sucesos de las Felipinas and knowing England was the safest place against the Spanish.
·         While aboard the ship City of Rome, he entertained passengers using yo-yo as a defensive
weapon.
·         Upon arriving in Liverpool, he stayed in Adelphi Hotel.
·         May 25, 1888, Jose traveled in London, where he became a boarder of the Becket where
Gertrude Beckett fell in love.
·         Dr. Reinhold Frost, a librarian of Ministry of Affairs, was impressed on Rizal’s work,
hailing him as the “Pearl of Man.”
·         While he was in England, different revolts started to rose in the different parts of the
country.
·         He was even condemned by the senators of Spanish Cortes, Salamanca, Vida, Retana and
Feced in Spanish newspaper.
·         His friends and his family were even persecuted in the Philippines.
·         But the good news was, different significant people were defending the Noli me Tangere
like Vicente Garcia.
 
Rizal’s Annotation of Morga’s Book
·         Considered as one of the greatest achievement of Jose Rizal done in England.
·         It discussed Spanish colonization of Asia on a first-hand account and how this
colonization shaped the world.
·         It condemned and praised the way Spanish colonized different places.
·         It helped the Filipinos understand more the motives of the Spanish colonizing different
places.
 
A Short Visit in Paris and Spain
·         He visited Paris in order to get some references in Bibliotheque Nationale.
·         He then traveled in Spain and there he met the superpowers of propaganda, Marcelo H. del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce.
 
Return in London
·         Jose celebrated Christmas day alone in London.
·         Blumentritt and Carlos Czepelak gave Jose a bust of Emperor Augustus and Julius Caesar.
·         His landlady gave Jose a book about magic knowing he was fascinated with magic.
 
·         Jose was born to be leader, by unanimous decision, he was chosen as the honorary
president of Asosacion La Solidaridad.
·         This was the recognition given to Filipino patriots in Europe.
·         La Solidaridad – a patriotic newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena on February 18,
1889 in Barcelona, Spain  which aims to:
·         To work peacefully for political and social reforms.
·         To show the condition of Philippines so Spain may remedy them.
·         To oppose the evil forces in the Philippines.
·         To advocate liberal ideas and progress.
·         To prioritize Filipino life and happiness.
·         In the first article of Jose in the newspaper, he discussed the situation of the Filipino
farmers.
 
Writings of Rizal in London
·         La Vision del Fray Rodriguez - writing of Jose in which he discussed his newfound
meaning of religion and his satirical comments.
·         Spanish considered Fray Rodriguez as dangerous as the Noli me Tangere.
·         This was the time he used the pen name. Dimas Alang.
·         Letter to The Young Women of Malolos – Jose praised the bravery of women of Malolos.
·         Because of the flirting of Rizal and Beckett, he left London to pursues his mission on
March 19, 1889.
 
Jose’s Return in Paris
·         Upon arrival in Paris, Jose was disappointed because landlords in Paris were taking
advantage of the rent because of the festivities.
·         He spend most of his time in Bibliotheque Nationale and continuing learning different
languages.
·         He also continued his fencing lessons with Juan Luna.
·         He wrote different writings during his stay in Paris.
·         The Philippine within a Century – He discussed the glory of Filipino race and how the
Spanish destroyed it.
·         The Indolence of the Filipino - Jose discussed the lack of enthusiasm of Filipinos and
reasons behind it.
 
Works in Brussels
·         This is where Jose Rizal started writing his second most famous novel, El Filibusterismo.
(September 18, 1891)
·         He was accompanied by Jose Alberto and later by Jose Alejandro.
·         He spent most of his time writing the novel and writing articles for the newspaper.
·         Rizal adapted every articles written in German and translated it in Spanish and Tagalog.
·         He also condemned Filipinos in Madrid addicted to gambling.
·         One night, he dreamed he was not able to reach the age of 30.
·         He joked about it, calling himself Laong Laan. (always ready)
·         Inspite of the advices and danger, he was decided to return to Philippines again.
 
