CH 16

P16.
1 Determine the slenderness ratio and the Euler buckling load for round wooden dowels that are 1
m long and have a diameter of (a) 16 mm and (b) 25 mm. Assume E = 10 GPa.
Solution
(a) 16-mm dowels:

I (16 mm) 4  3, 216.991 mm 4
64

A (16 mm) 2  201.062 mm 2
4
3, 216.991 mm 4
r  4.000 mm
201.062 mm 2
Slenderness ratio:
L 1,000 mm
  250 Ans.
r 4.000 mm
Euler buckling load:

 2 EI  2 (10,000 N/mm2 )(3,216.991 mm4 )
Pcr  2   317.504 N  318 N Ans.
L (1,000 mm)2
(b) 25-mm dowels:


I (25 mm) 4  19,174.760 mm 4
64

A (25 mm) 2  490.874 mm 2
4
19,174.760 mm 4
r  6.250 mm
490.874 mm 2
Slenderness ratio:
L 1,000 mm
  160 Ans.
r 6.250 mm

 2 EI  2 (10,000 N/mm2 )(19,174.760 mm 2 )
Pcr  2   1,892.473 N  1,892 N Ans.
L (1,000 mm) 2
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P16.2 An aluminum alloy tube with an outside diameter of 3.50 in. and a wall thickness of 0.30 in. is
used as a 14-ft-long column. Assume that E = 10,000 ksi and that pinned connections are used at each
end of the column. Determine the slenderness ratio and the Euler buckling load for the column.
Solution

I (3.500 in.) 4  (2.900 in.) 4   3.894318 in.4
64 

A (3.500 in.)2  (2.900 in.) 2   3.015929 in.2
4
3.894318 in.4
r  1.136 in.
3.015929 in.2
Slenderness ratio:
L (14 ft)(12 in./ft)
  147.8 Ans.
r 1.136 in.

 2 EI  2 (10,000 ksi)(3.894318 in.4 )
Pcr  2   13.618 kips  13.62 kips Ans.
(14 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L
P16.3 A WT8 × 25 structural steel section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is used for a
20-ft column. Assume pinned connections at each end of the column. Determine:
(a) the slenderness ratio.
(b) the Euler buckling load. Use E = 29,000 ksi for the steel.
(c) the axial stress in the column when the Euler load is applied.
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel WT8 × 25 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 7.37 in.2, Ix = 42.3 in.4, rx = 2.40 in., Iy = 18.6 in.4, ry = 1.59 in.
(a) Slenderness ratio:

L (20 ft)(12 in./ft)
  150.9 Ans.
r 1.59 in.
(b) Euler buckling load:

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(18.6 in.4 )
Pcr  2   92.425 kips  92.4 kips Ans.
(20 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L
(c) Axial stress at Pcr:

92.425 kips
  12.54 ksi Ans.
7.37 in.2
P16.4 A WT205 × 30 structural steel section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is used for
a 6.5-m column. Assume pinned connections at each end of the column. Determine:
(a) the slenderness ratio.
(b) the Euler buckling load. Use E = 200 GPa for the steel.
(c) the axial stress in the column when the Euler load is applied.
Solution
A = 3,800 mm2, Ix = 13.8×106 mm4, rx = 87.7 mm, Iy = 5.99×106 mm4, ry = 39.6 mm
(a) Slenderness ratio:

L 6,500 mm
  164.1 Ans.
r 39.6 mm
(b) Euler buckling load:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(5.99  106 mm 4 )
Pcr  2   279,853 N  280 kN Ans.
L (6,500 mm) 2
(c) Axial stress at Pcr:

279,853 N
  73.6 MPa Ans.
3,800 mm2
P16.5 Determine the maximum compressive load that a HSS6 × 4 × 1/4 structural steel column (see
Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) can support if it is 24 ft long and a factor of safety of 1.92 is
specified. Use E = 29,000 ksi for the steel.
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel HSS6 × 4 × 1/4 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 4.30 in.2, Ix = 20.9 in.4, rx = 2.20 in., Iy = 11.1 in.4, ry = 1.61 in.

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(11.1 in.4 )
Pcr  2   38.303 kips  38.3 kips
(24 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L
Allowable column load:

P 38.303 kips
Pallow  cr   19.95 kips Ans.
FS 1.92
P16.6 Determine the maximum compressive load that a HSS254 × 152.4 × 12.7 structural steel column
(see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) can support if it is 9 m long and a factor of safety of 1.92
is specified. Use E = 200 GPa for the steel.
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel HSS254 × 152.4 × 12.7 shape are given in
Appendix B:
A = 8,710 mm2, Ix = 71.2×106 mm4, rx = 90.7 mm, Iy = 32.0×106 mm4, ry = 60.7 mm

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(32.0  106 mm 4 )
Pcr  2   779,821 N  780 kN
L (9,000 mm) 2

P 779.821 kN
Pallow  cr   406 kN Ans.
FS 1.92
P16.7 Two C12 × 25 structural steel channels
(see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties)
are used for a column that is 35-ft long. Assume
pinned connections at each end of the column
and use E = 29,000 ksi for the steel. Determine
the total compressive load required to buckle the
two members if:
(a) they act independently of each other.
(b) they are latticed back-to-back as shown in
Figure P16.7.
Figure P16.7
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel C12 × 25 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 7.34 in.2, Ix = 144 in.4, Iy = 4.45 in.4, x = 0.674 in.
(a) Independent channels:

Consider buckling about horizontal cross-sectional axis:
I  2(144 in.4 )  288 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(288 in.4 )
Pcr    467.296 kips (a)
(35 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
Consider buckling about vertical cross-sectional axis:
I  2(4.45 in.4 )  8.90 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(8.90 in.4 )
Pcr    14.44 kips
(35 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
Euler buckling load for independent channels:
Pcr  14.44 kips Ans.
(b) Latticed channels:

Pcr  467.296 kips calculated previously in Eq. (a)

