EL

Introduction:
Sensing & Actuation

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

 Transducer

EL
Transducer
Transducer

Input Signal Output Signal

Sensor Processor Actuator

PT
Transducer’s input Transducer’s output

Source: “Sensor” Online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html

2
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Transducer (Contd.)

EL
 Transducer:
 Converts a signal from one physical form to another physical form
 Physical form: thermal, electric, mechanical, magnetic, chemical, and
optical
 Energy converter

PT
 Example:
 Microphone : Converts sound to electrical signal
 Speaker : Converts electrical signal to sound
 Antenna : Converts electromagnetic energy into electricity and vice versa
 Strain gauge : Converts strain to electrical

3
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Definition of Sensor

EL
 The characteristic of any device or material to detect the
presence of a particular physical quantity
 The output of sensor is signal, which is converted to human
readable form

PT 4
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensor

EL
 Performs some function of input by sensing or feeling the
physical changes in the characteristic of a system in response
to stimuli
 Input: Physical parameter or stimuli

PT
 Example: Temperature, light, gas, pressure, and sound
 Output: Response to stimuli

5
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensor (Contd.)

EL
Temperature and Humidity Gas (LPG, CH4, and CO) detector Ultrasonic sensor - HC-SR04 CMOS Camera
sensor – DH22 sensor - MQ-5

PIR sensor
PT Rain detector sensor Fire detector sensor

6
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensor Characteristics

EL
 Static characteristics
 After steady state condition, how the output of a sensor change in
response to an input change
 Dynamic characteristics

PT
 The properties of the system’s transient response to an input

7
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Static characteristics

EL
 Accuracy
 Represents the correctness of the output compared to a superior
system
 The different between the standard and the measured value
 Range

PT
 Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within
which the sensor can actually sense
 Beyond this value there is no sensing or no kind of response

8
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Static Characteristics (Contd.)

EL
 Resolution
 Provides the smallest change in the input that a sensor is capable of
sensing
 Resolution is an important specification towards selection of sensors.

PT
 Higher the resolution better the precision
 Errors
 The difference between the standard value and the value produced by
sensor

9
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Static Characteristics (Contd.)

EL
 Sensitivity
 Sensitivity indicates ratio of incremental change in the response of
the system with respect to incremental change in input parameter.
 It can be found from slope of output characteristic curve of a sensor
 Linearity

PT
 The deviation of sensor value curve from a particular straight line

10
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensor Characteristics (Contd.)

EL
 Drift
 The difference in the measurements of sensor from a specific reading
when kept at that value for a long period of time
 Repeatability

PT
 The deviation between measurements in a sequence under same
conditions

Source : “Sensor”, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html
Source: “Repeatability”, MIT, Online: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-693-principles-of-oceanographic-instrument-systems-sensors-and-
measurements-13-998-spring-2004/

11
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Dynamic Characteristics

EL
How well a sensor responds to changes in its input
 Zero order system
 Output shows a response to the input signal with no delay
 Does not include energy-storing elements

PT
 Example: Potentiometer measures linear and rotary displacements

12
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Dynamic Characteristics (Contd.)

EL
 First order system
 When the output approaches its final value gradually
 Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element
 Second order system

PT
 Complex output response
 The output response of sensor oscillates before steady state

13
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensor Classification

EL
Sensor

Passive and active

PT Analog and digital

Scalar and vector

14
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Passive Sensor

EL
 Cannot independently sense the input
 Example: Accelerometer, soil moisture, water-level, and
temperature sensors

PT 15
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Active Sensor

EL
 Independently sense the input
 Example: Radar, sounder, and laser altimeter sensors

PT 16
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Analog Sensor

EL
 The response or output of the sensor is some continuous
function of its input parameter
 Example: Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor, and
Analog Hall effect/Magnetic Sensor

PT
 A LDR shows continuous variation in its resistance as a function of
intensity of light falling on it

17
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Digital Sensor

EL
 Responses in binary nature
 Designs to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors
 Along with the analog sensor it also comprises of extra

PT
electronics for bit conversion
 Example: Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital
temperature sensor (DS1620)

18
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Scalar Sensor

EL
 Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude
 The response of the sensor is a function of magnitude of the
input parameter

PT
 Not affected by the direction of the input parameter
 Example: Temperature, gas, strain, color, and smoke sensors

19
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Vector Sensor

EL
 The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the
direction and orientation of input parameter
 Example : Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field, and

PT
motion detector sensors

20
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Actuator

EL
Energy Actuator Signal

Motion / Force

PT
 An actuator is part of the system that deals with the control
action required (mechanical action)
 Mechanical or electro-mechanical devices

21
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Actuator (Contd.)