Second Homecoming (1892)
·         He was decided to return to Philippines because was persecuted and tortured by the
Spanish government.
·         Before returning, he went to Madrid spending alone in the winter carrying all his
problems.
·         He experienced downside moments in Madrid thinking the injustices of his family in
Calamba.
·         He then publicly challenged Wenceslao Retana in a duel and his blood is the payment for
his insolence.
·         December 1890 – Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera.
·         For several years he spend his time in Madrid, until the time of his homecoming.
·         June 26, 1892 – Rizal arrived in Manila together with Lucia.
·         From his arrival, guardia civil were waiting for him.
·         He then visited his sister and he was shadowed by government spies.
·         He then attended a meeting of Chinese Mestizos in Tondo, Manila which aimed in the
creation of La Liga Filipina.
 
Languages Learned by Jose Rizal
Hebrew                      Catalan                    
Filipino                   German
Ilokano                               Arabic
Bisayan                              Malay
 Subanon                   Sanskrit
Chinese                      Dutch
Latin                       Nihonggo
 Spanish                      Portuguese
Greek                   Chavacano
English                   Swedish
French                              Russian
 
Second Arrival in the Philippines
·         June 26, 1892 – Jose Rizal arrived in the Philippines together with his sister, Lucia.
·         Before leaving Europe, he declared to the Filipinos in Europe:
·         “The fight is in the Philippines, not in Madrid. There we should meet, help each other, cry
and triumph for the sake of our country.”
·         His objectives in returning in the Philippines were:
·         Borneo Colonization Project
·         Establish a Civic Organization
·         Stop the persecution of his family and his fellowmen
·         In his arrival, he was met by guardia civil and asked to stay in Hotel de Oriente.
·         In the afternoon, he asked to have a discussion with Governor-general Eulogio Despujol.
·         July 6, 1892 – Despujol changed his decision asking if he will return to Hongkong.
·         Upon inspection, Despujol found brochures entitled “Pobres Frailes.”
·         Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) – These were brochures authored by Father Jacinto discussing
about the vast richness of Dominican friars contrary to their monastic vow of poverty.
·         There were two suspicions about the brochures.
·         It was by accident packed by Lucia from the home of Jose Maria Basa in Hongkong.
·         It was planted by the Spanish guards in his bag.
·         Because of this event, Despujol decided to imprison Rizal in Fuerza de Santiago before his
exile to Dapitan.
 
La Liga Filipina
·         July 3, 1892 – in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco, a group of Filipino mestizos decided to
create a group opposing the Spanish and helping the Filipinos.
·         La Liga Filipina (Filipino League) – a civic organization of Filipinos aimed for reforms
under Spanish government.
·         Objectives of La Liga Filipina
·         To unite all Filipinos under one organization.
·         To give financial and economical aide to poor Filipinos.
·         To oppose persecution and injustices.
·         To develop and improve education system, agriculture and trading.
·         To research and implement social reforms.
·         The philosophy of the organization was “ Unus Pro Omnibus.”
·          
The Arrest of Rizal
·         July 7, 1892 – The supposed meeting of Rizal and Despujol turned out to be an arrest of
Rizal.
·         He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago until July 14, 1892.
·         July 15, 1892 – Rizal was secretly transported with maximum security aboard the ship
Cebu bound for Zamboanga.
·         Upon the declaration of Despujol, these were the reasons Rizal was imprisoned.
·         He was in possession of articles and books which oppose the government and country of
Spain.
·         He had a brochure opposing the Catholic Church.
·         His novel, El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three Gomburza.
·         The main objective of his articles was to separate the Filipinos from the Catholic Church.
 
Exile to Dapitan
·         Aboard the ship Cebu, Rizal was accompanied by two military guards, a sergeant ,a
corporal and Spanish soldiers bound for Mindanao garrison.
·         Captain Delgras – the captain of the ship.
·         Upon arrival in Dapitan, he was handed to Captain Ricardo Carcinero.
·         According to Pablo Pastells, Rizal could stay in a convent under certain conditions:
·         He would swear an allegiance to the Spanish government.
·         He would confess to the Church every aspect of his life.
·         He would talk and act like a Spanish.
·         He refused the conditions and stayed under the supervision of Capt. Carcinero.
 
