MODULE 4: ANALYSIS OF BEAMS USING MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD

The learning objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the learner will be able to:
 Identify whether a structure is analyzed as a beam
 Establish the coordinate system of the structure
 Identify the degrees of freedom on a beam
 Construct the stiffness matrix of each member of the beam
 Construct the fixed-end force vector of each member of the beam
 Construct the structure stiffness matrix and the joint load vector of the structure
 Use stiffness method to evaluate the beam

COURSE MATERIAL:
The term “beam” is used herein to refer to a long straight structure, which is supported
and loaded in such a way that all the external forces and couples (including reactions) acting on
it lie in a plane of symmetry of its cross-section, with all the forces perpendicular to its centroidal
axis. Under the action of external loads, beams are subjected only to bending moments and
shear forces (but no axial forces).

Analytical Model
For analysis by the matrix stiffness method, the continuous beam is modeled as a series
of straight prismatic members connected at their ends to joints, so that the unknown external
reactions act only at the joints.

Global Coordinate System

The global coordinate system used for the analysis of beams is a right-handed XYZ
coordinate system, with the X axis oriented in the horizontal (positive to the right) direction and
coinciding with the centroidal axis of the beam in the undeformed state. The Y axis is oriented in
the vertical (positive upward) direction, with all the external loads and reactions of the beam
lying in the XY plane.

Local Coordinate System

The origin of the local xyz coordinate system for a member is located at the left end
(beginning) of the member in its undeformed state, with the x axis directed along its centroidal
axis in the undeformed state, and the y axis oriented in the vertical (positive upward) direction.

Degrees of Freedom
The degrees of freedom (or free coordinates) of a beam are simply its unknown joint
displacements (translation and rotations). Since the axial deformation of the beam are
neglected, the translations of its joints in the global X direction are zero. Therefore, a joint of a
beam can have up to two degrees of freedom, namely, a translation in the global Y direction
(i.e., in the direction perpendicular to the beam’s centroidal axis) and a rotation (about the global
Z axis). Thus, the number of structure coordinates (i.e., free and/or restrained coordinates) at a
joint of a beam equals 2.
Fig. 4.1
Joint Load Vector
Unlike plane trusses, which are subjected only to joint loads, the external loads on
beams may be applied at the joints as well as on the members. The external loads (i.e., forces
and couples or moments) applied at the joints of a structure are referred to as the joint loads,
whereas the external loads acting between the ends of the members of the structure are termed
the member loads. In this module, we focus our attention only on the joint loads, with the
member loads considered in subsequent sections. As discussed in the previous part, an
external joint load can, in general, be applied to the beam at the location and in the direction of
each of its degrees of freedom. For example, the beam of Fig. 4.1(b), with three degrees of
freedom, can be subjected to a maximum of three joint loads, through , as shown in Fig.
4.1(e). As indicated there, a load corresponding to a degree of freedom is denoted
symbolically by . The 3 × 1 joint load vector * + for the beam is written in the form

* + { }

Reaction Vector
As for the support reactions, when a beam is subjected to external joint and/or member
loads, a reaction (force or moment) can develop at the location and in the direction of each of its
restrained coordinates. For example, the beam of Fig. 4.1(b), which has five restrained
coordinates, can develop up to five reactions, as shown in Fig. 4.1(e). As indicated in this figure,
the reaction corresponding to the ith restrained coordinate is denoted symbolically by . The 5 ×
1 reaction vector * + for the beam is expressed as

* +

{ }

Member Stiffness Relations

When a beam is subjected to external loads, internal moments and shears generally
develop at the ends of its individual members. The equations expressing the forces (including
moments) at the end of a member as functions of the displacements (including rotations) of its
ends, in terms of the external loads applied to the member, are referred to as the member
stiffness relations. Such member stiffness relations are necessary for establishing the stiffness
relations for the entire beam, as discussed in succeeding the parts. In this section, we derive the
stiffness relations for the members of beams.

Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.2 (continued)
 Fig. 2 (continued)

To develop the member stiffness relations, we focus our attention on an arbitrary

prismatic member m of the continuous beam shown in Fig. 4.2(a). When the beam is subjected
to external loads, member m deforms and internal shear forces and moments are induced at its
ends. The initial and displaced positions of m are depicted in Fig. 4.2(b), in which , , and
denote the length, Young’s modulus of elasticity, and moment of inertia, respectively, of the
member. It can be seen from this figure that two displacements—translation in the y direction
and rotation about the z axis—are necessary to completely specify the displaced position of
each end of the member. Thus, the member has a total of four end displacements or degrees of
freedom. As Fig. 4.2(b) indicates, the member end displacements (including rotations) are
denoted by through , and the corresponding end forces (including moments) are denoted
by through . Note that the member end translations and forces are considered positive
when vertically upward (i.e., in the positive direction of the local y axis), and the end rotations
and moments are considered positive when counterclockwise. The numbering scheme used for
identifying the member end displacements and forces is similar to that used previously for plane
trusses. As indicated in Fig. 4.2(b), the member end displacements and forces are numbered by
beginning at the left end b of the member, which is the origin of the local coordinate system,
with the vertical translation and force numbered first, followed by the rotation and moment. The
displacements and forces at the opposite end e of the member are then numbered in the same
sequential order.
The relationships between member end forces and end displacements can be
conveniently established by subjecting the member, separately, to each of the four end
displacements and external loads, as shown in Figs. 4.2(c) through (g); and by expressing the
total member end forces as the algebraic sums of the end forces required to cause the
individual end displacements and the forces caused by the external loads acting on the member
with no end displacements. Thus, from Figs. 4.2(b) through (g), we can see that

(4.1)

in which, as defined in Module 3, a stiffness coefficient represents the force at the location
and in the direction of required, along with other end forces, to cause a unit value of
displacement , while all other end displacements are 0, and the member is not subjected to
any external loading between its ends. The last terms, (with i = 1 to 4), on the right sides of
Eqs. (4.1), represent the forces that would develop at the member ends, due to external loads, if
both ends of the member were fixed against translations and rotations (see Fig. 4.2(g)). These
forces are commonly referred to as the member fixed-end forces due to external loads. Eqs.
(4.1) can be written in matrix form as

{ } [ ]{ } (4.2)

{ }
or symbolically, as

* + , -* + { } (4.3)
in which * + and * + represent the member end force and member end displacement vectors,
respectively, in the local coordinate system; , - is the member stiffness matrix in the local
coordinate system; and { } is called the member fixed-end force vector in the local coordinate
system.

Derivation of Member Stiffness Matrix , -

It may be recalled from a previous course on mechanics of materials that the differential
equation for small-deflection bending of a beam, composed of linearly elastic homogenous
material and loaded in a plane of symmetry of its cross-section, can be expressed as
 ̅
(4.4)

in which ̅ represents the deflection of the beam’s centroidal axis (which coincides with the
neutral axis) in the y direction, at a distance x from the origin of the xy coordinate system as
shown in Fig. 4.2(b); and M denotes the bending moment at the beam section at the same
location, x. It is important to realize that the bending moment M is considered positive in
accordance with the beam sign convention, which can be stated as follows (see Fig. 4.3).
The bending moment at a section of a beam is considered positive when the external
force or couple tends to bend the beam concave upward (in the positive y direction), causing
compression in the fibers above (in the positive y direction), and tension in the fibers below (in
the negative y direction), the neutral axis of the beam at the section.

