FINAL EXAM REVIEWER UTS

The Physical Self

 Physical Self refers to body

 The body perform least during infancy and old age
 Physical efficiency generally peaks in early adulthood between the ages of twenty and thirty,
and slowly declines into the middle age
 Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty
o Rapid physical changes
o Maturation and reproductive system
 Life span refers to the development from conception to death
 Elizabeth B Hurlock stages in life span
o Prenatal: fertilization to birth
o Infancy: birth to 2 weeks of life
o Babyhood: 2 weeks of life to 2nd year
o Early childhood: 2 to 6 years old
o Late childhood: 6 to 10 or 12 years old
o Puberty: 10 or 12 to 14 years old
o Adolescence: 14 to 18 years old
o Early adulthood: 18 to 40 years old
o Middle adulthood: 40 to 60 years old
o Late adulthood or senescence: 60 to death

Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development

 Physical growth and development are the product of heredity and environment
 Heredity: the biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring
 Environment: the factors an individual is exposed throughout life which includes learning and
experiences
o Diet
o Nutrition
o Disease
The said three plays an important role on an individual’s physical development
 Chromosomes: threadlike tissues that carries the genes and are usually found in pairs
o 23 pairs: classified as autosomes or trait chromosomes
o 22 pairs: gonosomes or sex chromosome
 Genes: basic carrier of hereditary traits and are classified as
o Dominant: strong genes
o Recessive: weak genes

Theories of Physical Self

 Theory of Physiognomy: a person’s physical characteristics such as facial features and

expressions and body structures could be related to a person’s character or personality
 Ancient Chinese practice of face reading
 o The face is three-dimensional reflection of “who we are and how life has affected us”
o Rooted in the five-element theory
Water
Wood
Fire
Earth
Metal
 Hippocrates: developed a theory based on the prominence of body fluids
o An excess or of deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids (or humors) in a person
influences their personality, temperament, and well-being
Sanguine type: prominence of the red bile; tend to be impulsive, cheerful,
happy, and optimistic
Melancholic: prominence of black bile; tend to be depressed and pessimistic
Choleric: prominence of yellow bile; easily angry, jumpy, and temperament
Phlegmatic: excess phlegm; sluggish, dull, and slow
 William Sheldon: body-type theory based on physical characteristics
o Endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic
Endomorphic: body type is soft and plump; easy going and sociable
Mesomorphic: strong muscular body; energetic, adventurous, assertive, and
courageous, they are competitive and tend to be dominant
Ectomorphic: tall and thin; restrained, quiet, introverted, and artistic
 Jean Haner: The Wisdom of your Face
o Oval-shaped faces: generally hospitable and tactful
o Round shaped: friendly, kindhearted, selfless
o Square faces: witty, analytical, great leaders
o Heart-shaped faces: patient and intuitive by nature
o Long-shaped faces: perfectionists and tend to be aggressive
o Triangle-shaped: creative, artistic, sensitive, and determined
o Diamond faces: detail-oriented and like to be in control
o Full and thick eyebrows: confident, assertive, and goal-oriented
o Larger or highly defined jaws: strong values and firm beliefs
 Squier and Mew
o Long and angular faces: responsive, assertive, and genuine
o Short and square faces: restrained, conforming, and shrewd

Body Image

 Body image: refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical
appearance
 Appearance: everything about a person that others can observe such as height, weight, skin
color, clothes, and hairstyle
 Through appearances, an individual is able to show others the kind of person he or she is
 Self- esteem: person’s overall evaluation of his or her own worth
  The greatest concern that girls express about their bodies is how they conform to idealized
notions of beauty
 Bullying and peer pressure: associated with greater body dissatisfaction
 Girls who have higher body dissatisfaction are likely to experience depression, low self-esteem,
and eating disorder
 Anorexia: an eating disorder in which a person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight which
can lead to severe starvation and death
 Bulimia nervosa: the person induces purging after binging on large quantities of food

The Importance of Beauty

 Egyptian art: beauty is perceived in woman with slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long black
hair
 Renaissance period: woman with full figure and rounded hips
 Medieval Age: chubby, fat, or plump women
 Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia: flat noses
 Traditionally, humans who have clean and unblemished skin, thick shiny hair, well-proportioned
bodies, symmetrical faces are perceived to be beautiful
 Beauty: indicate youth, health, good genes, and fertility
 Tattooing, make up, piercings: form of body modification
 Tattoo and Piercing: signs of one’s strength, bravery, and social status
 Cosmetic surgery: form of body modification
o Restore, reconstruct, and alter body parts
 Studies have shown that men and women who are physically attractive have more opportunities
in finding a job, getting promoted, and having higher income
 Some people tend to view attractive people as happier, smarter, and better people