I  2  4.45 in.4  (3 in.  0.674 in.) 2 (7.34 in.2 )   207.055 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(207.055 in.4 )
Pcr    335.957 kips
(35 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
Euler buckling load for latticed channels:
Pcr  336 kips Ans.
P16.8 Two L5 × 3 × 1/2 structural steel angles (see
Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) are used
as a compression member that is 20-ft long. The
angles are separated at intervals by spacer blocks
and connected by bolts (as shown in Figure P16.8),
which ensure that the double-angle shape acts as a
unified structural member. Assume pinned
connections at each end of the column and use E =
29,000 ksi for the steel. Determine the Euler
buckling load for the double-angle column if the
spacer block thickness is (a) 0.25 in. or (b) 0.75 in.
Figure P16.8
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel L5 × 3 × 1/2 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 3.75 in.2, Ix = 9.43 in.4, Iy = 2.55 in.4, x = 0.746 in.
(a) 0.25-in. spacer block thickness:

I  2(9.43 in.4 )  18.86 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(18.86 in.4 )
Pcr    93.717 kips (a)
(20 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
I  2  2.55 in.4  (0.25 in./2  0.746 in.) 2 (3.75 in.2 )   10.790 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(10.790 in.4 )
Pcr    53.615 kips
(20 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
Euler buckling load for 0.25-in. spacer blocks:
(b) 0.75-in. spacer block thickness:

Pcr  93.717 kips calculated previously in Eq. (a)
I  2  2.55 in.4  (0.75 in./2  0.746 in.) 2 (3.75 in.2 )   14.525 in.4
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(14.525 in.4 )
Pcr    72.175 kips
(20 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L2
Euler buckling load for 0.75-in. spacer blocks:
P16.9 Two L102 × 76 × 9.5 structural steel angles (see
Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) are used as a
compression member that is 4.5-m long. The angles are
separated at intervals by spacer blocks and connected by
bolts (as shown in Figure P16.9), which ensure that the
double-angle shape acts as a unified structural member.
Assume pinned connections at each end of the column and
use E = 200 GPa for the steel. Determine the Euler
buckling load for the double-angle column if the spacer
block thickness is (a) 5 mm or (b) 20 mm.
Figure P16.9
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel L102 × 76 × 9.5 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 1,600 mm2, Ix = 1.64×106 mm4, Iy = 0.787×106 mm4, x = 19.7 mm
(a) 5-mm spacer block thickness:

I  2(1.64  106 mm 4 )  3.28  106 mm 4
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(3.28  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    319,726 N (a)
L2 (4,500 mm) 2
I  2 0.787  106 mm 4  (5 mm/2  19.7 mm) 2 (1,600 mm 2 )   3.151  106 mm 4
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(3.151  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    307,160 N
L2 (4,500 mm) 2
Euler buckling load for 5-mm spacer blocks:
Pcr  307 kN Ans.
(b) 20-mm spacer block thickness:

Pcr  319,726 N calculated previously in Eq. (a)
I  2 0.787  106 mm 4  (20 mm/2  19.7 mm) 2 (1,600 mm 2 )   4.3967  106 mm 4
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(4.3967  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    428,578 N
L2 (4,500 mm) 2
Euler buckling load for 20-mm spacer blocks:
Pcr  320 kN Ans.
P16.10 A solid 0.5-in.-diameter cold-rolled steel rod is
pinned to fixed supports at A and B. The length of the rod
is L = 24 in., its elastic modulus is E = 30,000 ksi, and its
coefficient of thermal expansion is  = 6.6 × 10−6 /°F.
Determine the temperature increase T that will cause the
rod to buckle.
Figure P16.10
Solution
Section properties:

A (0.5 in.)2  0.1963495 in.2
4

I (0.5 in.) 4  0.00306796 in.4
64

 2 EI  2 (30,000 ksi)(0.00306796 in.4 )
Pcr  2   1.57706 kips (C)
L (24 in.)2
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationship
The relationship between internal force, temperature change, and deformation of an axial member is:
FL
e   T L
AE
Since the rod is attached to rigid supports, e = 0.

FL
  T L  0
AE
Set F = Pcr
Pcr L
  T L  0
AE
and solve for T:

P
T   cr
 AE
1.57706 kips
 6
(6.6  10 / F)(0.1963495 in.2 )(30,000 ksi)
 40.565F  40.6F Ans.
P16.11 Rigid beam ABC is supported by a pinned
connection at A and by a timber post that is pin-
connected at B and D, as shown in Figure P16.11. A
distributed load of w = 2 kips/ft acts on the 14-ft-long
beam, which has length dimensions of x1 = 8 ft and x2 =
6 ft. The timber post has a length of L = 10 ft, an elastic
modulus of E = 1,800 ksi, and a square cross section. If
a factor of safety of 2.0 with respect to buckling is
specified, determine the minimum width required for
the square post.
Figure P16.11
Solution
Equilibrium of rigid beam ABC:
M A  (2 kips/ft)(14 ft)(7ft)  F1 (8 ft)  0
 F1  24.5 kips  24.5 kips (C)
Minimum required moment of inertia for square post:

Since a factor of safety of 2.0 is required with respect to buckling, the post must have a critical buckling
load of
Pcr  2(24.5 kips)  49 kips
The minimum required moment of inertia is thus:

 2 EI
Pcr  2  49 kips
L
(49 kips) (10 ft)(12 in./ft) 
2
I   39.7179 in.4
 (1,800 ksi)
2
Required post dimensions:

For a square cross section of width b:
b4
I   39.7179 in.4
12
 b  4.67 in. Ans.
P16.12 Rigid beam ABC is supported by a pinned
connection at A and by a 180 mm by 180 mm square
timber post that is pin-connected at B and D, as shown
in Figure P16.12. The length dimensions of the beam
are x1 = 3.6 m and x2 = 2.8 m. The timber post has a
length of L = 4 m and an elastic modulus of E = 12
GPa. If a factor of safety of 2.0 with respect to buckling
is specified, determine the magnitude of the maximum
distributed load w that may be supported by the beam.
Figure P16.12
Solution
(180 mm) 4
I  87.48  106 mm 4
12
 2 EI  2 (12,000 N/mm 2 )(87.48  106 mm 4 )
Pcr  2   647,544.745 N
L (4,000 mm) 2

P 647,544.745 N
Pallow  cr   323,772.373 N  323.772 kN (C)
FS 2.0
Equilibrium of rigid beam ABC:

M A  w(6.4 m)(3.2 m)  (323.772 kN)(3.6 m)  0
1,165.57920 kN-m
w   56.9 kN/m Ans.
20.480 m2
P16.13 Rigid beam ABC is supported by a pinned connection at C and by an inclined strut that is pin-
connected at B and D, as shown in Figure P16.13a. The strut is fabricated from two steel [E = 200 GPa]
bars, which are each 70 mm wide and 15 mm thick. Between B and D, the bars are separated and
connected by two spacer blocks, which are 25 mm thick. The strut cross section is shown in Figure
P16.13b. Determine:
(a) the compression force in strut BD that is created by the loads acting on the rigid beam.
(b) the slenderness ratios for the strut about its strong and weak axes.
(c) the minimum factor of safety in the strut with respect to buckling.
Figure P16.13a Figure P16.13b
Solution
Compression force in strut:
Member (1) is a two-force member that is oriented at  with
respect to the horizontal axis:
1.5 m
tan    0.75   36.870
2.0 m
From a FBD of rigid bar ABC, write the following equilibrium
equation:
M C  (3 m)(90 kN)  ( F1 sin36.870)(2 m)  0
and compute F1:
(3 m)(90 kN)
F1    225 kN  225 kN (C) Ans.
(2 m)sin 36.870
(b) Slenderness ratios:

Consider strong axis (i.e., buckling about horizontal cross-sectional axis):
L  (1.5 m) 2  (2.0 m) 2  2.5 m  2,500 mm
A  2(15 mm)(70 mm)  2,100 mm 2
 (15 mm)(70 mm)3 
I  2   857,500 mm
4
 12 
857,500 mm 4
r  20.207 mm
2,100 mm 2
L 2,500 mm
  123.7 Ans.
r 20.207 mm
Consider weak axis (i.e., buckling about vertical cross-sectional axis):
 (70 mm)(15 mm)3  25 mm 15 mm 2 
I  2    (70 mm)(15 mm)   879,375 mm
4
 12  2 2  
879,375 mm 4
r  20.463 mm
2,100 mm 2
L 2,500 mm
  122.2 Ans.
r 20.463 mm
(c) Minimum factor of safety with respect to buckling:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(857,500 mm4 )
Pcr  2   270,822 N  270.8 kN
L (2,500 mm) 2
270.8 kN
FS   1.204 Ans.
225 kN
P16.14 A rigid beam is supported by a pinned connection at B and by an inclined strut that is pin-
connected at A and C, as shown in Figure P16.14a. The strut is fabricated from two steel [E = 200 GPa]
L102 × 76 × 9.4 angles, which are oriented with the long legs back-to-back, as shown in Figure P16.14b.
The angles are separated and connected by spacer blocks, which are 30 mm thick. Determine:
(a) the compression force in the strut created by the loads acting on the beam.
(b) the slenderness ratios for the strut about the strong and weak axes of the double-angle shape.
(c) the minimum factor of safety in the strut with respect to buckling.
Solution
(a) Compression force in strut:

Member AC is a two-force member that is oriented
at  with respect to the horizontal axis:
(2.7 m  0.140 m) 2.56 m
tan     0.62439
(2.2 m  1.9 m) 4.1 m
  31.980
From a FBD of rigid bar ABC, write the following

equilibrium equation:
M B  FAC (4.1 m)sin(31.980)  FAC (0.14 m)cos(31.980)
(8 kN)(4.1 m)  (110 kN/m)(1.9 m)(0.95 m)  0
and compute FAC = –101.016 kN = 101.016 kN (C).
FAC  101.016 kN  101.0 kN (C) Ans.
(b) Slenderness ratios:

A = 1,600 mm2, Ix = 1.64×106 mm4, Iy = 0.787×106 mm4, x = 19.7 mm
Consider strong axis (i.e., buckling about horizontal cross-sectional axis):

L  (4.1 m) 2  (2.56 m) 2  4.833591 m  4,833.591 mm
A  2(1,600 mm 2 )  3, 200 mm 2
I  2(1.64  106 mm 4 )  3.28  106 mm 4
3.28  106 mm 4
r  32.016 mm
3, 200 mm 2
L 4,833.591 mm
  151.0 Ans.
r 32.016 mm
Consider weak axis (i.e., buckling about vertical cross-sectional axis):
  30 mm 
2

I  2 0.787  10 mm  
6 4
 19.7 mm  (1,600 mm 2 )   5.4271  10 6 mm 4
  2  
5.4271  106 mm 4
r  41.182 mm
3, 200 mm 2
L 4,833.591 mm
  117.4 Ans.
r 41.182 mm
(c) Minimum factor of safety with respect to buckling:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(3.28  106 mm 4 )
Pcr  2   277,117 N  277.1 kN
L (4,833.591 mm) 2
277.117 kN
FS   2.74 Ans.
101.016 kN
P16.15 In Figure P16.15, rigid bar ABC is
supported by pin-connected bar (1). Bar (1) is 1.50-
in. wide, 1.00-in. thick, and made of aluminum that
has an elastic modulus of E = 10,000 ksi. Determine
the maximum magnitude of load P that can be
applied to the rigid bar without causing member (1)
to buckle.
Figure P16.15
Solution
Length of member (1):
L1  (40 in.)2  (30 in.)2  50 in.
Moments of inertia:
(1.00 in.)(1.50 in.)3 (1.50 in.)(1.00 in.)3
Istrong   0.281250 in.4 I weak   0.125000 in.4
12 12
Euler buckling load for member (1):