Fig. 4.3 Beam Sign Convention

To obtain the expressions for the coefficients (i = 1 through 4) in the first column of
the member stiffness matrix , - (Eq. (4.2)), we subject the member to a unit value of the end
displacement at end b, as shown in Fig. 4.2(c). Note that all other end displacements of the
member are 0 (i.e., = = = 0), and the member is in equilibrium under the action of two
end moments and , and two end shears and . To determine the equation for
bending moment for the member, we pass a section at a distance x from end b, as shown in
Fig. 4.2(c). Considering the free body to the left of this section, we obtain the bending moment
M at the section as
(4.5)
Note that the bending moment due to the couple is negative, in accordance with the beam
sign convention, because of its tendency to bend the member concave downward, causing
tension in the fibers above and compression in the fibers below the neutral axis. The bending
moment due to the end shear is positive, however, in accordance with the beam sign
convention.
Substitution of Eq. (4.5) into Eq. (4.4) yields
̅
( ) (4.6)

in which the flexural rigidity EI of the member is constant because the member is assumed to be
prismatic. The equation for the slope of the member can be determined by integrating Eq.
(4.6) as
̅
( ) (4.7)

in which denotes a constant of integration. By integrating Eq. (4.7), we obtain the equation for
deflection as
 ̅ ( ) (4.8)

in which is another constant of integration. The four unknowns in Eqs. (4.7) and (4.8)—that
is, two constants of integration and , and two stiffness coefficients and —can now
be evaluated by applying the following four boundary conditions.
At end b:
̅
At end e:
̅
By applying the first boundary condition—that is, by setting and in Eq. (4.7)—we
obtain . Next, by using the second boundary condition—that is, by setting and
̅ in Eq. (4.8)—we obtain . Thus, the equations for the slope and deflection of the
member become

( ) (4.9)

̅ ( ) (4.10)

We now apply the third boundary condition—that is, we set and in Eq. (4.9)—to
obtain
( )
from which
(4.11)
Next, we use the last boundary condition—that is, we set and ̅ in Eq. (4.10)—to
obtain
( )
from which
(4.12)
By substituting Eq. (4.11) into Eq. (4.12), we determine the expression for the stiffness
coefficient :
(4.13)
and the substitution of Eq. (4.13) into Eq. (4.11) yields
(4.14)
The remaining two stiffness coefficients, and , can now be determined by
applying the equations of equilibrium to the free body of the member shown in Fig. 4.2(c). Thus,
(4.15)

(4.16)
To determine the deflected shape of the member, we substitute the expressions for (Eq.
(4.13)) and (Eq. (4.14)) into Eq. (4.10). This yields

̅ . / . / (4.17)
Since the foregoing equation describes the variation of ̅ (i.e., the y displacement) along the
member’s length due to a unit value of the end displacement , while all other end
displacements are zero, it represents the member shape function ; that is,

. / . / (4.18)
The expressions for coefficients (i = 1 through 4) in the second column of the
member stiffness matrix , - (Eq. (4.2)) can be evaluated in a similar manner. We subject the
member to a unit value of the end displacement at end b, as shown in Fig. 4.2(d). Note that
all other member end displacements are 0 (i.e., = = = 0), and the member is in
equilibrium under the action of two end moments and , and two end shears and .
The equation for bending moment at a distance x from end b of the member can be written as
(4.19)
By substituting Eq. (4.19) into the differential equation for beam deflection (Eq. (4.4)), we obtain
̅
( ) (4.20)

By integrating Eq. (4.20) twice, we obtain the equations for the slope and deflection of the
member as
̅
( ) (4.21)

̅ ( ) (4.22)

The four unknowns, , , and , in Eqs. (4.21) and (4.22) can now be evaluated by
applying the boundary conditions, as follows.
At end b:
̅

At end e:
̅
Application of the first boundary condition (i.e., at ) yields ; using the second
boundary condition (i.e., ̅ at ), we obtain . By applying the third boundary
condition (i.e., at ), we obtain
( )
from which
(4.23)
and application of the last boundary condition (i.e., ̅ at ) yields

( )
from which
(4.24)
By substituting Eq. (4.23) into Eq. (4.24), we obtain the expression for the stiffness coefficient
:
(4.25)
and by substituting Eq. (4.25) into either Eq. (4.23) or Eq. (4.24), we obtain
(4.26)
To determine the two remaining stiffness coefficients, and , we apply the
equilibrium equations to the free body of the member shown in Fig. 4.2(d):
(4.27)