EL
 A control signal is input to an actuator and an
energy source is necessary for its operation
 Available in both micro and macro scales DC Motor

 Example: Electric motor, solenoid, hard drive

actuator PT
stepper motor, comb drive, hydraulic cylinder,
piezoelectric actuator, and pneumatic

Relay

22
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Classification of Actuators

EL
Electric Linear
Electric Rotary
Fluid Power Linear
Fluid Power Rotary

PT Linear Chain Actuators

Manual Linear
Manual Rotary
Source : “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

23
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Electric Linear Actuator

EL
 Powered by electrical signal
 Mechanical device containing linear guides,
motors, and drive mechanisms
 Converts electrical energy into linear

PT
displacement
 Used in automation applications including
electrical bell, opening and closing dampers,
locking doors, and braking machine motions
Source: “Electric bell”, ЮК/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 18 February 2008, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Bell_animation.gif
Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

24
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Electric Rotary Actuator

EL
 Powered by electrical signal
 Converts electrical energy into rotational
motion
 Applications including quarter-turn valves,
windows, and robotics

PT Source: “Electric motor”, Abnormaal / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Unported/ GFDL. Published date: 21
May 2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif
Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

25
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Fluid Power Linear Actuator

EL
 Powered by hydraulic fluid, gas, or differential air pressure
 Mechanical devices have cylinder and piston mechanisms
 Produces linear displacement

PT
 Primarily used in automation applications including clamping
and welding

Source : “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

26
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Fluid Power Rotary Actuator

EL
 Powered by fluid, gas, or differential air
pressure
 Consisting of gearing, and cylinder and piston
mechanisms

PT
 Converts hydraulic fluid, gas, or differential air
pressure into rotational motion
 Primarily applications of this actuator are
opening and closing dampers, doors, and
clamping Source: “Axial piston pump”, MichaelFrey / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-4.0 International/. Published date: 11 August
2017, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axialkolbenpumpe_-_einfache_Animation.gif
Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

27
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Linear Chain Actuator

EL
 Mechanical devices containing sprockets
and sections of chain
 Provides linear motion by the free ends
of the specially designed chains

PT
 Primarily used in motion control
applications
Source: “Rigid chain actuator”, Catsquisher/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 11 January 2011, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rigid_Chain_Actuator.gif
Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

28
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Manual Linear Actuator

EL
 Provides linear displacement through the translation of
manually rotated screws or gears
 Consists of gearboxes, and hand operated knobs or wheels
 Primarily used for manipulating tools and workpieces

PT
Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

29
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Manual Rotary Actuator

EL
 Provides rotary output through the translation of manually
rotated screws, levers, or gears
 Consists of hand operated knobs, levers, handwheels, and
gearboxes

PT
 Primarily used for the operation of valves

Source: “Classification of actuators” Online: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-of-actuators

30
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 References

EL
1. Sensor. Online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html
2. Repeatability of Sensor. Online: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-693-principles-of-
oceanographic-instrument-systems-sensors-and-measurements-13-998-spring-2004/
3. Classification of actuators. Online URL: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/types-
of-actuators
4. “Electric bell”, ЮК/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 18 February 2008, Online:

PT
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Bell_animation.gif
5. “Electric motor”, Abnormaal / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Unported/ GFDL/, Published date: 21 May
2008, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif
6. “Axial piston pump”, MichaelFrey / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-4.0 International/, Published date: 11
August 2017, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axialkolbenpumpe_-_einfache_Animation.gif
7. “Rigid chain actuator”, Catsquisher/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 11 January 2011, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rigid_Chain_Actuator.gif

31
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
PT 32
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
Introduction:
IoT Connectivity – Part I

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

Communication Protocols

EL
 The following communication protocols are important for IoT:
 IEEE 802.15.4  ISA 100
 Zigbee  Bluetooth
 6LoWPAN  NFC


PT
Wireless HART
Z-Wave
 RFID

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

 EL
IEEE 802.15.4

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3
 Introduction to IEEE 802.15.4

EL
 This standard provides a framework meant for lower layers (MAC
and PHY) for a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
 PHY defines frequency band, transmission power, and modulation
scheme of the link.
 MAC defines issues such as medium access and flow control
(frames).