Sexual Self

Development of Sex Characteristics and the Human Reproductive System

 Rapid physical changes, maturation of reproductive system, and development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics: beginning of adolescence
o Primary sex characteristics: physical characteristics present at birth; females have
vagina, uterus, and ovaries while males have penis, testes, scrotum, and prostate gland
o Secondary sex characteristics: develop during the onset of puberty; enlargement of
breasts, widening of hips, menstruation, enlargement of buttocks, and growth of pubic
hair; deepening of voice, sperm production, facial and pubic hair
 Primary sex characteristics develop as the embryo grows in the womb
o Result of chromosomes contained within the embryonic cells
 Gonads: two organs which form the embryo in 5 weeks of pregnancy; this causes male’s sex
organs to develop which release testosterone
 Ovaries: produce estrogen, progesterone, and small amount of testosterone
o Estrogen: promotes female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics
 o Progesterone: stimulates growth of the female reproductive organs and prepares the
uterus for pregnancy
 Female sex chromosomes are not produced consistently
o It follows a cyclical pattern approximately 28-day monthly cycle
o Greatest production occurs during ovulation period
o Ovulation period can occur 14 days after beginning of menstruation
 Reproductive system: designed for reproduction and sexual function
 Female reproductive system: clitoris, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and two ovaries
o Clitoris: made of erectile tissue, hardens when women are sexually aroused
o Vagina: muscular tube that serves as the receptacle for penis and carrier of the sperm to
the uterus; the birth canal
o Ovaries: produce, store, and release the egg cell during ovulation
o Uterus: hollow organ, where the fertilized embryo grows to become a fetus
o Cervix: lower part of the uterus, passageway between the uterus and vagina that
expands during childbirth
o Fallopian tube: carries the fertilized egg from the ovary to the uterus
 Pregnancy starts from fertilization and end at birth for approximately 260 days
 Male reproductive system: penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, vas deferens,
and epididymis
o Penis: urination and deliver sperm cells into vagina during sexual intercourse
o Prostate gland and seminal vesicles: where the sperm travels, produce semen and
nourishes the sperm
o Testes or testicles: located at the scrotum, responsible for production of sperm cells and
male sex chromosomes
o Scrotum: loose pouch-like sac of skin
o Vas deferens: transports the sperm containing fluid called semen
o Epididymis: set of coiled ducts connected to the vas deferens where cells are stored
o Ejaculation: release of sperm cells from the penis; each contains 300 to 500 sperm cells
o Sperm cells can live up to 48 hours inside the uterus

Sexual Arousal and Erogenous Zones: What Turns People On

 Erogenous zones: areas of the body which are highly sensitive and produce sexual responses
when stimulated
o Genitals, mouth, breasts, ears, anus, (lesser degree) entire surface of the body
 Masturbation: self-stimulation: most basic forms of sexual stimulation, causes sexual pleasure or
orgasm
 The brain is where sexual desire originates and where sexual behavior is controlled
 Sexual fantasies play a significant role in sexual arousal
 Culture also influences the expression of sexual desire
o Norms continue to shape sexual activity along socially acceptable behavior
 Expression of sexual desire is also influenced by sexual scripts

The Phases of Sexual Response

  William Masters and Virginia Johnson: use the term sexual-response cycle to describe the
changes that occur in the body as women and men become sexually aroused
o Excitement: beginning of sexual arousal, can last one minute to several hours, pulse rate
increase, blood pressure rises, breathing quickens, and skin shows a rosy flush, nipple
hardens; in men, penis become erect, skin of scrotum thickens, testes increase in size, in
women, clitoris swells, vagina opens and insides become wet
o Plateau: changes in the body continue; in men, penis becomes more erect,
circumference of its head increases, and few drops of fluids are released; in women,
vagina swells and clitoris retract, outer lips of vagina become redder
o Orgasm: contractions of muscles in and around the penis stimulate release of semen,
contraction of pelvic muscles
o Resolution: body turns to normal phase

Attraction, Love, and Attachment

 Dating and courtship emerge and become increasingly important during adolescence
 Physical attractiveness: the degree to which a person’s physical traits are regarded as
aesthetically pleasing or beautiful
 Social exchange theory: attraction is the result of an exchange process
 Robert Stenberg: three components of love
o Intimacy: feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness
o Passion: the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation
o Commitment: decision to love and the commitment to maintain the love
 Romantic love has strong components of sexual attraction and infatuation; often experienced in
the early stage of a love relationship
 Helen Fisher: important ingredients of romantic love
o Lust: desire for sexual gratification
o Attraction: associated with sexual attraction
o Attachment: occurs when individuals desire to connect with another person intimately;
affectionate or passionate love
 John Bowlby: attachment as a strong affectionate tie that binds a person to an intimate
companion
o Quality of early parent-child attachment has lasting impact on the kind of relationships
people have later in life
o The ability to form a stable and close relationships begins at infancy

