Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

fedoramagazine.org

Tune up your sound with

PulseEffects: Speakers - Fedora
Magazine
10-13 minutes

Audio components for your computer don’t always produce

the quality of sound you want. For instance your laptop
speakers may be a bit “tinny” sounding, or a set of speakers
for your desktop may be too boomy for your room. Or if you
use a desk or headset microphone, you may find that
recordings you make are not as high quality as you’d like.
Enter PulseEffects!

PulseAudio and Gstreamer

The PulseAudio sound server comes with Fedora Workstation

by default. It’s highly flexible and easily modified. PulseAudio
can deal with many different inputs and outputs. For instance,
it lets you switch between different inputs known as sources
(such as microphones, or sound files) or outputs known as
sinks (such as speakers or headphones).

By default, PulseAudio manages sound as streams, digitally

1 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

sampled at a specific rate and bit depth with a defined

number of channels — two for most stereo streams. It
handles different sample rates for you, so you don’t have to
know the details of the stream. PulseAudio simply deals with
moving sound from one point to another.

The Gstreamer multimedia framework, on the other hand,

provides myriad ways to modify audio and video data on their
way through a pipeline. Gstreamer comes with plugins that
allow it to attach to PulseAudio. This means that you can use
Gstreamer to make a pipeline between your inputs and
outputs to change audio streams.

PulseEffects manages this process with a nice, graphical

front end. It lets you select and order different effects for your
sound.

Installing PulseEffects

To install PulseEffects, use the Software tool and type

pulseeffects to find the package. Fedora carries this software
in its official repositories. So if you need to, you can switch the
source from the Flatpak version to the Fedora one. Then click
Install.

If you’re using a command line, you can use the sudo

command with dnf to do the same thing:

$ sudo dnf install pulseeffects

Start playing some audio. This can come from your Videos or

2 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

Rhythmbox media player, a website such as YouTube, a

music streaming app such as Spotify, or something else. The
best source to use is a full-fidelity digital audio source, like a
CD or a FLAC file. (MP3 and online digital streams cut out
some frequency information to reduce data size.) Ideally, it
should be music that you are used to listening to in many
places, and know well, like an album or playlist. Put it on
repeat so you can use it while you tune your sound.

Then launch the program using either the Software tool’s

Launch control, or your desktop’s application launcher. On
Fedora Workstation, go to the Activities hotspot, use the
Show Applications control to locate PulseEffects in the list,
and click to launch. You should see your application in the list
of active sound streams, with color bars that show an average
frequency response:

3 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

PulseEffects initial screen with one sound stream from Videos

Notice all the sound modules available on the left. None are
running by default when you first start PulseEffects. Any
enabled modules are applied to your sound in order from top
to bottom. You can use the up/down controls next to the
module names to alter the order.

What does “better” mean?

Before we get started, realize that what constitutes “better”

will usually be different based on many factors:

Specific hardware like the model of speakers or microphone

The environment the sound device is in (your room)

What your ears prefer

There is no magic cure for bad sound that works universally

everywhere. So the examples you’ll see are based on some
common problems. But you will need to use your ears to
determine what’s best for your hardware, in the place you’re
using it.

Making desktop speakers sound better

Often desktop speaker sets consist of a subwoofer and small

satellite speakers. These tend to be both excessively “boomy,”
meaning too much very low frequency sound, and “honky” or
“boxy,” meaning too much of some middle (or “mid”)
frequencies. To fix frequencies that are over- or under-

4 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

represented, we can use an equalizer.

By default, all the effects are off in PulseEffects. Since you

want to modify a sound output — your speakers — make sure
the “speaker” icon at the upper left is selected. Locate the
Equalizer control in PulseEffects and select it. Select the
toggle switch at the top of the equalizer controls to turn it on.

The default equalizer appears as a 30-band graphic EQ.

Older readers might be familiar with seeing physical
equipment like this. Each band alters not just that specific
frequency, but a fairly narrow band of frequencies around it.
Think of it like a “dip” or “bump” in the frequency graph,
depending on whether you lower or raise the slider.

PulseEffects default EQ, with a roll-off of extreme low

frequencies and some reduction of unpleasant “boxiness”
around 450Hz

5 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

If you’re not sure how to alter frequencies to get better sound,

click the “tools” icon under the on/off toggle. Under Presets
you can select different EQ settings to find something closest
to what you like. Then you can modify those settings as you
like. If things get out of control, under Settings use the Flat
response control to zero out all the EQ.