PT
 This standard is used for low power, low cost (manufacturing and
operation), and low speed communication between neighboring
devices (< ~75m).
Source: What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Fenzel, L.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

 Features of IEEE 802.15.4

EL
 This standard utilizes DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum)
coding scheme to transmit information.
 DSSS uses phase shift keying modulation to encode information.
 BPSK - 868/915 MHz, data transmission rate 20/40 kbps respectively.

PT
 OQPSK - 2.4 GHz, data transmission rate 250 kbps.
 DSSS scheme makes the standard highly tolerant to noise and
interference and thereby improving link reliability.

Source: What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Fenzel, L.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

 Features of IEEE 802.15.4 (contd.)

EL
 The preferable nature of transmission is line of sight (LOS).
 The standard range of transmission - 10 to 75m.
 The transmission of data uses CSMA-CA (carrier sense
multiple access with collision avoidance) scheme.

PT
 Transmissions occur in infrequent short packets for duty cycle
(<1 %), thus reducing consumption of power.
 Star network topology and peer-to-peer network topology is
included.
Source: What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Fenzel, L.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

Variants of IEEE 802.15.4

EL
Version Feature
802.15.4 - Basic version. The modulation schemes and data rates were fixed for
2003 different frequency band – 868, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz.

802.15.4 -
2006

PTAlso known as 802.15.4b. Provides higher data rate even on the lower
frequency bands. In the 868 MHz, the data transmission rate is up to
100 kb/s while in 915 MHz, the data transmission rate is up to 250
kb/s. Uses OQPSK for all the frequency bands.

Source: Poole, I. IEEE 802.15.4 Technology & Standard.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

 Variants of IEEE 802.15.4 (contd.)

EL
Version Feature
802.15.4 Increases range capability. Defines two new physical layers –
a Direct Sequence ultra-wideband (UWB) – 249.6 - 749.6 MHz (sub-gigahertz
band), 3.1 - 4.8 GHz (low band), and 6 - 10 GHz (high band). Chirp spread
spectrum (CSS) approach in ISM band at 2.4 GHz.

PT
802.15.4 This version provides 780 MHz band in China. It uses either O-QPSK or MPSK
c (Multiple frequency-shift keying) using data transmission rate 250 kb/s.
802.15.4 This version provides 950 MHz band in Japan. It uses either GFSK (Gaussian
d frequency-shift keying) using data rate 100 kb/s or BPSK using data rate 20 kb/s.

Source: Poole, I. IEEE 802.15.4 Technology & Standard.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

Variants of IEEE 802.15.4 (contd.)

EL
Version Feature
802.15.4e Defines MAC developments to IEEE 802.15.4 towards ISA
SP100.11a application (industrial applications).

802.15.4f Defines fresh PHYs for 433 MHz frequency band (RFID applications),

PT
2.4 GHz frequency band and UWB.
802.15.4g Defines fresh PHYs for smart utility networks for 902 - 928 MHz
band (smart grid applications, majorly for the energy industry).

Source: Poole, I. IEEE 802.15.4 Technology & Standard.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

 EL
Zigbee

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10
Introduction to Zigbee

EL
 Provides a framework for medium-range communication in IoT
connectivity.
 Defines PHY (Physical) and MAC (Media Access Control) layers
enabling interoperability between multiple devices at low-data
rates.

PT
 Operates at 3 frequencies –
 868 MHz (1 channel using data transmission rate up to 20 kbps)
 902-928MHz (10 channels using data transmission rate of 40 kbps)
 2.4 GHz (16 channels using data transmission rate of 250 kbps).
Source: Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

Features of Zigbee

EL
 The lower frequency bands use BPSK.
 For the 2.4 GHz band, OQPSK is used.
 The data transfer takes place in 128 bytes packet size.
 The maximum allowed payload is 104 bytes.


PT
The nature of transmission is line of sight (LOS).
Standard range of transmission – upto 70m.

Source: Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

Features of Zigbee (contd.)

EL
 Relaying of packets allow transmission over greater distances.
 Provides low power consumption (around 1mW per Zigbee
module) and better efficiency due to
 adaptable duty cycle

PT
 low data rates (20 - 250 kbit/s)
 low coverage radio (10 -100 m)
 Networking topologies include star, peer-to-peer, or cluster-
tree (hybrid), mesh being the popular.
Source: Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

Features of Zigbee (contd.)

EL
 The Zigbee protocol defines three types of nodes:
 Coordinators - Initializing, maintaining and controlling the network. There
is one and only one per network.
 Routers - Connected to the coordinator or other routers. Have zero or
more children nodes. Contribute in multi hop routing.