Sexual Orientation

 Refers to a person’s sexual identity anchored on what gender they are attracted to
 Heterosexuality: sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex
 Homosexuality: orientation of one who is sexually attracted to the same sex
 Bisexuality: orientation where one is attracted to both opposite and same sex
 Genetic factors such as hormones and certain neural systems may play a role in sexual
orientation
 Reinforcement and observational learning might also affect an individual’s sexual orientation
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Early Pregnancy

 Commonly include human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,

gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, and genital warts
 HIV/AIDS: caused by direct contact with body fluids such as through blood transfusion, breast
feeding, and sexual intercouse
o Attacks the immune system and infected person eventually dies
o Gonorrhea: caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the lining of the mucous
membrane
Can be treated by penicillin or antibiotics
o Syphilis: infects genital area and other parts of the body including the brain and can
cause paralysis
o Chlamydia: caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis
In men, it can cause swollen testicles and burning sensation during urination
Sterility among women
o Genital herpes: itching and tingling sensations, abscesses, and blisters in the genital area
No cure
o Genital warts: caused by human papillomavirus
Women are prone to cervical cancer
 Teenage pregnancy: high concerns in Philippines

Methods of Contraception and The Reproductive Health Law

 Contraception: methods that are used to prevent pregnancy

o Use of condoms
o Intrauterine device of IUD: tiny device made flexible plastic that is inserted in the uterus
to prevent pregnancy
o Birth Control Injectibles
o Oral Contraceptive Pills
 Cervical mucus method: Billings ovulation method, natural family planning or careful
observation of mucus patterns during the course of menstrual cycle
 Abstaining from sexual intercourse is the best method in preventing pregnancy and transmitted
infectious disease
 Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012: Reproductive Health Law or RH
Law, guarantees to universal access of methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual
education, and maternal care
o Aims to keep couples and women well-informed about available family planning
methods
o Promotes awareness among youth and adolescence on sexuality and reproductive
health through proper sex education
The Material Self

 Material possessions are usually a reflection of a person’s success or failure

 William James: the self is everything that an individual considers to be his or hers possessions
and beliefs
o The self is the manifestation of one’s identity through his material possessions
 Body: basic component of the material self
o Task of adolescent is to accept and appreciate the physical characteristics of their body
 Clothes: another component of the material self
o Clothes represent self
o Style and brand: significant symbols
o Peer groups: great influencers of what clothes to wear
 House, car, pets, and other things that he or she considers as his or her possession are also
examples of the material component of the self
 People are also considered a material component of the self in which whom they feel
psychologically connected
o They help shape and influence the development of one’s self and identity

The Role of Material Possessions on the Sense of Self and Identity

 Rusell Belk: Are We What We Own?; suggests that material possessions act as an objective
manifestation of the self
 Success is equivalent to material possessions
 Owning material possessions becomes a driving force in urging an individual to seek high level of
achievement in order to be able to acquire more possessions
o Feeling of well-being, sense of personal growth and purpose or meaning in life
 Lack of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s mental health
 The greater the material possessions, the more likely one will be accepted and regarded well by
other people
 Materialism: giving more importance to material possessions than intangible values
o Compulsive buying disorder (CBD): obsession with shopping and buying behaviors that
can cause adverse consequences
 Developmental evidence: identification with material things begins quite early in life but
remains high throughout life as people seek for happiness
 Always ask: DO I REALLY NEED THIS?

Consumer Culture

 Is a social system in which consumption is dominated by the consumption of commercial

products
 A social arrangement in which the relations between lived culture and social resource, and
between meaningful ways of life and the symbolic and material resources in which they depend
on, are mediated through markets
  Consumerist society: when people spend a great deal of time, money, and energy to consume
commercial products, goods, and services
 Consumerism: consumption of material goods and services in excess of one’s basic needs

Spiritual Self

 The spiritual aspect of the self is the inner essence, the part of the self that connects the person
to the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe.
 It enables a person to experience a feeling of oneness with a higher being and the universe and
gives a deeper purpose or meaning of one’s life.
 It develops through interaction, observation, and imitation.