 2 EI  2 (10,000 ksi)(0.125 in.4 )
Pcr  2   4.934802 kips  4,934.802 lb (a)
L (50 in.)2
Equilibrium:
Member (1) is a two-force member that is oriented at 
with respect to the horizontal axis:
30 in.
tan    0.75   36.870
40 in.
From a FBD of rigid structure ABC, the following
equilibrium equation can be written:
M C  (80 in.)P  ( F1 sin36.870)(56 in.)  0
Substitute the value of the Euler buckling load for member
(1) and solve for P:
M C  (80 in.)P  (4,934.802 lb)(56 in.)sin 36.870  0
 P  2,072.622 lb  2,070 lb Ans.
P16.16 The members of the truss shown in Figure
P16.16 are aluminum pipes that have an outside
diameter of 4.50 in., a wall thickness of 0.237 in., and
an elastic modulus of E = 10,000 ksi. Determine the
maximum magnitude of load P that can be applied to
the truss without causing any of the members to
buckle.
Figure P16.16
Solution
Overall equilibrium
Fx  Ax  P cos 60  0
 Ax  0.5P
M A  By (4 ft)  ( P cos 60)(4 ft)  ( P sin 60)(18 ft)  0
 By  4.397114 P
Fy  Ay  By  P sin 60  0
 Ay  3.531089 P
Method of joints:
6 ft 4 ft
tan  AB   1.5  AB  56.3099 tan  AC   0.222222  AC  12.5288
4 ft 18 ft
10 ft
tan  BC   0.714286  BC  35.5377
14 ft
Joint A:
Fx  FAC cos(12.5288)  FAB cos(56.3099)  Ax  0
Fy  FAC sin(12.5288)  FAB sin(56.3099)  Ay  0
Joint B:
Fx  FBC cos(35.5377)  FAB cos(56.3099)  0
Fy  FBC sin(35.5377)  FAB sin(56.3099)  By  0
Joint C:
Fx   FAC cos(12.5288)  FBC cos(35.5377)  P cos60  0
Fy   FAC sin(12.5288)  FBC sin(35.5377)  P sin 60  0
Note: Tension assumed in each truss member.
Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

FAB  3.57994P FAC  2.54643P FBC  2.44035P
Since members AB and BC are compression members, the Euler buckling loads for these two members
must be investigated.
Moment of inertia for the aluminum pipe:

d  4.500 in.  2(0.237 in.)  4.026 in.

I (4.500 in.) 4  (4.026 in.) 4   7.2326 in.4
64
Euler buckling load for member AB:

LAB  (4 ft)2  (6 ft) 2  7.211 ft  86.533 in.
 2 EI  2 (10,000 ksi)(7.2326 in.4 )
Pcr    95.330 kips (C)
L2 (86.533 in.)2
Based on this critical load, the maximum load P that can be applied to the truss at C is:
3.57994 P  95.330 kips
95.330 kips
P   26.629 kips
3.57994
Euler buckling load for member BC:

LBC  (14 ft)2  (10 ft)2  17.205 ft  206.456 in.
 2 EI  2 (10,000 ksi)(7.2326 in.4 )
Pcr    16.747 kips (C)
L2 (206.456 in.)2
Based on this critical load, the maximum load P that can be applied to the truss at C is:
2.44035P  16.747 kips
16.747 kips
P   6.863 kips
2.44035
Maximum magnitude of load P

Pmax  6.86 kips Ans.
P16.17 The assembly shown in Figure P16.17
consists of two solid 50-mm-diameter steel [E = 200
GPa] rods (1) and (2). Assume that the rods are pin-
connected and that joint B is restrained against
translation in the z direction. A minimum factor of
safety of 3.0 is required for the buckling capacity of
each rod. Determine the maximum allowable load P
that can be supported by the assembly.
Figure P16.17
Solution
Method of joints:
2.0 m
tan  AB   1.428571  AB  55.0080
1.4 m
1.2 m
tan  BC   0.705882  BC  35.2176
1.7 m
Equilibrium of joint B:
Fx  FBC cos(35.2176)  FAB cos(55.0080)  0
Fy   FBC sin(35.2176)  FAB sin(55.0080)  P  0

FAB  0.816974P FBC  0.573467 P
Moment of inertia for the steel rods:


I  (50 mm)4  306,796.158 mm4
64

LAB  (1.4 m) 2  (2.0 m) 2  2.441311 m  2,441.311 mm
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(306,796.158 mm 4 )
Pcr    101,609 N  101.609 kN (C)
L2 (2,441.311 mm) 2
Based on this critical load, the maximum load P that can be applied to the assembly at B (before
considering the factor of safety requirement) is:
0.816974 P  101.609 kN
101.609 kN
P   124.372 kN
0.816974
LBC  (1.7 m) 2  (1.2 m) 2  2.080865 m  2,080.865 mm
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(306,796.158 mm 4 )
Pcr    139,859 N  139.859 kN (C)
L2 (2,080.865 mm) 2
Based on this critical load, the maximum load P that can be applied to the assembly at B (before
considering the factor of safety requirement) is:
0.573467 P  139.859 kN
139.859 kN
P   243.883 kN
0.573467
Maximum allowable load P

For a minimum factor of safety of 3, the maximum load that may be supported at B is:
124.372 kN
Pmax   41.5 kN Ans.
3
P16.18 The assembly shown in Figure P16.18
consists of two solid circular steel [E = 200 GPa] rods
(1) and (2). Assume that the rods are pin-connected
and that joint B is restrained against translation in the
z direction. If a load of P = 60 kN is applied to the
assembly, determine the minimum rod diameters
required if a factor of safety of 3.0 is specified for
each rod.
Figure P16.18
Solution
Method of joints:
2.0 m
tan  AB   1.428571  AB  55.0080
1.4 m
1.2 m
tan  BC   0.705882  BC  35.2176
1.7 m
Fx  FBC cos(35.2176)  FAB cos(55.0080)  0
Fy   FBC sin(35.2176)  FAB sin(55.0080)  P  0

FAB  49.018452 kN FBC  34.408007 kN

LAB  (1.4 m)2  (2.0 m)2  2.441311 m  2,441.311 mm
To attain a factor of safety of 3.0, the critical buckling load of member AB must be:
Pcr  3FAB  3(49.018452 kN)  147.055355 kN  147,055.355 N
Therefore, the required moment of inertia for member AB is:
 2 EI
 147,055.355 N
L2
(147,055.355 N)(2,441.311 mm)2
I  444,014.670 mm 4
 (200,000 N/mm )
2 2
Therefore, solid rod AB must have a minimum diameter of:


d 4  444,014.670 mm4  d  54.8 mm Ans.
64

LBC  (1.7 m)2  (1.2 m)2  2.080865 m  2,080.865 mm
To attain a factor of safety of 3.0, the critical buckling load of member BC must be:
Pcr  3FBC  3(34.408007 kN)  103.224022 kN  103,224.022 N
Therefore, the required moment of inertia for member AB is:
 2 EI
 103,224.022 N
L2
(103,224.022 N)(2,080.865 mm)2
I  226,476.416 mm 4
 (200,000 N/mm )
2 2
Therefore, solid rod BC must have a minimum diameter of:


d 4  226,476.416 mm4  d  46.3 mm Ans.
64
P16.19 An assembly consisting of tie rod (1) and
pipe strut (2) is used to support an 80-kip load,
which is applied to joint B. Strut (2) is a pin-
connected steel [E = 29,000 ksi] pipe with an
outside diameter of 8.625 in. and a wall thickness of
0.322 in. For the loading shown in Figure P16.19,
determine the factor of safety with respect to
buckling for member (2).
Figure P16.19
Solution
12 ft
tan  AB   0.5  AB  26.565
24 ft
30 ft
tan  BC   1.25  BC  51.340
24 ft
Fx   F1 cos(26.565)  F2 cos(51.340)  0