(4.28)
The shape function (i.e., deflected shape) of the member, due to a unit end displacement ,
can now be obtained by substituting the expressions for (Eq. (4.25)) and (Eq. 4.26)) into
Eq. (22), with and . Thus,

. / (4.29)
Next, we substitute the member to a unit value of the end displacement at end e, as
shown in Fig. 4.2(e), to determine the coefficients (i = 1 through 4) in the third column of the
member stiffness matrix , -. The bending moment at a distance x from end b of the member is
given by
(4.30)
Substitution of Eq. (4.30) into the beam deflection differential equation (Eq. (4.4)) yields
̅
( ) (4.31)

By integrating Eq. (4.31) twice, we obtain

̅
( ) (4.32)

̅ ( ) (4.33)

The four unknowns, , , and , in Eqs. (4.32) and (4.33) are evaluated using the
boundary conditions, as follows.
At end b:
̅

At end e:
̅
Using the first two boundary conditions, we obtain . Application of the third boundary
condition yields
( )
from which
(4.34)
and, using the last boundary condition, we obtain
 ( )
from which

(4.35)
By substituting Eq. (4.34) into Eq. (4.35), we determine the stiffness coefficient to be
(4.36)
and the substitution of Eq. (4.36) into Eq. (4.34) yields
(4.37)
The two remaining stiffness coefficients, and , are determined by considering the
equilibrium of the free body of the member (Fig. 4.2(e)):
(4.38)

(4.39)
and the shape function for the member is obtained by substituting Eqs. (4.36) and (4.37) into
Eq. (4.33) with . Thus,

. / . / (4.40)
To determine the coefficients (i = 1 through 4) in the last (fourth) column of , -, we
subject the member to a unit value of the end displacement at end e, as shown in Fig. 4.2(f).
The bending moment in the member is given by
(4.41)
Substitution of Eq. (4.41) into Eq. (4.4) yields
̅
( ) (4.42)

By integrating Eq. (4.42) twice, we obtain

̅
( ) (4.43)

̅ ( ) (4.44)

To evaluate the four unknowns, , , and , in Eqs. (4.43) and (4.44), we use the
boundary conditions, as follows.
At end b:
̅
At end e:
̅
Application of the first two boundary conditions yields . Using the third boundary
condition, we obtain
( )
or
 (4.45)
and the use of the fourth boundary condition yields
( )
from which
(4.46)
By substituting Eq. (4.46) into Eq. (4.45), we obtain the stiffness coefficient :
(4.47)
and by substituting Eq. (4.47) into Eq. (4.46), we obtain
(4.48)
Next, we determine the remaining stiffness coefficients by considering the equilibrium of the free
body of the member (Fig. 4.2(f)):
(4.49)

(4.50)
To obtain the shape function of the beam, we substitute Eqs. (4.47) and (4.48) into Eq.
(4.44), yielding

. / (4.51)

Finally, by substituting the expression for the stiffness coefficients (Eqs. (4.13-4.16), (4.25-4.28),
(4.36-4.39), and (4.47-4.50)), into the matrix form of , - given in Eq. (4.2), we obtain the
following local stiffness matrix for the members of beams.

, - [ ] (4.52)

Note that the stiffness matrix , - is symmetric; that is, .

Member Fixed-end Forces Due to Load

Fig. 4.4

Member Fixed-end Force Vector, { }

The fixed-end force vector for a member of a beam (Fig. 4.4(a)) is expressed as

{ } { } (4.53)

{ }
When storing numerical values or fixed-end force expressions in { }, the appropriate
sign convention for member end forces must be followed. In accordance with the sign
convention, the fixed-end shears are considered positive when upward (i.e., in the positive
direction of the local y axis); the fixed-end moments are considered positive when
counterclockwise. For example, the fixed-end force vector for the beam shown in Fig. 4.4(b) is
given by

( )

{ } (4.54)
( )

{ }

Structure Stiffness Relations

* + { } , -* + (4.55)
where { } is the structure fixed-end force vector.