PT
 End devices - Do not contribute in routing.
 Star topology has no router, one coordinator, and zero or more
end devices.
 In mesh and tree topologies, one coordinator maintains several
routers and end devices. Source: Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

Features of Zigbee (contd.)

EL
 Each cluster in a cluster-tree network involves a coordinator
through several leaf nodes.
 Coordinators are linked to parent coordinator that initiates
the entire network.

PT
 ZigBee standard comes in two variants:
 ZigBee
 ZigBee Pro - offers scalability, security, and improved performance
utilizing many-to-one routing scheme.
Source: Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

 EL
6LoWPAN

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16
Introduction to 6LoWPAN

EL
 6LoWPAN is IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area
Networks.
 It optimizes IPv6 packet transmission in low power and lossy
network (LLN) such as IEEE 802.15.4.

PT
 Operates at 2 frequencies:
 2400–2483.5 MHz (worldwide)
 902–929 MHz (North America)
 It uses 802.15.4 standard in unslotted CSMA/CA mode.
Source: Olsson, J. 6LoWPAN demystified.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

 Features of 6LoWPAN

EL
 6LowPAN converts the data format to be fit with the IEEE 802.15.4
lower layer system.
 IPv6 involves MTU (maximum transmission unit) of 1280 bytes in
length, while the IEEE 802.15.4 packet size is 127 bytes.

PT
 Hence a supplementary adaptation layer is introduced between
MAC and network layer that provides:
 Packet fragmentation & packet reassembly
 Compression of header
 Routing of data link layer. Source: Olsson, J. 6LoWPAN demystified.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

Features of 6LoWPAN (contd.)

EL
 Fragmentation is required to fit the intact IPv6 packet into a
distinct IEEE 802.15.4 frame (> ~106 bytes).
 The fragmentation header allows 2048 bytes packet size with
fragmentation.

PT
 Using fragmentation and reassembly, 128-byte IPv6 frames are
transmitted over IEEE 802.15.4 radio channel into several
smaller segments.
 Every fragment includes a header.
Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19

Features of 6LoWPAN (contd.)

EL
 Header compression reduces the transmission overhead and
allows efficient transmission of payload.
 IPv6 addresses are compressed in 6LoWPAN:
 8-byte UDP header

PT
 40-byte IPv6 header
 Stateless auto configuration allows any device to create the IPv6
address automatically devoid of external dealing using a DHCP
server.
Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

Features of 6LoWPAN (contd.)

EL
 Data link layer routing is classified into two schemes:
 mesh-under - utilizes link layer address to forward data packets.
 route-over - utilizes network layer IP address.
 Provides link layer security (AES-128) from IEEE 802.15.4 such as
authentication of link and encryption.

PT
Source: Sulthana, M. R. A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

 EL
Wireless HART

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22
 Introduction to Wireless HART

EL
 WirelessHART is based on HART (Highway Addressable Remote
Transducer).
 It is the first international industrial wireless standard (IEC 62591),
based upon the standard IEEE 802.15.4.
 Functions in the 2.4GHz ISM band using data rate of up to 250
kb/s.

adjacent channels. PT
 11 to 26 channels are supported, with a gap of 5MHz between two

 The same channel can’t be used consecutively.

Source: Feng, A. WirelessHART- Made Easy.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

 Features of Wireless HART

EL
 Exploits IEEE 802.15.4 accustomed DSSS coding scheme.
 A WirelessHART node follows channel hopping every time it
sends a packet.
 Modulation technique used is offset quadrature phase shift

PT
keying (OQPSK).
 Transmission Power is around 10dBm (adjustable in discrete
steps).

Source: Feng, A. WirelessHART- Made Easy.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24

Features of Wireless HART (contd.)

EL
 Maximum payload allowed is 127 bytes.
 It employs TDMA (time division multiple access) that allots
distinct time slot of 10ms for each transmission.
 TDMA technology is used to provide collision free and

PT
deterministic communications.
 A sequence of 100 consecutive time slots per second is grouped
into a super frame.
 Slot sizes and the super frame length are fixed.
Source: Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25

Features of Wireless HART (contd.)

EL
 The devices support multiple super frames with differing
numbers of timeslots.
 At least one super frame is always enabled while additional
super frames are enabled and disabled according to the demand
of bandwidth.