Life in Dapitan (1892 – 1896)
·         He lived in the house of Captain Ricardo Carcinero.
·         Ricardo Carcinero – a young, liberated and an open-minded man who welcomed Rizal not
as a prisoner but as a guest.
·         Carcinero and Rizal became friends, that is why Rizal always reported good things about
the captain.
·         A Don Ricardo Carcinero – a poem authored by Rizal which was given on August 26,
1892.
·         Two months after, he won a lottery in Manila having the ticket number of 9736 together
with Carcinero and Francisco Equilor.
·         6, 200 pesos was the share of Jose Rizal which he gave some to his father and to Maria
Basa.
·         The rest of the money were used to buy a land in Talisay.
·         Rizal continued painting, sculpting and making poems in Dapitan.
·         Sculptures:
o   A Lady in Dapitan
o   Bust of Saint Peter
o   Bust of Father Guerrico
o   Bust of Josephine Bracken
·         Poems:
o   Hymn to Talisay
o   My Retreat
o   To Josephine
o   The Song of the Traveler
 
Life in Dapitan (1892 – 1896)
·         He became a famous surgeon in Dapitan, putting up his own clinic.
·         August 1893 – Rizal operated his sister Maria and did the final operation on the eye of his
mother.
·         March 1895 – Rizal started the water system in Dapitan together with Father Francisco de
Paula Sanchez.
·         He improved also the park in Dapitan, which was preserved by Engineer Cameron.
·         1893 -1896 – Rizal valued education, putting up school catering to poor Filipinos.
·         The subjects were Reading, Writing, Geography, Mathematics, Industrial Arts, Science,
English and Spanish, Boxing and Gymnastics and Maritime Navigation.
·         Rizal also studied Biology, studying and collecting different organisms, discovering new
species animals.
o   Draco rizali – lizard
o   Apogonia rizali – coconut beetle
o   Rhacaphorus rizali - frog
·         Mi Retiro (My Retreat) – a poem requested by Teodora Alonso to Rizal which was send
on October 22, 1895.
·         The content was all about the life of Rizal’s life in Dapitan.
·         Rizal became a farmer and an entrepreneur, and his main client was Ramon Carreon.
·         He invented a machine, creating a 6000 bricks a day.
·         August 28. 1893 – Leonor Rivera died, which was healed by the arrival of Josephine
Bracken.
·         Josephine Bracken – an Irish woman who hailed from Hongkong.
·         She was the last love of Jose Rizal.
·         March 1895 – She accompanied his stepfather, George Taufer to be operated in the eyes.
·         The time they met they fell in love with each other.
·         The time they planned to marry, the Catholic Church disagreed knowing Rizal was a
masonic member.
·         They were married accordance to their own will.
·         They lived happily and peacefully, but their only child died three hours after giving birth.
 
The Katipunan
·         Upon the exile of Rizal, two organizations were created.
o   Cuerpo de Compromisarios
o   Katipunan
·         Katipunan was the prevalent group among the two.
·         Jose Rizal was the honorary president in the establishment of the secret society.
 
A Visit from Dr. Pio Valenzuela
·         June 21, 1896 – Bonifacio send Valenzuela to Fort Santiago to ask for support from Jose
Rizal.
·         Jose Rizal refused to help for several reasons:
·         The Filipinos were not prepared to fight.
·         Filipinos lacked weaponry against the Spanish.
·         The Katipunan offered help but Rizal refused.
·         He wanted to be a doctor of the Spanish army to study their military tactics and
practicality.
·         He wanted to give time for the Filipinos to gather weapons against the Spanish.
 
 
Rizal’s Last Travel
·         July 31, 1896 – Rizal travelled in Manila together with Narcisa,  Josephine and some
nephews accordance to the order of Governor-general Blanco.
·         August 6, 1896 – Jose Rizal was bound to Spain but the ship left.
·         August 19, 1896 – Katipunan was discovered.
·         August 23, 1896 – Rizal left Manila bound for Singapore aboard the ship Isla de Panay.
·         Pedro Roxas urged Rizal to stay in Singapore to plan for the revolution but he refused.
·         September 30, 1896 – Rizal was imprisoned in the ship.
·         October 6, 1896 – Rizal was imprisoned in Montjuic.
·         November 3, 1896 – aboard the ship SS Colon, Rizal arrived in Manila and imprisoned in
Fort Santiago.
 