Using the “tools” icon, you can also choose a different

number of bands to simplify your choices. Using the “gear”
icon above each band, you can choose different types of EQ,
as well as the width and Q. Additional filter types like a
low/high pass or low/high shelf are also available. Feel free to
play with the EQ to see how it works, but be careful not to
increase EQ levels too high if your speakers are above a
moderate volume, because you can damage speakers that
way.

Tips from a mix engineer

These guidelines may help you find the optimal sound for
your situation.

It’s almost always better to reduce a problem frequency than

to boost other things. If you boost too much, your music can
start to distort.

To fix excessive boominess, apply a high pass filter

somewhere between 30 and 50 Hz. You may also want to try
a bell EQ reduction somewhere between 40 and 100 Hz.

If you want to fix a boxy sound (reminds you of a cardboard

6 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

box), try a bell EQ to reduce some frequencies between 300

and 500 Hz.

To fix a honky or nasal sound, try reducing some frequencies

between 650 and 900 Hz.

If guitar/keyboard solos or vocals seem a bit muffled, try a

gentle boost centered somewhere between 1 and 2 kHz to
make them a little more present.

If your speakers sound overly tinny, apply a high shelf

reduction starting somewhere between 4 and 8 kHz — start
at a high frequency and dial back to where it’s helpful. To fix a
dull sound, apply a high shelf boost using the same approach.

Remember that a little EQ goes a long way. Try keeping your

bell boosts or cuts between +4 and -4 on the sliders. The goal
is not to make the music sound extreme, but to make slight
corrections. Otherwise your ears will get tired more quickly, or
in extreme cases you may even get headaches.

Watch the Input and Output meters at the bottom of every

module. If you see a lot of green on one or both, the sound
module is overloading at that stage. You’ll often find MP3 files,
especially of modern music, have this issue. You may also
see “warning” icons flashing over the check mark on enabled
modules.

One way to cure this is to use the Limiter module at the

beginning of the chain, and simply turn the input gain on the
chain down about -3dB, leaving the limit at 0dB. This simply

7 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

lowers the overall signal level without any attenuation. Then

you can run other modules without worrying quite as much
about distortion or overload in later stages.

Making laptop speakers sound better

While the above guidelines might be good for bigger

speakers, laptops have the additional burden of being very
small. Typically they lack bass response, because more
and/or larger speakers, and more powerful magnets, are
needed to produce those frequencies well.

However, you can correct this using the Bass Enhancer

module in PulseEffects. You may want to move this module
downward in the stack after your EQ for best results. Rather
than turning the amount up excessively, try a modest change
of +3 or +4dB, and then move the Scope frequency around
until you find where you start to notice good results. Don’t be
tempted to amplify too much because again, if it’s too high
you could start to damage your laptop speakers over time.

Storing your work

First, set PulseEffects to run whenever you login. Use the

“hamburger” tool at the top right to open up the General
settings. Set Start Service at Login to enabled, and also
enable the option to Process All Outputs. This does not mean
all devices will get the same settings. Instead, it means that
PulseEffects will run a chain for any sound output device you

8 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

have connected. You can apply different chains to different

devices.

Next, select the Presets button, and in the text box, type a
name for your preset. One recommendation is to use the
name of the device for which you’ve created a chain. Then
click the “+” icon to add the preset. If you make changes, you
can either use the “save” icon to save the changes to the
selected preset, or click Apply to throw them away and re-
apply the saved preset.

Finally, you can click the “cycle” icon if you want the preset to
be applied every time the currently used sound output is
detected. This is almost always a good idea. If you want to set
up different presets for other outputs, first connect the output.
Then make a new preset as described above, and select that
to be auto-applied.

One final note: When you close the PulseEffects application,

your active chain of effects does not stop. It will stay running
unless you reset or stop the service. PulseEffects will
consume a few percent of CPU time (depending on processor
speed). On all but the oldest systems the load should not be
noticeable. However, if you are sensitive to power use such as
on a laptop, you may want to stop the service using this
command:

$ pulseeffects -q

Conclusion

9 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM
Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Speakers -... about:reader?url=https://fedoramagazine.org/tun...

Remember that every environment and person’s hearing is

different, so beware of the overly dogmatic. Finally, you can’t
make terrible speakers into great ones. But you can usually
make them sound not so terrible — and if you have decent
speakers, you usually can make them sound quite good!

The PulseEffects author also has both a LiberaPay donation

site and a Patreon account, so if you find the software useful,
you might want to consider contributing.

In the next installment, you’ll learn how to set up better sound

on a desktop or headset microphone, to improve your
teleconference meetings or make better audio or video
spoken content. Until then, enjoy your new sound
possibilities.

Photo by Paul Esch-Laurent on Unsplash.

10 of 10 9/8/20, 10:51 PM