Fy  F1 sin(26.565)  F2 sin(51.340)  P  0

F1  51.110 kips F2  73.179 kips
Euler buckling load for member (2):

d  8.625 in.  2(0.322 in.)  7.981 in.

I (8.625 in.) 4  (7.981 in.) 4   72.489241 in.4
64
L2  (24 ft) 2  (30 ft) 2  38.419 ft  461.025 in.
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(72.489241 in.4 )
Pcr    97.616 kips
L2 (461.025 in.)2
Factor of safety for member (2):

97.616 kips
FS   1.334 Ans.
73.179 kips
P16.20 A tie rod (1) and a structural steel WT shape (2)
are used to support a load P as shown in Figure P16.20.
Tie rod (1) is a solid 1.125-in.-diameter steel rod and
member (2) is a WT8 × 20 structural shape oriented so
that the tee stem points upward. Both the tie rod and the
WT shape have an elastic modulus of 29,000 ksi and a
yield strength of 36 ksi. Determine the maximum load
P that can be applied to the structure if a factor of safety
of 2.0 with respect to failure by yielding and a factor of
safety of 3.0 with respect to failure by buckling are
specified.
Figure P16.20
Solution
12 ft
tan  BC   0.75  BC  36.870
16 ft
Fy  F1 sin(36.870)  P  0  F1  1.666667 P
Fx   F1 cos(36.870)  F2  0  F2  1.333333P
Consider yielding of tie rod (1):

The solid 1.125-in.-diameter steel tie rod has an area of A1 = 0.9940196 in.2. The allowable force in the
tie rod is:
 36 ksi 
F1,allow   allow A1    (0.9940196 in. )  17.8924 kips
2
 2.0 
Therefore, the maximum load P that may be applied to the structure at B is:
17.8924 kips
Pallow   10.7354 kips (a)
1.666667
Consider buckling of member (2):

A = 5.89 in.2, Ix = 33.1 in.4, Iy = 14.4 in.4
The critical buckling load for member (2) is:
 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(14.4 in.4 )
Pcr  2   111.8041 kips
(16 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L
The allowable load for member (2) based on the minimum required factor of safety is:
111.8041 kips
F2,allow   37.2680 kips
3.0
37.2680 kips
Pallow   27.9510 kips (b)
1.333333
Consider yielding of member (2):

The allowable force in member (2) is:
 36 ksi 
F2,allow   allow A2    (5.89 in. )  106.0200 kips
2
 2.0 
106.0200 kips
Pallow   79.5150 kips (c)
1.333333
Allowable load P:
Compare the values in Eqs. (a), (b), and (c) to obtain:
Pallow  10.74 kips Ans.
P16.21 A simple pin-connected wood truss is
loaded and supported as shown in Figure P16.21.
The members of the truss are 3.5-in. by 3.5-in.
square Douglas fir posts that have an elastic
modulus of E = 1,600 ksi. Consider all compression
members and determine the minimum factor of
safety for the truss with respect to failure by
buckling.
Figure P16.21
Solution
Section properties:
(3.5 in.)4
I  12.505208 in.4
12

 2 EI  2 (1,600 ksi)(12.505208 in.4 ) 197,474.330 kip-in.2
Pcr  2   (a)
L L2 L2
Truss analysis results:

In the table below, Eq. (a) will be used to compute the Euler buckling load for each compression truss
member.
Member Axial force Member length L Pcr FS

(kips) (in.) (kips)
AB 4.20 (T) 108 N.A.
BC 4.20 (T) 108 N.A.
CD 1.20 (T) 108 N.A.
AE 5.940 (C) 152.735 8.465 1.425
EF 1.20 (C) 108 16.930 14.11
DF 1.697 (C) 152.735 8.465 4.99
BE 2.40 (C) 108 16.930 7.05
CE 4.243 (C) 152.735 8.465 1.995
CF 1.20 (T) 108 N.A.
Minimum factor of safety:

FSmin  1.425 Ans.
P16.22 A simple pin-connected truss is loaded andFigure P16.22
supported as shown in Figure P16.22. All members of
the truss are aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] pipes with an
outside diameter of 4.00 in. and a wall thickness of
0.226 in. Consider all compression members and
determine the minimum factor of safety for the truss
with respect to failure by buckling.
Solution
Section properties:

d  4.00 in.  2(0.226 in.)  3.548 in. I (4.00 in.) 4  (3.548 in.)4   4.787719 in.4
64

 2 EI  2 (10,000 ksi)(4.787719 in.4 ) 472,528.925 kip-in.2
Pcr  2   (a)
L L2 L2

member.

(kips) (in.) (kips)
AC 17.25 (C) 72 91.151 5.28
CE 17.25 (C) 72 91.151 5.28
BD 2.25 (T) 72 N.A.
DF 12.00 (C) 72 91.151 7.60
AB 12.00 (T) 96 N.A.
AD 15.00 (C) 120 32.815 2.19
CD 0 (T) 96 N.A.
DE 8.75 (T) 120 N.A.
EF 7.00 (C) 96 51.273 7.33

FSmin  2.19 Ans.
The members of the truss are 150-mm by 150-mm
square Douglas fir timbers that have an elastic
modulus of E = 11 GPa. Consider all compression
members and determine the minimum factor of
safety for the truss with respect to failure by
buckling.
Figure P16.23
Solution
Section properties:
(150 mm) 4
I  42,187,500 mm4
12
 2 EI  2 (11,000 N/mm 2 )(42,187,500 mm 4 )
Pcr  2 
L L2
4.5801132  1012 N-mm2 4,580.1133 kN-m 2
  (a)
L2 L2
member.