The Trial of Jose Rizal (1896)
·         November 29, 1896 – The Spanish government started the trial against Jose Rizal.
·         The basis of the case were:
o   Oral Arguments
o   Documented Evidences
·         Aside from Rizal, several people were on the trial:
o   Moises Salavador
o   Deodato Arellano
o   Ambrocio Salvador
o   Pio Valenzuela
·         December 7, 1896 – The Spanish Royal Cortes suggested:
o   Jose Rizal should be presented in the court immediately.
o   Jose Rizal should stay in prison.
o   The Jury should be composed of Spanish soldiers.
o   Jose Rizal should pay 1 million Mexican pesos.
·         December 8, 1896 – Jose Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade to be his defendant.
·         December 11, 1896- Jose Rizal was charged with cases:
o   Treason
o   Sedition
·         Jose Rizal urged the Katipunan to stop the fighting, which was not heard by the Filipinos.
·         December 26, 1896 – It was the day of trial of Jose Rizal headed by:
o   Lieutenant Coronel Jose Togores Arjona
o   Captain Santiago Izquierdo Osorio
o   Captain Braulio Rodriguez
o   Captain Muñoz Arias
o   Captain Manuel Diaz Escribano
o   Captain Fernandez Perez Rodriguez
o   Enrique de Alocer
·         Josephine Bracken was on the trial including some of the siblings of Jose Rizal.
·         Luis Taviel  de Andrade– defended Rizal and said the jury should not be judgmental but
rather just.
·         December 28, 1896 – Jose Rizal was sentenced to firing squad in December 30, 1896.
 
Jose Rizal’s Last Moments
·         Jose Rizal was sent to be imprisoned again in Fort Santiago.
·         Several priests visited Rizal tried to convince Rizal to take back everything he said against
the Spanish government ,but he refused.
·         Teodora Alonso, Francisco Mercado and Narcisa were the only allowed people to visit
him.
·         He gave all his possession especially his  alcohol stove, containing his last novel, Mi
Ultimo Adios.
·         December 30, 1896 – Rizal asked Vicente Balaquer to conduct a wedding between Rizal
and Bracken.
·         He gave a book to Bracken, De La Imitacion de Cristo.
·         The last message of Rizal to Josephine was “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine
Bracken.”
·         He also gave a letter to his parents asking for forgiveness, a letter to Paciano saying he
love him and thanking him and saying by the time he received the letter his dead.
·         December 30, 1896 – Rizal walked to Bagumbayan guarded by Spanish soldiers together
with Father Estanislao March, FatherJose Villaclara.
·         7: 03 AM – Jose Rizal was killed by a firing squad.
·         A bullet in his pelvic was the one that killed him.
 
Lessons from Rizal
·         Value for Education
·         Love for Family
·         Nationalism and Patriotism
·         Self-sacrifice for the Greater Good
·         Stand to what is just and truthful

• June 26, 1892 – Jose Rizal arrived in the Philippines together with his sister, Lucia.
• Before leaving Europe, he declared to the Filipinos in Europe:
• “ The fight is in the Philippines, not in Madrid. There we should meet, help each
other, cry and triumph for the sake of our country.”
• His objectives in returning in the Philippines were:
• Borneo Colonization Project
• Establish a Civic Organization
• Stop the persecution of his family and his fellowmen
• In his arrival, he was met by guardia civil and asked to stay in Hotel de Oriente.
• In the afternoon, he asked to have a discussion with Governor-general Eulogio Despujol.
• July 6, 1892 – Despujol changed his decision asking if he will return to
Hongkong.
• Upon inspection, Despujol found brochures entitled “Pobres Frailes.”
• Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) – These were brochures authored by Father Jacinto
discussing about the vast richness of Dominican friars contrary to their monastic
vow of poverty.
• There were two suspicions about the brochures.
• It was by accident packed by Lucia from the home of Jose Maria Basa in
Hongkong.
• It was planted by the Spanish guards in his bag.
• Because of this event, Despujol decided to imprison Rizal in Fuerza de Santiago
before his exile to Dapitan.
• La Liga Filipina
• July 3, 1892 – in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco, a group of Filipino mestizos
decided to create a group opposing the Spanish and helping the Filipinos.
• La Liga Filipina (Filipino League) – a civic organization of Filipinos aimed for
reforms under Spanish government.
•
• The members were: Other Members:
• Pedro Serrano Laktaw – Panday Pira Deodato Arrelano
• Domingo Franco – Felipe Real Agustin de la Rosa
• Jose A. Ramos – Socorro Mariano Crisostomo
• Ambrosio Salvador – Gobernadorcillo Estanislao Legaspi