Spirituality

 Spiritus: Latin word, breath or life force

 Spirituality is the search for sacred, the process through which people seek to discover, hold on
to, and transform whatever they generally refer to meaning and purpose in one’s life
 The term originally developed in early Christianity.
 Spirit is the Holy spirit for Christians
 Christian Ethics: Peschke; the experience of the sacred is characterized by reverence, faith, fear,
trust, love, and admiration which are intimately connected to God
 Worship: an essential act to realize the ultimate meaning of reading the Bible, attending
sacraments, and doing sacrifices
 Religion: an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural along with
associated ceremonial practices
 Spirituality and religion fulfills numerous social and psychological needs, such as the need to
explain human sufferings and death

Search for the Meaning of Life

 Viktor Frankl: Man’s Search for Meaning; Nazi concentration camp, how a prisoner passes
through three phases through three major phases in the concentration camp
o State of shock: first phase
o Phase of developing apathy: apathy is the blunting of the emotions and the feeling that
one could not care anymore
o Psychology after liberation: experiencing depersonalization; state in which everything is
unreal, unlikely, as in a dream
 Logotherapy: the pursuit of human existence as well as on man’s search for such a meaning;
striving to find a meaning in one’s life is the primary motivational force in man; has three phases
to discover the meaning of life
o By doing a deed: through achievements or accomplishments
o By experiencing a value: example is loving someone
Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his
or her personality; it finds its deepest meaning in one’s spiritual being—the
inner self
 o By suffering: man encounter the central theme of existentialism; finding the purpose, he
who has a why to live can bear almost any how
 Each individual is questioned by life; and he or she can only answer to life by answering for his
or her own life; to life he or she can only respond by being responsible

The Practice of Animism

 Animism: the belief that creatures, objects, and places possess certain spirits; belief that things
and places are alive and grounded by a supernatural order
o Philippines: animism is practiced by indigenous people
o Belief that different deities exist to protect them and guide them toward a fruitful life
 Act of worship is believed to be given to spirits that inhabit animals and nature
 Animism helps people to be conscious of the environment that they are in, thus making them
more mindful of how they act according to the different things they come in contact with

The Political Self

Understanding Politics

 Kendall: a social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by people and
groups
 Aristotle’s work: Politics, politics and the political community must play in bringing about the
virtuous life in the citizenry
o Man, by nature, is a political animal
 Politics is important part of human development because it promotes ideologies about
democracy, citizenship, human rights, freedom, family, health, and other social issues
 Citizenship: the most basic identification with the nation; the membership of a citizen in a
political society
 Stevens, Anglin, and Jussim: in some people, politics is a central component of their identity
 Political self organizes one’s beliefs, attitudes, and affiliations and aids in processing of politically
relevant information

Political Self and Identity

 Political self organizes self-relevant information about politics

o Knowledge about the constitution, government, and governance
 Political self helps in defining the structure and functions of the government, in telling the
relationship between the state and the citizens, and in describing their rights, freedom, and
obligations as citizens.
 Political self exemplifies the ideals and aspirations of the people, embodies the rules and
principles of the State, and determines the status and power of the people.
 Identity: important component of political self; the person’s understanding of who and what he
or she is
 Citizenship: a salient basis for political self
  Democracy and Citizenship: citizenship is the most basic identification with the nation and is
oriented towards the state and its expressions in law and policy
 Identity construction: shaped by societal agencies that entire life of the individual from
childhood to adulthood
 Political self and identity are developed through socialization

The Origins of Political Self

 Authority: necessary in the development of the political self and identity

 Aristotle: state as a natural union of families
o Established for a common good
 Basic values and beliefs: first and foremost duty of parents
 Morality: underlies political values and beliefs
 School: teaches the value of patriotism, nationalism, and encouragement in the involvement in
public and civic affairs of the country
 Church: shape the ideals of citizenship and democracy through religious teachings
 Peers: encompasses and emphasizes the equal distribution of power
 Mass media: key source of information on politics and influence an individual’s political self and
beliefs

Theories of Political Self

 Social learning theory: a person can acquire learning through observation and imitation
o Imitation: the learner watches the behavior of another person then performs the similar
way
o Political socialization: the lifelong process by which individuals gain knowledge about
politics, observation and imitation are important
o Process of identification: incorporates the characteristics or traits of the models they
look up to
 Cognitive theory: mental activities of individuals are important determinants of behavior
o Interpretation of meaning of politics then decide the actions they will make
 Theory of Symbolic Interaction: behaviors are products of communication, meaning, and
symbols
 Theory of Political participation: citizen’s actions or activities anchored in politics; a covenant of
mutual trust and respect among members of the society must exist
o Open flow of communication and feedback
o Commitment and maintaining the responsibilities of the environment