Structure Stiffness Matrix

One procedure that can automate the construction of the structure stiffness matrix , -
from the individual stiffness matrices involves identifying the rows and columns of these
individual stiffnesses with the displacements with them. The numbers identifying the rows and
columns are those of the * + displacements associated with the element. The structure stiffness
matrix can be constructed in the following way:
1. Create a square matrix that is of order equal to the number of degrees of freedom of the
structure.
2. Place the elements of each individual stiffness matrix in the rows and columns of the
new matrix corresponding to the global displacement coordinates.
3. If there is more than one element to be placed in the same location in the structure
stiffness matrix, the elements are added at that location.

Fig. 4.5
Procedure for Analysis
1. Prepare an analytical model of the beam as follows:
a. Draw a line diagram of the beam and identify each joint and member by a
number that is encircled and boxed, respectively. The origin of the global XY
coordinate system is usually located at the farthest left joint, with the X and Y
axes oriented in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. For each
member, establish a local xy coordinate system, with the origin at the left end of
the member, and the x and y axes oriented in the horizontal (positive to the right)
and vertical directions, respectively.
b. Number the degrees of freedom and restrained coordinates of the beam.
2. Evaluate the structure stiffness matrix , - and fixed-joint force vector { }. The number of
rows and columns of , - must be equal to the number of degrees of freedom of the
beam; the number of rows of { } must be equal to the number of degrees of freedom.
For each member of the structure, perform the following operations.
a. Compute the member stiffness matrix , - (Eq. (4.52)).
b. If the member is subjected to external loads, then evaluate its fixed-end force
vector { }.
c. Identify the member code numbers and store the pertinent elements of , - and
{ } in their proper position in the structure stiffness matrix , -, and the fixed-joint
vector { }, respectively. The complete structure stiffness matrix , -, obtained by
assembling the stiffness coefficients of all members of the beam, must be
symmetric.
3. If the beam is subjected to joint loads, then form the joint load vector * +, with the
number of rows equal to the number of degrees of freedom.
4. Determine the joint displacements, * +. Substitute * +, { } and , - into the structure
stiffness relations, * + { } , -* + (Eq. (4.55)) and solve the resulting system of
simultaneous equations for the unknown joint displacements * +. Note that the joint
translations and rotations are considered positive when in the positive directions of the Y
axis and counterclockwise, respectively.
5. Compute each member end displacements and end forces, and support reactions. For
each member of the beam do the following.
a. Obtain member end displacements, * +, from the joint displacements, * +, using
the member’s code numbers.
b. Compute member end forces, using Eq. (4.3).
c. Using member code numbers, store pertinent elements of * + in their proper
positions in the support vector * +.
6. Check the calculation by applying three equations of equilibrium, ∑ ,∑ and
∑ .
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Determine the joint displacements, member end forces, and support reactions for the
three-span continuous beam shown in Fig. 4.6 by the matrix stiffness method.

Fig. 4.6

Fig. 4.7
Joint Details
Joint x (ft) y (ft) Degrees of Freedom
1 0.00 0.00 3 4
2 20.00 0.00 5 1
3 35.00 0.00 6 2
4 55.00 0.00 7 8

Member Details
Beginning End
Member Xe Xb Ye Yb Length (ft)
Joint Joint
1 1 2 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00
2 2 3 35.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 15.00
3 3 4 55.00 35.00 0.00 0.00 20.00
Member 1 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]
Unit 3 4 5 1
E 29000 ksi 12.84 1540.63 -12.84 1540.63 3
I 510 in 4 1540.63 246500.00 -1540.63 123250.00 4
L 20 ft -12.84 -1540.63 12.84 -1540.63 5
EI/L3 1.069878472 kips/in 1540.63 123250.00 -1540.63 246500.00 1