• Bonifasio Salvador – Gobernadorcillo Teodoro Plata

• Bonifacio Arevalo – Hurem Juan Zulueta
• Ambrosio Flores – Musa Luis Villareal
• Moises Salvador – Araw
• Faustino Villaruel – Ilaw
• Numeriano Adriano – Ipil
• Andres Bonifacio - May Pag-asa
• Apolinario Mabini - Katabay
• To unite all Filipinos under one organization.
• To give financial and economical aide to poor Filipinos.
• To oppose persecution and injustices.
• To develop and improve education system, agriculture and trading.
• To research and implement social reforms.
• The philosophy of the organization was “ Unus Pro Omnibus.”
• The Arrest of Rizal
• July 7, 1892 – The supposed meeting of Rizal and Despujol turned out to be an
arrest of Rizal.
• He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago until July 14, 1892.
• July 15, 1892 – Rizal was secretly transported with maximum security aboard the
ship Cebu bound for Zamboanga.
• Upon the declaration of Despujol, these were the reasons Rizal was imprisoned.
• He was in possession of articles and books which oppose the government and
country of Spain.
• He had a brochure opposing the Catholic Church.
• His novel, El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three Gomburza.
• The main objective of his articles was to separate the Filipinos from the Catholic
Church.
• Aboard the ship Cebu, Rizal was accompanied by two military guards, a
sergeant ,a corporal and Spanish soldiers bound for Mindanao garrison.
• Captain Delgras – the captain of the ship.
• Upon arrival in Dapitan, he was handed to Captain Ricardo Carcinero.
• According to Pablo Pastells, Rizal could stay in a convent under certain
conditions:
• He would swear an allegiance to the Spanish government.
• He would confess to the Church every aspect of his life.
• He would talk and act like a Spanish.
• He refused the conditions and stayed under the supervision of Capt. Carcinero.
• Life in Dapitan (1892 – 1896)
• He lived in the house of Captain Ricardo Carcinero.
• Ricardo Carcinero – a young, liberated and an open-minded man who welcomed
Rizal not as a prisoner but as a guest.
• Carcinero and Rizal became friends, that is why Rizal always reported good
things about the captain.
• A Don Ricardo Carcinero – a poem authored by Rizal which was given on August
26, 1892.
• Two months after, he won a lottery in Manila having the ticket number of 9736
together with Carcinero and Francisco Equilor.
• 6, 200 pesos was the share of Jose Rizal which he gave some to his father and to
Maria Basa.
• The rest of the money were used to buy a land in Talisay.
• Rizal continued painting, sculpting and making poems in Dapitan.
• Sculptures:
• A Lady in Dapitan
• Bust of Saint Peter
• Bust of Father Guerrico
• Bust of Josephine Bracken
• Poems:
• Hymn to Talisay
• My Retreat
• To Josephine
• The Song of the Traveler
• He became a famous surgeon in Dapitan, putting up his own clinic.
• August 1893 – Rizal operated his sister Maria and did the final operation on the
eye of his mother.
• March 1895 – Rizal started the water system in Dapitan together with Father
Francisco de Paula Sanchez.
• He improved also the park in Dapitan, which was preserved by Engineer
Cameron.
• 1893 -1896 – Rizal valued education, putting up school catering to poor Filipinos.
• The subjects were Reading, Writing, Geography, Mathematics, Industrial Arts,
Science, English and Spanish, Boxing and Gymnastics and Maritime Navigation.
• Rizal also studied Biology, studying and collecting different organisms,
discovering new species animals.
• Draco rizali – lizard
• Apogonia rizali – coconut beetle
• Rhacaphorus rizali - frog
• Mi Retiro (My Retreat) – a poem requested by Teodora Alonso to Rizal which
was send on October 22, 1895.
• The content was all about the life of Rizal’s life in Dapitan.
• Rizal became a farmer and an entrepreneur, and his main client was Ramon
Carreon.
• He invented a machine, creating a 6000 bricks a day.
• August 28. 1893 – Leonor Rivera died, which was healed by the arrival of
Josephine Bracken.
• Josephine Bracken – an Irish woman who hailed from Hongkong.
• She was the last love of Jose Rizal.
• March 1895 – She accompanied his stepfather, George Taufer to be operated in
the eyes.
• The time they met they fell in love with each other.
• The time they planned to marry, the Catholic Church disagreed knowing Rizal
was a masonic member.
• They were married accordance to their own will.
• They lived happily and peacefully, but their only child died three hours after
giving birth.
• The Katipunan
• Upon the exile of Rizal, two organizations were created.
• Cuerpo de Compromisarios
• Katipunan
• Katipunan was the prevalent group among the two.
• Jose Rizal was the honorary president in the establishment of the secret society.
• The founders of the Katipunan were:
• Gat Andres Bonifacio Ladislao Diwa
• Deodato Arellano Valentin Diaz
• Teodoro Plata Jose Dizon
• A Visit from Dr. Pio Valenzuela
• June 21, 1896 – Bonifacio send Valenzuela to Fort Santiago to ask for support
from Jose Rizal.
• Jose Rizal refused to help for several reasons:
• The Filipinos were not prepared to fight.
• Filipinos lacked weaponry against the Spanish.
• The Katipunan offered help but Rizal refused.
• He wanted to be a doctor of the Spanish army to study their military tactics and