PT
 For any message, communication occurs in the alloted timeslot
and frequency channel.
 Supports both star and mesh topologies.
Source: Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26

 References

EL
1. Fenzel, L. (2013). What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless? Online. URL:
https://www.electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-ieee-802154-and-zigbee-
wireless.
2. Poole, I. IEEE 802.15.4 Technology & Standard. Online. URL: https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/ieee-802-
15-4/wireless-standard-technology.php
3. Agarwal, T. ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications. Online. URL: https://www.elprocus.com/what-
is-zigbee-technology-architecture-and-its-applications.
4. Acosta, G. (2018). The ZigBee Protocol. Online. URL: https://www.netguru.co/codestories/the-zigbee-protocol

PT
5. Olsson, J. (2014). 6LoWPAN demystified. Texas Instruments, 13.
6. Sulthana, M. R. (2015). A Novel Location Based Routing Protocol For 6LoWPAN.
7. Feng, A. (2011). WirelessHART- Made Easy. Online. URL: https://www.awiatech.com/category/wirelesshart-blog/
8. Salman, T. and Jain, R. (2017). A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. Advanced Computing and
Communications, 1(1).
9. Ishaq, I., Carels, D., Teklemariam, G. K., Hoebeke, J., Abeele, F. V. D., Poorter, E. D., ... & Demeester, P. (2013). IETF
standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 2(2), 235-
287.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 27

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 28
 EL
Introduction:
IoT Connectivity – Part 2

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

 EL
Z-Wave

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2
Introduction to Z-Wave

EL
 Z-wave is a low power radio communication technology primarily used for
home automation and security systems.
 It was designed as a simpler and cheaper alternative to Zigbee for small
to medium range connectivity.
 It operates on the unlicensed part of the industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) band: 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz in Europe, avoiding any

PT
interference with the 2.4Ghz band(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and others).
 Z-wave uses a Mesh Network Topology to communicate among the
devices, supporting up to 232 nodes in a network.

Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

Features of Z-Wave

EL
 A Z-wave network has 2 device categories: Controller and Slave
 The Controller is a central entity which sets up the Z-wave network
and manages other slave devices in the network.
 Each logical Z-wave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and multiple
unique Node IDs for the devices in the network.

PT
 The Network ID is of length 4 Bytes and Node ID is of length 1 Byte.
 The nodes can communicate only within their home network
 It offers a data rate of up to 100kbps and an average
communication range of 30 meters.
Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

 Features of Z-Wave (contd.)

EL
 It uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary
controller.
 Z-wave considers only static devices in the network due to its source
routed network topology.
 The devices communicate with one another only when they are in

PT
range.
 Messages are routed through different nodes in case of any
obstruction due to interior layout and other household appliances.
 These obstructions are called radio dead-spots and can be bypassed
using a process called Healing.
Source: Paul Lamkin. April 26, 2018. Z-Wave explained: What is Z-Wave and why is it important for your smart home

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

Application

EL
 Primarily used in Home/Office Automation
 Systems for Smart Energy Management
 System for Smart Security and Surveillance


PT
Voice control enabled applications
Appliances automation and control

Source: Applications of Z-wave technology, (March 2018)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

 EL
ISA 100.11a

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7
Introduction to ISA 100.11a

EL
 ISA 100.11a is a Standard for wireless network technology
developed by the International Society of Automation(ISA).
 The primary focus of the technology is the implementation of
automation in the industrial environment.

PT
 The protocol stack of ISA 100.11a is in compliance with IoT.
 It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol along with other
wireless networks.

Source: ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

Features of ISA 100.11a

EL
 It supports multiple devices working on different protocols to interact in a
single network, simultaneously.
 It is an open standard which enables interoperability and communication
between different devices.
 It uses the IPv6 based technology and adds the associated benefits such as
increased address space and security.

PT
 128 bits AES encryption security.
 Hence, it offers essential scalability and reliability for industrial network.
 It supports 2 network topologies for operation: 1)Star and 2)Mesh.
 Uses TDMA/CSMA schemes for resource sharing, collision avoidance.

Source: ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless?

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

Application

EL
 It is primarily used for automation in large scale complex
industries.
 Wireless monitoring of the industrial network and devices.
 Process monitoring and control automation in the industrial

PT
environment with large and complex setups.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

 EL
Bluetooth

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11
Introduction to Bluetooth

EL
 A short range wireless communication technology.
 Its is aimed at replacing the cables with wireless medium to
communicate between portable devices.
 It is based on Ad-hoc technology, also known as Ad-hoc Piconets.

PT
 Network can be established between 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices.