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 15.00 kips 3
FMb 900.00 kips∙in 4
FSe 15.00 kips 5
FMe -900.00 kips∙in 1

Member 2 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]

Unit 5 1 6 2
E 29000 ksi 30.43 2738.89 -30.43 2738.89 5
I 510 in 4 2738.89 328666.67 -2738.89 164333.33 1
L 15 ft -30.43 -2738.89 30.43 -2738.89 6
EI/L3 2.53600823 kips/in 2738.89 164333.33 -2738.89 328666.67 2

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 0.00 kips 5
FMb 0.00 kips∙in 1
FSe 0.00 kips 6
FMe 0.00 kips∙in 2
 Member 3 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]
Unit 6 2 7 8
E 29000 ksi 12.84 1540.63 -12.84 1540.63 6
I 510 in 4 1540.63 246500.00 -1540.63 123250.00 2
L 20 ft -12.84 -1540.63 12.84 -1540.63 7
EI/L3 1.069878472 kips/in 1540.63 123250.00 -1540.63 246500.00 8

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 15.00 kips 6
FMb 600.00 kips∙in 2
FSe 15.00 kips 7
FMe -600.00 kips∙in 8

Structure Stiffness Matrix

1 2
575166.67 164333.33 1
S=
164333.33 575166.67 2

Joint Load Vector

P
0.00 1 kips∙in
0.00 2 kips∙in

Structure Fixed Load Vector

P
-900.00 1 kips∙in
600.00 2 kips∙in
Solving for the displacement matrix:

0.00 -900.00 575166.67 164333.33 d1

- = ×
0.00 600.00 164333.33 575166.67 d2

900.00 575166.67 164333.33 d1

= ×
-600.00 164333.33 575166.67 d2

d1 18.931711 -5.409060 900.00

= ×10-7 ×
d2 -5.409060 18.931711 -600.00

d1 0.00202839757 rad
d2 -0.00162271805 rad
Member 1

{u} Member End Displacement {u}

u1 0.0000000 3
u2 0.0000000 4
u3 0.0000000 5
u4 0.0020284 1

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

3 4 5 1
Q1 - Qf1 3.1250000 kips 12.84 1540.63 -12.84 1540.63 3 0.0000000
Q2 - Qf2 250.0000000 kips∙in 1540.63 246500.00 -1540.63 123250.00 4 0.0000000
Q3 - Qf3 -3.1250000 kips -12.84 -1540.63 12.84 -1540.63 5 0.0000000
Q4 - Qf4 500.0000000 kips∙in 1540.63 123250.00 -1540.63 246500.00 1 0.0020284

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 18.1250000 kips 3
Q2 1150.0000000 kips∙in 4
Q3 11.8750000 kips 5
Q4 -400.0000000 kips∙in 1
Member 2

{u} Member End Displacement {u}

u1 0.0000000 5
u2 0.0020284 1
u3 0.0000000 6
u4 -0.0016227 2

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

5 1 6 2
Q1 - Qf1 1.1111111 kips 30.43 2738.89 -30.43 2738.89 5 0.0000000
Q2 - Qf2 400.0000000 kips∙in 2738.89 328666.67 -2738.89 164333.33 1 0.0020284
Q3 - Qf3 -1.1111111 kips -30.43 -2738.89 30.43 -2738.89 6 0.0000000
Q4 - Qf4 -200.0000000 kips∙in 2738.89 164333.33 -2738.89 328666.67 2 -0.0016227

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 1.1111111 kips 5
Q2 400.0000000 kips∙in 1
Q3 -1.1111111 kips 6
Q4 -200.0000000 kips∙in 2
Member 3