practicality.
• He wanted to give time for the Filipinos to gather weapons against the Spanish.
• July 31, 1896 – Rizal travelled in Manila together with Narcisa, Josephine and
some nephews accordance to the order of Governor-general Blanco.
• August 6, 1896 – Jose Rizal was bound to Spain but the ship left.
• August 19, 1896 – Katipunan was discovered.
• August 23, 1896 – Rizal left Manila bound for Singapore aboard the ship Isla de
Panay.
• Pedro Roxas urged Rizal to stay in Singapore to plan for the revolution but he
refused.
• September 30, 1896 – Rizal was imprisoned in the ship.
• October 6, 1896 – Rizal was imprisoned in Montjuic.
• November 3, 1896 – aboard the ship SS Colon, Rizal arrived in Manila and
imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
• November 29, 1896 – The Spanish government started the trial against Jose Rizal.
• The basis of the case were:
• Oral Arguments
• Documented Evidences
• Aside from Rizal, several people were on the trial:
• Moises Salavador
• Deodato Arellano
• Ambrocio Salvador
• Pio Valenzuela
• December 7, 1896 – The Spanish Royal Cortes suggested:
• Jose Rizal should be presented in the court immediately.
• Jose Rizal should stay in prison.
• The Jury should be composed of Spanish soldiers.
• Jose Rizal should pay 1 million Mexican pesos.
• December 8, 1896 – Jose Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade to be his defendant.
• December 11, 1896- Jose Rizal was charged with cases:
• Treason
• Sedition
• Jose Rizal urged the Katipunan to stop the fighting, which was not heard by the
Filipinos.
• December 26, 1896 – It was the day of trial of Jose Rizal headed by:
• Lieutenant Coronel Jose Togores Arjona
• Captain Santiago Izquierdo Osorio
• Captain Braulio Rodriguez
• Captain Muñoz Arias
• Captain Manuel Diaz Escribano
• Captain Fernandez Perez Rodriguez
• Enrique de Alocer
• Josephine Bracken was on the trial including some of the siblings of Jose Rizal.
• Luis Taviel de Andrade– defended Rizal and said the jury should not be
judgmental but rather just.
• December 28, 1896 – Jose Rizal was sentenced to firing squad in December 30,
1896.
• Jose Rizal was sent to be imprisoned again in Fort Santiago.
• Several priests visited Rizal tried to convince Rizal to take back everything he
said against the Spanish government ,but he refused.
• Teodora Alonso, Francisco Mercado and Narcisa were the only allowed people to
visit him.
• He gave all his possession especially his alcohol stove, containing his last novel,
Mi Ultimo Adios.
• December 30, 1896 – Rizal asked Vicente Balaquer to conduct a wedding
between Rizal and Bracken.
• He gave a book to Bracken, De La Imitacion de Cristo.
• The last message of Rizal to Josephine was “To my dear and unhappy wife,
Josephine Bracken.”
• He also gave a letter to his parents asking for forgiveness, a letter to Paciano
saying he love him and thanking him and saying by the time he received the letter
his dead.
• December 30, 1896 – Rizal walked to Bagumbayan guarded by Spanish soldiers
together with Father Estanislao March, FatherJose Villaclara.
• 7: 03 AM – Jose Rizal was killed by a firing squad.
• A bullet in his pelvic was the one that killed him.
• Value for Education
• Love for Family
• Nationalism and Patriotism
• Self-sacrifice for the Greater Good
• Stand to what is just and truthful
• In 1887 Rizal published his first novel (Links to an external site.), Noli me
tangere (The Social Cancer (Links to an external site.)), a passionate exposure of
the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines (Links to an external site.). A
sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as
the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published
an annotated (Links to an external site.) edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio
Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of
the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became
the leader of the Propaganda Movement (Links to an external site.), contributing
numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona (Links
to an external site.). Rizal’s political program included integration (Links to an
external site.) of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the
Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino
priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and
Spaniards before the law.
• Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform
society, the Liga Filipina (Links to an external site.), in Manila, and was deported
to Dapitan (Links to an external site.) in northwest Mindanao (Links to an
external site.). He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896
the Katipunan (Links to an external site.), a Filipino nationalist secret society,
revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization
and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried
for sedition (Links to an external site.) by the military. Found guilty, he was
publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos
that there was no alternative (Links to an external site.) to independence from
 Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote
“Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
• José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19,