Source: Bluetooth Basics (March 31, 2018)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

Features of Bluetooth

EL
 It is a low cost wireless communication technology.
 Low power consumption.
 Bluetooth technology uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific and
medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ.
 Supports 1Mbps and 3Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and 2.0,
respectively.

PT
 The operating range: 1 meter for Class 3 radios, 10 meters for
Class 2 radios, and 100 meters for Class 1 radios.

Source: Bluetooth Basics (March 31, 2018)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

Application

EL
 Bluetooth is suitable for a network of devices with smaller
radius.
 Connectivity with desktop and laptop peripherals
 Wireless connectivity between mobile phones and other portable
devices.

PT
 Multimedia transfer between devices
 Automobiles use Bluetooth for connecting with multimedia and
navigation devices.
 GPS devices are connected with the end user.
Source: Tarun Agarwal. April 11, 2016. How does Bluetooth work?

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

 EL
RFID

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15
Introduction to RFID

EL
 RFID stands for “radio-frequency identification” .
 An RFID system consists of RFID tag, RFID reader and RFID
software.
 RFID tag stores digitally encoded data, which is read by a RFID

PT
reader.
 RFID tag data can be read outside the line-of-sight, as compared
to traditional barcodes and QR codes.
Source: RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16

Features of RFID

EL
 RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna,
covered with a protective material.
 Tags can be classified as passive or active.
 Active tags use their own power supply for operation and data
transfer.

PT
 Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively in
order to transmit data.

Source: RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

Application

EL
 Store product tracking.
 Asset and baggage tracking.
 Supply chain management.

PT
 Livestock tracking and management.
 Automobile tracking.
 Authentication and access control

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

 EL
NFC

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19
Introduction to NFC

EL
 Near field communication, or NFC, has been derived from radio-frequency
identification (RFID).
 NFC works within close proximity without any physical contact between the
devices unlike RFID which has a longer range of communication.

PT
 A NFC device can be any of the two types: 1) Active and 2) Passive.
 An Active type of device can both read and transmit data.
 A Passive device can only transmit data but cannot read from other NFC
devices.
Source: NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial (2016)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

Features of NFC

EL
 NFC operates at 13.56 MHz frequency.
 The communication range of NFC devices is less then 10
centimeters.
 Data rate supported are 106, 212 or 424 Kbps (kilobits per

PT
second).
 Two communication modes are supported between two
devices: Active-Active or Active-Passive mode.
Source: NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial (2016)

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

Application

EL
 Banking and payments using NFC enabled smartphones,
transaction cards.
 Tracking goods.
 Data Communication between smart phones.

PT
 Security and authentication using NFC enabled ID cards.
 Low-power home automation systems.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22

References

EL
1. ISA 100, Wireless Systems for Automation. Online. URL: https://www.isa.org/isa100/.
2. Renee Bassett. May 23, 2013. Understanding ISA100 Wireless Technology. Online. URL:
https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/networking-connectivity/wireless/understanding-isa100-
wireless-technology.
3. ISA100 Wireless tutorial | What is ISA100 Wireless?. Online. URL: http://www.rfwireless-
world.com/Tutorials/ISA100-wireless-tutorial.html.
4. Melanie Pinola. March 31, 2018. Bluetooth Basics. Online. URL: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-bluetooth-

PT
2377412.
5. Tarun Agarwal. April 11, 2016. How does Bluetooth work?. Online. URL: https://www.elprocus.com/how-does-
bluetooth-work/#comments.
6. Tarun Agarwal. March 22, 2017. Tutorial on Different Types of Bluetooth Technology, Working and Its Applications.
Online. URL: https://www.efxkits.us/different-types-bluetooth-technology-working-applications/.
7. Feb 23, 2016. NFC Near Field Communication Tutorial | NFC Tutorial. Online. URL: http://www.rfwireless-
world.com/Tutorials/NFC-Near-Field-Communication-tutorial.html.
8. Ian Poole. RFID Radio Frequency Identification Technology Tutorial. Online. URL: https://www.radio-
electronics.com/info/wireless/radio-frequency-identification-rfid/technology-tutorial-basics.php.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 24
 EL
Introduction:
IoT Networking- Part I

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

Introduction

EL
 Characteristics of IoT devices
 Low processing power
 Small in size
 Energy constraints
 Networks of IoT devices

PT
 Low throughput
 High packet loss
 Tiny (useful) payload size
 Frequent topology change
 Classical Internet is not meant for constrained IoT devices.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

Introduction

EL
PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3
 Introduction

EL
 Analogy
 Roots - Communication Protocol and device
technologies
 Trunk- Architectural Reference Model (ARM)
 Leaves – IoT Applications

PT
 Goal
 To select a minimal set of roots and propose a
potential trunk that enables the creation of a
maximal set of the leaves.