(kN) (m) (kN)
AB 17.25 (T) 6.0 N.A.
BC 17.25 (T) 6.0 N.A.
CD 15.75 (T) 6.0 N.A.
DE 15.75 (T) 6.0 N.A.
AF 28.75 (C) 10.0 49.965 1.738
FG 24.75 (C) 6.0 138.791 5.61
GH 24.75 (C) 6.0 138.791 5.61
EH 26.25 (C) 10.0 49.965 1.903
BF 13.00 (T) 8.0 N.A.
CF 12.50 (T) 10.0 N.A.
CG 0 8.0 N.A.
CH 15.00 (T) 10.0 N.A.
DH 9.0 (T) 8.0 N.A.

FSmin  1.738 Ans.
P16.24 A simple pin-connected truss is loaded and
supported as shown in Figure P16.24. All members
of the truss are aluminum [E = 70 GPa] tubes with
an outside diameter of 50 mm and a wall thickness
of 5 mm. The yield strength of the aluminum is 250
MPa. Determine the maximum load P that may be
applied to the structure if a factor of safety of 2.0
with respect to failure by yielding and a factor of
specified.
Figure P16.24
Solution
Section properties:
d  50 mm  2(5 mm)  40 mm

A (50 mm) 2  (40 mm) 2   706.858 mm 2
4

I (50 mm) 4  (40 mm) 4   181,132.45 mm 4
64

 2 EI  2 (70,000 N/mm2 )(181,132.45 mm 4 ) 125.1394 106 kN-mm2
Pcr  2   (a)
L L2 L2
Yield load:
PY  (250 N/mm2 )(706.858 mm2 )  176,714.5 N  176.7145 kN (b)

Corresponding Corresponding
Member Member truss load P based truss load P
Member Pcr
axial force length L on buckling based on yielding
(with FS = 3.0) (with FS = 2.0)
(mm) (kN) (kN) (kN)
AB −0.600P 2,000 31.285 52.142 147.262
AD 1.16619P 1,943.65 N.A. N.A. 75.766
BC −0.400P 3,000 13.904 11.587 220.893
BD −1.16619P 1,943.65 33.125 9.468 75.766
BE −1.04137P 2,603.416 18.463 5.910 84.847
CE 0.7746P 1,943.65 N.A. N.A. 114.068
DE 1.200P 3,000 N.A. N.A. 73.631
Maximum allowable truss load P:

Pmax  5.91 kN Ans.
P16.25 A simple pin-connected truss is loaded and
supported as shown in Figure P16.25. All members
of the truss are steel [E = 200 GPa] pipes with an
outside diameter of 140 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. The yield strength of the aluminum is 250
MPa. Determine the maximum value of P that may
be applied to the structure if a factor of safety of 2.0
with respect to failure by yielding and a factor of
specified.
Figure P16.25
Solution
Section properties:

d  140 mm  2(10 mm)  120 mm A (140 mm) 2  (120 mm) 2   4,084.070 mm 2
4

I (140 mm) 4  (120 mm) 4   8,678,659.7 mm 4
64
 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(8,678,659.7 mm 4 ) 17.1310 103 kN-m2
Pcr  2   (a)
L L2 L2
Yield load:
PY  (250 N/mm2 )(4,084.070 mm2 )  1,021,018 N  1,021.018 kN (b)
Corresponding Corresponding
Member Member truss load P based truss load P
Member Pcr
axial force length L on buckling based on yielding
(with FS = 3.0) (with FS = 2.0)
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN)
AB −0.750P 6 475.860 211.493 680.679
AE 1.250P 10 N.A. N.A. 408.407
BC −3.000P 6 475.860 52.873 170.170
BE −1.000P 8 267.672 89.224 510.509
BF 3.750P 10 N.A. N.A. 136.136
CD −6.750P 6 475.860 23.499 75.631
CF −3.000P 8 267.672 29.741 170.170
CG 6.250P 10 N.A. N.A. 81.681
DG 0 8 N.A. N.A. N.A.
EF 0.750P 6 N.A. N.A. 680.679
FG 3.000P 6 N.A. N.A. 170.170
Maximum allowable truss load P:

Pmax  23.5 kN 2Pmax  47.0 kN Ans.
P16.26 A 9-m-long steel [E = 200 GPa] pipe column has an outside diameter of 220 mm and a wall
thickness of 8 mm. The column is supported only at its ends and it may buckle in any direction.
Calculate the critical load Pcr for the following end conditions:
(a) pinned-pinned
(b) fixed-free
(c) fixed-pinned
(d) fixed-fixed
Solution
Section properties:
d  220 mm  2(8 mm)  204 mm

A (220 mm) 2  (204 mm) 2   5,328.141 mm 2
4

I (220 mm) 4  (204 mm) 4   29,976,122 mm 4
64 
(a) Pinned-pinned column:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(29,976,122 mm 4 )
Pcr    730,500 N  731 kN Ans.
(1.0)(9,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
(b) Fixed-free column:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(29,976,122 mm 4 )
Pcr    182,625 N  182.6 kN Ans.
(2.0)(9,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
(c) Fixed-pinned column:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(29,976,122 mm 4 )
Pcr    1,490,816 N  1,491 kN Ans.
(0.7)(9,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
(d) Fixed-fixed column:

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm2 )(29,976,122 mm 4 )
Pcr    2,922,000 N  2,920 kN Ans.
(0.5)(9,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
P16.27 A HSS10 × 6 × 3/8 structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi] section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional
properties) is used as a column with an actual length of 32 ft. The column is supported only at its ends
and it may buckle in any direction. If a factor of safety of 2 with respect to failure by buckling is
specified, determine the maximum safe load for the column for the following end conditions:
(a) pinned-pinned
(b) fixed-free
(c) fixed-pinned
(d) fixed-fixed
Solution
A = 10.4 in.2, Ix = 137 in.4, Iy = 61.8 in.4

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(61.8 in.4 )
Pcr    119.956 kips
(1.0)(32 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
119.956 kips
Pallow   59.978 kips  60.0 kips Ans.
2