1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot,
physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine (Links to an
external site.) nationalist movement.
• The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila (Links to an
external site.) and at the University of Madrid (Links to an external site.). A
brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule
in his home country (Links to an external site.), though he never advocated
Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he
resided between 1882 and 1892.
• La Indolencia de los Filipinos, more popularly known in its English version, "The
Indolence of the Filipinos," is a exploratory essay written by Philippine national
hero Dr. Jose Rizal, to explain the alleged idleness of his people during the
Spanish colonization.
• SUMMARY
•             The Indolence of the Filipinos (Links to an external site.) is a study of the
causes why the people did not, as was said, work hard during the Spanish regime. 
Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos were
industrious and hardworking.  The Spanish reign brought about a decline in
economic activities because of certain causes:
•             First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous
associations of the Philippines (Links to an external site.) with other countries in
Asia and the Middle East.  As a result, business (Links to an external site.) was
only conducted with Spain through Mexico.  Because of this, the
small businesses (Links to an external site.) and handicraft industries that
flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared.
•             Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the
implementation of forced labor.  Because of the wars between Spain and other
countries in Europe as well as the Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were
compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, abandoning
agriculture, industry, and commerce.
•             Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and
pirates.  With no arms to defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses
burned, and their lands destroyed.  As a result of this, the Filipinos were forced to
become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the
industries that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of
God.
•             Fourth, there was a crooked system of education (Links to an external
site.), if it was to be considered an education (Links to an external site.).  What
was being taught in the schools (Links to an external site.) were repetitive prayers
and other things that could not be used by the students to lead the country to
progress.  There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly
needed by the Philippines (Links to an external site.) during those times.
•             Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor.  The
officials reported to work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line
with their duties.  The women were seen constantly followed by servants who
dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they ought to have done
for themselves.
•             Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those
times.  Almost everyday there were cockfights, and during feast days, the
 government officials and friars were the first to engange in all sorts of bets and
gambles.
•             Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion.  The friars taught the
naïve Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they
preferred not to work  and remain poor so that they could easily enter heaven after
they died.
•             Lastly, the taxes were extremely high (Links to an external site.), so much
so that a huge portion of what they earned (Links to an external site.) went to the
government or to the friars.  When the object of their labor was removed and they
were exploited, they were reduced to inaction.
•             Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were
wise enough to adjust themselves to the warm, tropical climate.  “An hour’s work
under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from
nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate.”
• ANALYSIS
• It is important to note that indolence in the Philippines (Links to an external
site.) is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one.  Truth is, before the Spaniards
arrived on these lands, the natives were industriously conducting business (Links
to an external site.) with China, Japan, Arabia, Malaysia, and other countries in
the Middle East.  The reasons for this said indolence were clearly stated in the
essay, and were not based only on presumptions, but were grounded on fact taken
from history. 
• Another thing that we might add that had caused this indolence, is the lack of
unity among the Filipino people.  In the absence of unity and oneness, the people
did not have the power to fight the hostile attacks of the government and of the
other forces of society.  There would also be no voice, no leader, to sow progress
and to cultivate it, so that it may be reaped in due time.  In such a condition,
the Philippines (Links to an external site.) remained a country that was lifeless,
dead, simply existing and not living.  As Rizal stated in conclusion, “a man in