Source: FhG, I. M. L., et al. "Internet of things-architecture iot-a deliverable d1. 3–updated reference model for iot v1. 5."

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

 Enabling Classical Internet for IoT Devices

EL
 Proprietary non-IP based solution
 Vendor specific gateways
 Vendor specific APIs
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) IP based solution

PT
 Three work groups
 IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)
 Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL)
 Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE)
Source: I. Ishaq, et al. , "IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey", J. of Sens. and Act. Netw. 2, vol. 2 (2013):
235-287.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

 Proprietary non-IP based solution

EL
 Drawbacks
 Limited flexibility to end users:
vendor specific APIs
 Interoperability: vendor specific

PT
sensors and gateways
 Limited last-mile connectivity

Source: I. Ishaq, et al. , "IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey", J. of Sens. and Act. Netw. 2, vol. 2 (2013):
235-287.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

IETF IP based solution

EL
 Three work groups
 IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)
 By header compression and encapsulation it allows IPv6 packets to transmit
and receive over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.
 Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL)

PT
 New routing protocol optimized for saving storage and energy.
 Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE)
 Extend the Integration of the IoT devices from network to service level.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

 EL
Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8
CoRE

EL
 Provides a platform for applications meant for constrained
IoT devices.
 This framework views sensor and actuator resources as
web resources.

PT
 The framework is limited to applications which
 Monitor basic sensors
 Supervise actuators
 CoAP includes a mechanism for service discovery.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

CoRE: Service Discovery

EL
 IoT devices (act as mini web servers) register their resources to
Resource Directory (RD) using Registration Interface (RI).
 RD, a logical network node, stores the information about a
specific set of IoT devices.

PT
 RI supports Representational State Transfer (REST) based
protocol such as HTTP (and CoAP- optimized for IoT).
 IoT client uses Lookup interface for discovery of IoT devices.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

 EL
IoT Network QoS

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11
 IoT Network QoS

EL
 Quality-of-service (QoS) of IoT network is the ability to
guarantee intended service to IoT applications through
controlling the heterogeneous traffic generated by IoT devices.
 QoS policies for IoT Network includes

PT
 Resource utilization
 Data timeliness
 Data availability
 Data delivery
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

 Resource utilization

EL
 Requires control on the storage and bandwidth for data
reception and transmission.
 QoS policies for resource utilization:
 Resource limit policy
 Controls the amount of message buffering

PT
 Useful for memory constrained IoT devices
 Time filter policy
 Controls the data sampling rate (interarrival time) to avoid buffer overflow
 Controls network bandwidth, memory, and processing power
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

 Data timeliness

EL
 Measure of the freshness of particular information at the receiver end
 Important in case of healthcare, industrial and military applications
 Data timeliness policies for IoT network include
 Deadline policy
 Provides maximum interarrival time of data

PT
 Drops the stale data; notify the missed deadline to the application end
 Latency budget policy
 Latency budget is the maximum time difference between the data transmission
and reception from source end to the receiver end.
 Provides priority to applications having higher urgency
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

 Data availability

EL
 Measure of the amount of valid data provided by the sender/producer to
receiver/consumer
 QoS policies for data availability in IoT network include
 Durability policy
 Controls the degree of data persistence transmitted by the sender
 Data persistence ensures the availability of the data to the receiver even

PT
after sender is unavailable
 Lifespan policy
 Controls the duration for which transmitted data is valid
 History policy
 Controls the number of previous data instances available for the receiver.
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

 Data delivery

EL
 Measure of successful reception of reliable data from sender
to receiver
 QoS policies for data delivery include
 Reliability policy

PT
 Controls the reliability level associated with the data distribution
 Transport priority
 Allows transmission of data according to its priority level

Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 17
 EL
Introduction:
IoT Networking - Part 2

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

Requirements of IoT Network

EL
 Coverage
 High throughput
 Low latency

PT
 Ultra reliability
 High power efficiency

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

 EL
MQTT

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3
MQTT

EL
 Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 Introduced by IBM and standardized by Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) in
2013

PT
 Works on Publish/Subscribe framework on top of TCP/IP
architecture
 Advantages
 Reliable, Lightweight, and cost-effective protocol