{u} Member End Displacement {u}

u1 0.0000000 6
u2 -0.0016227 2
u3 0.0000000 7
u4 0.0000000 8

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

6 2 7 8
Q1 - Qf1 -2.5000000 kips 12.84 1540.63 -12.84 1540.63 6 0.0000000
Q2 - Qf2 -400.0000000 kips∙in 1540.63 246500.00 -1540.63 123250.00 2 -0.0016227
Q3 - Qf3 2.5000000 kips -12.84 -1540.63 12.84 -1540.63 7 0.0000000
Q4 - Qf4 -200.0000000 kips∙in 1540.63 123250.00 -1540.63 246500.00 8 0.0000000

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 12.5000000 kips 6
Q2 200.0000000 kips∙in 2
Q3 17.5000000 kips 7
Q4 -800.0000000 kips∙in 8
Reaction Vector

Reactions
18.1250000 3 kips
1150.0000000 4 kips∙in
12.9861111 5 kips
11.3888889 6 kips
17.5000000 7 kips
-800.0000000 8 kips∙in

The reactions are as follows:

Fig. 4.8 Reactions

2. Determine the joint displacements, member end forces, and support reactions for the
three-span continuous beam shown in Fig. 4.9 by the matrix stiffness method.

Fig. 4.9
Joint Details
Joint x (m) y (m) Degrees of Freedom
1 0.00 0.00 5 6
2 6.00 0.00 1 2
3 10.00 0.00 7 3
4 20.00 0.00 8 4

Member Details
Beginning End
Member Xe Xb Ye Yb Length (m)
Joint Joint
1 1 2 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00
2 2 3 10.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 4.00
3 3 4 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
Member 1 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]
Unit 5 6 1 2
E 28 GPa 13533.33 40600.00 -13533.33 40600.00 5
I 8700000000 mm4 40600.00 162400.00 -40600.00 81200.00 6
L 6 m -13533.33 -40600.00 13533.33 -40600.00 1
EI/L3 1127.777778 kN/m 40600.00 81200.00 -40600.00 162400.00 2

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 63.00 kN 5
FMb 54.00 kN∙m 6
FSe 27.00 kN 1
FMe -36.00 kN∙m 2

Member 2 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]

Unit 1 2 7 3
E 28 GPa 30450.00 60900.00 -30450.00 60900.00 1
I 5800000000 mm4 60900.00 162400.00 -60900.00 81200.00 2
L 4 m -30450.00 -60900.00 30450.00 -60900.00 7
EI/L3 2537.5 kN/m 60900.00 81200.00 -60900.00 162400.00 3

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 0.00 kN 1
FMb 0.00 kN∙m 2
FSe 0.00 kN 7
FMe 0.00 kN∙m 3
 Member 3 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]
Unit 7 3 8 4
E 28 GPa 1948.80 9744.00 -1948.80 9744.00 7
I 5800000000 mm4 9744.00 64960.00 -9744.00 32480.00 3
L 10 m -1948.80 -9744.00 1948.80 -9744.00 8
EI/L3 162.4 kN/m 9744.00 32480.00 -9744.00 64960.00 4

Fixed-end Force Vector {Qf}

FSb 75.00 kN 7
FMb 187.50 kN∙m 3
FSe 75.00 kN 8
FMe -187.50 kN∙m 4

Structure Stiffness Matrix

1 2 3 4
43983.33 20300.00 60900.00 0.00 1
20300.00 324800.00 81200.00 0.00 2
S=
60900.00 81200.00 227360.00 32480.00 3
0.00 0.00 32480.00 64960.00 4

Joint Load Vector

P
-200.00 1 kN
0.00 2 kN∙m
-90.00 3 kN∙m
0.00 4 kN∙m

Structure Fixed Load Vector

Pf
27.00 1 kN
-36.00 2 kN∙m
187.50 3 kN∙m
-187.50 4 kN∙m
Solving for the displacement matrix:

-200.00 27.00 43983.33 20300.00 60900.00 0.00 d1

0.00 -36.00 20300.00 324800.00 81200.00 0.00 d2
- = ×
-90.00 187.50 60900.00 81200.00 227360.00 32480.00 d3
0.00 -187.50 0.00 0.00 32480.00 64960.00 d4