the Philippines (Links to an external site.) is an individual; he is not merely a
citizen of a country.”
• It can clearly be deduced from the writing that the cause of the indolence
attributed to our race is Spain: When the Filipinos wanted to study and learn,
there were no schools, and if there were any, they lacked sufficient resources and
did not present more useful knowledge; when the Filipinos wanted to establish
their businesses (Links to an external site.), there wasn’t enough capital nor
protection from the government; when the Filipinos tried to cultivate their lands
and establish various industries, they were made to pay enormous taxes and were
exploited by the foreign rulers. 
• It is not only the Philippines (Links to an external site.), but also other countries,
that may be called indolent, depending on the criteria upon which such a label is
based.  Man cannot work without resting, and if in doing so he is considered lazy,
they we could say that all men are indolent.  One cannot blame a country that was
deprived of its dignity, to have lost its will to continue building its foundation
upon the backs of its people, especially when the fruits of their labor do not so
much as reach their lips.  When we spend our entire lives worshipping such a
cruel and inhumane society, forced upon us by aliens who do not even know our
motherland, we are destined to tire after a while.  We are not fools, we are not
puppets who simply do as we are commanded – we are human beings, who are
motivated by our will towards the accomplishment of our objectives, and who
strive for the preservation of our race.  When this fundamental aspect of our
existence is denied of us, who can blame us if we turn idle?
• PreviousNext
• To the Young Women of Malolos:
•  
• Jose Rizal’s legacy to Filipino women is embodied in his famous essay entitled,
“To the Young Women of Malolos,” where he addresses all kinds of women –
mothers, wives, the unmarried, etc. and expresses everything that he wishes them
to keep in mind. 
•  
• SUMMARY
•  
• “To the Women of Malolos” was originally written in Tagalog.  Rizal penned this
writing when he was in London, in response to the request of Marcelo H. del
Pilar.  The salient points contained in this letter are as follows:
• The rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars – not all of the priests in the
country that time embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church.  Most of
them were corrupted by worldly desires and used worldly methods to effect
change and force discipline among the people.
• The defense of private judgment
• Qualities Filipino mothers need to possess – as evidenced by this portion of his
letter, Rizal is greatly concerned of the welfare of the Filipino children and the
homes they grow up in.
• Duties and responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their children
• Duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband – Filipino women are known
to be submissive, tender, and loving.  Rizal states in this portion of his letter how
Filipino women ought to be as wives, in order to preserve the identity of the race.
• Counsel to young women on their choice of a lifetime partner
•  
• RIZAL’S MESSAGE TO FILIPINO WOMEN
•  
• Jose Rizal was greatly impressed by the fighting spirit that the young women of
Malolos had shown.  In his letter, he expresses great joy and satisfaction over the
battle they had fought.  In this portion of Rizal’s letter, it is obvious that his
ultimate desire was for women to be offered the same opportunities as those
received by men in terms of education.  During those days young girls were not
sent to school because of the universal notion that they would soon only be taken
as wives and stay at home with the children.  Rizal, however, emphasizes on
freedom of thought and the right to education, which must be granted to both boys
and girls alike.
•  
• THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO MOTHERS TO THEIR CHILDREN
•  
• Rizal stipulates a number of important points in this portion of his letter to the
young women of Malolos.  The central idea here, however, is that whatever a
mother shows to her children is what the children will become also.  If the mother
is always kissing the hand of the friars in submission, then her children will grow
up to be sycophants and mindless fools who do nothing but do as they are told,
even if the very nature of the task would violate their rights as individuals.
•  
• QUALITIES MOTHERS HAVE TO POSSESS
•  
• Rizal enumerates the qualities Filipino mothers have to possess:
• Be a noble wife.
• Rear her children in the service of the state – here Rizal gives reference to the
women of Sparta who embody this quality
• Set standards of behavior for men around her.
•  
• RIZAL’S ADVICE TO UNMARRIED MEN AND WOMEN
•  
• Jose Rizal points out to unmarried women that they should not be easily taken by
appearances and looks, because these can be very deceiving.  Instead, they should
take heed of men’s firmness of character and lofty ideas.  Rizal further adds that
there are three things that a young woman must look for a man she intends to be
her husband:
• A noble and honored name
• A manly heart
• A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves.
•
•