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

 MQTT Publish/Subscribe Framework

EL
PT
Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

 MQTT QoS

EL
 QoS of MQTT protocol is maintained for two transactions
 First transaction: Publishing client  MQTT Server
 Second transaction: MQTT Server  Subscribing Client

PT
 Client on each transaction sets the QoS level
 For the first transaction, publishing client sets the QoS level
 For second transaction, client subscriber sets the QoS level

Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

 MQTT QoS Levels

EL
 Supports 3-level of QoS
 QoS 0:
 Also known as “at most once” delivery
 Best effort and unacknowledged data service

PT
 Publisher transmits the message one time to server and server
transmits it once to subscriber
 No retry is performed

Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

MQTT QoS Levels

EL
 QoS 1:
 Also known as “at least once” delivery
 Message delivery between the publisher, server and then between server
and subscribers occurs at least once.
 Retry is performed until acknowledgement of message is recieved

PT
 QoS 2:
 Also known as “exactly once” delivery
 This QoS level is used when neither packet loss or duplication of message
is allowed
 Retry is performed until the message is delivered exactly once

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

 EL
CoAP

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9
 CoAP

EL
 Constrained Application Protocol
 CoAP was designed by IETF Constrained RESTful Environment
(CoRE) working group to enable application with lightweight
RESTful (HTTP) interface

PT
 Works on Request/Response framework based on the UDP
architecture, including Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS) secure transport protocol
Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

 CoAP

EL
 CoAP defines four types of messages
 CON: Conformable
 NON: Non-conformable
 RST: Reset
 ACK: Acknowledgement

PT
 For conformable type message, the recipient must explicitly either
acknowledge or reject the message.
 In case of non-conformable type message, the recipient sends
reset message if it can’t process the message.
Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

 CoAP

EL
 Utilizes GET, PUT, OBSERVE, PUSH, and DELETE messages
requests to retrieve, create, initiate, update, and delete
subscription respectively.
 Supports caching capabilities to improve the response time
and reduce bandwidth consumption.

devices.
PT
 Uses IP multicast to support data requests sent to a group of

 Specialized for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.

Source: Hanes, D, et al. (2017), "IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of Things", Cisco Press.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

 EL
XMPP

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13
 XMPP

EL
 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
 Supports Publish/Subscribe messaging framework on top of
TCP protocol
 The communication protocol is based on Extensive Markup
Language (XML).

PT
 Uses Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) secure
transport protocol
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

 XMPP

EL
 XMPP model is decentralized, no central server is required.
 Advantages of XMPP
 Interoperability: Supports interoperability between heterogeneous
networks
 Extensibility: Supports privacy lists, multi-user chat, and

PT
publish/subscribe chat status notifications
 Flexibility: Supports customized markup language defined by different
organizations according to their needs
Source: H. Wang et. al., "A Lightweight XMPP Publish/Subscribe Scheme for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp.
16393-16405, 2017.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

 EL
AMQP

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16
 AMQP

EL
 Advance Message Queuing Protocol
 Optimized for financial applications
 Binary message-oriented protocol on top of TCP
 Supports Publish/Subscribe framework for both

PT
 Point-to-point (P2P)
 Multipoint communication

Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

 AMQP

EL
 Uses token-based mechanism for flow control
 Ensures no buffer overflow at the receiving end
 Message delivery guarantee services:
 At least once: Guarantees message delivery but may do so multiple
times

PT
 At most once: Each message is delivered once or never
 Exactly once: No message drop and delivered once one

Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

 EL
IEEE 1888

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19
 IEEE 1888

EL
 Energy-efficient network control protocol
 Defines a generalized data exchange protocol between
network components over the IPv4/v6-based network.
 Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) based data identification

PT
 Applications: Environmental monitoring, energy saving, and
central management systems.

Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

 EL
DDS RTPS

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21
 DDS RTPS

EL
 Distributed Data Service Real Time Publish and Subscribe
 Supports Publish/Subscribe framework and on top of UDP
transport layer protocol.
 Data-centric and binary protocol

PT
 Data is termed as “topics”.
 The users/listeners may subscribe to their particular topic of
interest
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22

 DDS RTPS

EL
 A single topic may have multiple speakers of different
priorities
 Supports enlisted QoS for data distribution
 Data persistence

PT
 Delivery deadline
 Reliability
 Data freshness
 Applications: Military, Industrial, and healthcare monitoring
Source: Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2016), "Internet of Things from hype to reality: the road to digitization", Springer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 24