-227.00 43983.33 20300.00 60900.00 0.00 d1

36.00 20300.00 324800.00 81200.00 0.00 d2
= ×
-277.50 60900.00 81200.00 227360.00 32480.00 d3
187.50 0.00 0.00 32480.00 64960.00 d4

d1 379.034805 4.032285 -110.887842 55.443921 -227.00

d2 4.032285 34.106412 -14.281010 7.140505 36.00
= ×10-7 ×
d3 -110.887842 -14.281010 84.846000 -42.423000 -277.50
d4 55.443921 7.140505 -42.423000 175.152387 187.50

d1 -0.00447286272 m
d2 0.00056143270 rad
d3 -0.00068416538 rad
d4 0.00322847432 rad
Member 1
{u} Member End Displacement {u}
u1 0.0000000 5
u2 0.0000000 6
u3 -0.0044729 1
u4 0.0005614 2

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

5 6 1 2
Q1 - Qf1 83.3269100 kN 13533.33 40600.00 -13533.33 40600.00 5 0.0000000
Q2 - Qf2 227.1865621 kN∙m 40600.00 162400.00 -40600.00 81200.00 6 0.0000000
Q3 - Qf3 -83.3269100 kN -13533.33 -40600.00 13533.33 -40600.00 1 -0.0044729
Q4 - Qf4 272.7748977 kN∙m 40600.00 81200.00 -40600.00 162400.00 2 0.0005614

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 146.3269100 kN 5
Q2 281.1865621 kN∙m 6
Q3 -56.3269100 kN 1
Q4 236.7748977 kN∙m 2
Member 2
{u} Member End Displacement {u}
u1 -0.0044729 1
u2 0.0005614 2
u3 0.0000000 7
u4 -0.0006842 3

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

1 2 7 3
Q1 - Qf1 -143.6730900 kN 30450.00 60900.00 -30450.00 60900.00 1 -0.0044729
Q2 - Qf2 -236.7748977 kN∙m 60900.00 162400.00 -60900.00 81200.00 2 0.0005614
Q3 - Qf3 143.6730900 kN -30450.00 -60900.00 30450.00 -60900.00 7 0.0000000
Q4 - Qf4 -337.9174625 kN∙m 60900.00 81200.00 -60900.00 162400.00 3 -0.0006842

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 -143.6730900 kN 1
Q2 -236.7748977 kN∙m 2
Q3 143.6730900 kN 7
Q4 -337.9174625 kN∙m 3
Member 3
{u} Member End Displacement {u}
u1 0.0000000 7
u2 -0.0006842 3
u3 0.0000000 8
u4 0.0032285 4

{Q} - {Qf} = [k]{u} Local Member End Forces {Q} - {Qf}

7 3 8 4
Q1 - Qf1 24.7917462 kN 1948.80 9744.00 -1948.80 9744.00 7 0.0000000
Q2 - Qf2 60.4174625 kN∙m 9744.00 64960.00 -9744.00 32480.00 3 -0.0006842
Q3 - Qf3 -24.7917462 kN -1948.80 -9744.00 1948.80 -9744.00 8 0.0000000
Q4 - Qf4 187.5000000 kN∙m 9744.00 32480.00 -9744.00 64960.00 4 0.0032285

{Q} = [k]{u} + {Qf} Local Member End Forces {Q}

Q1 99.7917462 kN 7
Q2 247.9174625 kN∙m 3
Q3 50.2082538 kN 8
Q4 0.0000000 kN∙m 4
Reaction Vector
Reactions
146.3269100 5 kN
281.1865621 6 kN∙m
243.4648363 7 kN
50.2082538 8 kN

The reactions are as follows:

Fig. 4.10 Reactions

Activities:
1. Determine the joint displacements, member end forces, and support reactions for the
beam shown in Fig. 4.11.

Fig. 4.11

2. Determine the joint displacements, member end forces, and support reactions for the
beam shown in Fig. 4.12.

Fig. 4.12