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(61.8 in.4 )
Pcr    29.989 kips
(2.0)(32 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
29.989 kips
2

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(61.8 in.4 )
Pcr    244.809 kips
(0.7)(32 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
244.809 kips
2

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(61.8 in.4 )
Pcr    479.826 kips
(0.5)(32 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
479.826 kips
Pallow   239.913 kips  240 kips Ans.
2
P16.28 A HSS152.4 × 101.6 × 6.4 structural steel [E = 200 GPa] section (see Appendix B for cross-
sectional properties) is used as a column with an actual length of 6 m. The column is supported only at
its ends and it may buckle in any direction. If a factor of safety of 2 with respect to failure by buckling is
specified, determine the maximum safe load for the column for the following end conditions:
(a) pinned-pinned
(b) fixed-free
(c) fixed-pinned
(d) fixed-fixed
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel HSS152.4 × 101.6 × 6.4 shape are given in
Appendix B:
A = 2,770 mm2, Ix = 8.70×106 mm4, Iy = 4.62×106 mm4

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(4.62  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    253,320 N  253.320 kN
(1.0)(6,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
253.320 kN
Pallow   126.660 kN  126.7 kN Ans.
2

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(4.62  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    63,330 N  63.330 kN
(2.0)(6,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
63.330 kN
Pallow   31.665 kN  31.7 kN Ans.
2

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(4.62  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    516,979 N  516.979 kN
(0.7)(6,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
516.979 kN
Pallow   258.490 kN  258 kN Ans.
2

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(4.62  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    1,013,279 N  1,013.279 kN
(0.5)(6,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
1,013.279 kN
Pallow   506.640 kN  507 kN Ans.
2
P16.29 A W8 × 48 structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi]
section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties)
is used as a column with an actual length of L = 27 ft.
The column is supported only at its ends and it may
buckle in any direction. The column is fixed at its base
and pinned at its upper end. Determine the maximum
load P that may be supported by the column if a factor
of safety of 2.5 with respect to buckling is specified.
Figure P16.29
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel W8 × 48 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 14.1 in.2, Ix = 184 in.4, Iy = 60.9 in.4
Maximum allowable column load:

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(60.9 in.4 )
Pcr    338.867 kips
(0.7)(27 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
338.867 kips
2.5
P16.30 A W250 × 80 structural steel [E = 200 GPa]
section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is
used as a column with an actual length of L = 12 m. The
column is supported only at its ends and it may buckle in
any direction. The column is fixed at its base and pinned
at its upper end. Determine the maximum load P that may
be supported by the column if a factor of safety of 2.5
with respect to buckling is specified.
Figure P16.30
Solution
A = 10,200 mm2, Ix = 126×106 mm4, Iy = 42.9×106 mm4

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(42.9  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    1,200,130 N  1,200.130 kN
(0.7)(12,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
1,200.130 kN
Pallow   480.052 kN  480 kN Ans.
2.5
P16.31 A W14 × 53 structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi]
section (see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is
used as a column with an actual length of L = 16 ft. The
column is fixed at its base and unrestrained at its upper
end. Determine the maximum load P that may be
supported by the column if a factor of safety of 2.5 with
respect to buckling is specified.
Figure P16.31
Solution
A = 15.6 in.2, Ix = 541 in.4, Iy = 57.7 in.4

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(60.9 in.4 )
Pcr    111.998 kips
(2.0)(16 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2
111.998 kips
2.5
P16.32 A W310 × 74 structural steel [E = 200 GPa] section
(see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is used as a
column with an actual length of L = 5 m. The column is
fixed at its base and unrestrained at its upper end.
Determine the maximum load P that may be supported by
the column if a factor of safety of 2.5 with respect to
buckling is specified.
Figure P16.32
Solution
A = 9,420 mm2, Ix = 163×106 mm4, Iy = 23.4×106 mm4

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(23.4  106 mm 4 )
Pcr    451,897 N  451.897 kN
(2.0)(5,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
451.897 kN
Pallow   184.759 kN  184.8 kN Ans.
2.5
P16.33 A long, slender structural aluminum [E = 70 GPa] flanged shape (Figure P16.33b) is used as a 7-
m-long column. The column is supported in the x direction at base A and pinned at ends A and C against
translation in the y and z directions. Lateral support is provided to the column so that deflection in the x-
z plane is restrained at mid-height B; however, the column is free to deflect in the x-y plane at B (Figure
P16.33a). Determine the maximum compressive load P the column can support if a factor of safety of
2.5 is required. In your analysis, consider the possibility that buckling could occur about either the
strong axis (i.e., the z axis) or the weak axis (i.e., the y axis) of the aluminum column.
Solution
Moments of inertia:
(100 mm)(152 mm)3 (95 mm)(134 mm)3
Iz    10,216,743 mm 4
12 12
 (9 mm)(100 mm)3  (134 mm)(5 mm)3
I y  2   1,501,396 mm 4
 12  12
Consider buckling about z axis:
 2 EI z  2 (70,000 N/mm 2 )(10,216,743 mm 4 )
Pcr    144,050 N  144.050 kN
(1.0)(7,000 mm)
2
( KL)2z
144.050 kN
Pallow   57.620 kN  57.6 kN
2.5
Consider buckling about y axis:
 2 EI y  2 (70,000 N/mm 2 )(1,501,396 mm 4 )
Pcr    84,675 N  84.675 kN
(1.0)(3,500 mm)
2
( KL) 2y
84.675 kN
Pallow   33.870 kN  33.9 kN
2.5
Maximum compressive load P:

Pallow  33.9 kN Ans.
P16.34 A long, slender structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi]
HSS8 × 4 × ¼ shape (see Appendix B for cross-
sectional properties) is used as a 32-ft-long column.
The column is supported in the x direction at base A and
pinned at ends A and C against translation in the y and z
directions. Lateral support is provided to the column so
that deflection in the x-z plane is restrained at mid-
height B; however, the column is free to deflect in the
x-y plane at B (Figure P16.34). Determine the
maximum compressive load the column can support if a
factor of safety of 1.92 is required. In your analysis,
consider the possibility that buckling could occur about
either the strong axis (i.e., the z axis) or the weak axis
(i.e., the y axis) of the steel column.
Figure P16.34
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel HSS8 × 4 × ¼ shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 5.24 in.2, Ix = 42.5 in.4, Iy = 14.4 in.4
Consider buckling about z axis:

 2 EI z  2 (29,000 ksi)(42.5 in.4 )
Pcr    82.494 kips
(1.0)(32 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL) 2z
82.494 kips
Pallow   42.966 kips  43.0 kips
1.92
Consider buckling about y axis:

 2 EI y  2 (29,000 ksi)(14.4 in.4 )
Pcr    111.804 kips
(1.0)(16 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
( KL)2y
111.804 kips
Pallow   58.231 kips  58.2 kips
1.92
Maximum compressive load P:

Pallow  43.0 kips Ans.
P16.35 The uniform brass bar AB shown in Figure
P16.35 has a rectangular cross section. The bar is
supported by pins and brackets at its ends. The pins
permit rotation about a horizontal axis (i.e., the strong
axis of the rectangular cross section) but the brackets
prevent rotation about a vertical axis (i.e., the weak
axis).
(a) Determine the critical buckling load of the
assembly for the following parameters: L = 400
mm, b = 6 mm, h = 14 mm, and E = 100 GPa.
(b) Determine the ratio b/h for which the critical Figure P16.35
buckling load about both the strong and weak
axes is the same.
Solution
Section properties:
(6 mm)(14 mm)3 (14 mm)(6 mm)3
Istrong   1,372 mm4 I weak   252 mm 4
12 12
(a) Critical buckling load:

Consider buckling about strong axis:
K  1.0 (pinned-pinned column)
 2 EI  2 (100,000 N/mm2 )(1,372 mm4 )
Pcr    8,463.186 N
(1.0)(400 mm)
2
( KL)2
Consider buckling about weak axis:

K  0.5 (fixed-fixed column)
 2 EI  2 (100,000 N/mm2 )(252 mm4 )
Pcr    6,217.851 N
(0.5)(400 mm)
2
( KL)2
Critical load:
Pcr  6,220 N Ans.
(b) Ratio of b/h to give same buckling load:

Equate the two buckling equations:
 bh3  2  hb 
3
 2 (100,000 N/mm 2 )    2
(100,000 N/mm )  
 12    12 
(1.0)(400 mm) (0.5)(400 mm)
2 2
bh3 hb3

(1.0) 2 (0.5) 2
(0.5) 2
2
 b2 / h2
(1.0)
 b / h  0.5 Ans.
P16.36 The aluminum column shown in Figure P16.36 has a
rectangular cross section and supports an axial load of P. The
base of the column is fixed. The support at the top allows
rotation of the column in the x-y plane (i.e., bending about
the strong axis) but prevents rotation in the x-z plane (i.e.,
bending about the weak axis).
(a) Determine the critical buckling load of the column for the
following parameters: L = 50 in., b = 0.50 in., h = 0.875 in.,
and E = 10,000 ksi.
(b) Determine the ratio b/h for which the critical buckling
load about both the strong and weak axes is the same.
Figure P16.36
Solution
Section properties:
(0.50 in.)(0.875 in.)3 (0.875 in.)(0.50 in.)3
12 12
(a) Critical buckling load:

K  0.7 (fixed-pinned column)
 2 EI  2 (10,000,000 psi)(0.027913 in.4 )
Pcr    2,248.933 lb
(0.7)(50 in.)
2
( KL)2

 2 EI  2 (10,000,000 psi)(0.009115 in.4 )
Pcr    1,439.317 lb
(0.5)(50 in.)
2
( KL)2
Critical load:
Pcr  1,439 lb Ans.
(b) Ratio of b/h to give same buckling load:
Equate the two buckling equations:
 bh3   hb3 
 2 (10,000,000 psi)    2 (10,000,000 psi)  
 12    12 
(0.7)(50 in.) (0.5)(50 in.)
2 2
bh3 hb3

(0.7) 2 (0.5) 2
(0.5) 2
2
 b2 / h2
(0.7)
 b / h  0.714 Ans.
P16.37 The steel compression link shown in Figure P16.37 has a
rectangular cross section and supports an axial load of P. The
supports allow rotation about the strong axis of the link cross
section but prevents rotation about the weak axis. Determine the
allowable compression load P if a factor of safety of 2.0 is
specified. Use the following parameters: L = 36 in., b = 0.375 in.,
h = 1.250 in., and E = 30,000 ksi.
Figure P16.37
Solution
Section properties:
(0.375 in.)(1.250 in.)3 (1.250 in.)(0.375 in.)3
12 12
Critical buckling load:

 2 EI  2 (30,000,000 psi)(0.061035 in.4 )
Pcr    13,944.3 lb
(1.0)(36 in.)
2
( KL)2

 2 EI  2 (30,000,000 psi)(0.005493 in.4 )
Pcr    5,019.9 lb
(0.5)(36 in.)
2
( KL)2
Allowable compression load P:

5,019.9 lb
Pcr   2,510.0 lb  2,510 lb Ans.
2.0
P16.38 Solve Prob. 16.37 with the following
parameters: L = 1,200 mm, b = 15 mm, h = 40 mm,
and E = 200 GPa.
Figure P16.38
Solution
Section properties:
(15 mm)(40 mm)3 (40 mm)(15 mm)3
Istrong   80,000 mm4 I weak   11,250 mm 4
12 12

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(80,000 mm 4 )
Pcr    109,662.3 N  109.662 kN
(1.0)(1,200 mm)
2
( KL)2

 2 EI  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(11,250 mm 4 )
Pcr    61,685.0 N  61.685 kN
(0.5)(1,200 mm)
2
( KL)2
Allowable compression load P:

61.685 kN
Pcr   30.843 kN  30.8 kN Ans.
2.0
P16.39 A stainless steel pipe with an outside diameter of 100
mm and a wall thickness of 8 mm is rigidly attached to fixed
supports at A and B. The length of the pipe is L = 8 m, its
elastic modulus is E = 190 GPa, and its coefficient of thermal
expansion is  = 17.3 × 10−6 /°C. Determine the temperature
increase T that will cause the pipe to buckle.
Figure P16.39
Solution
Section properties:
d  100 mm  2(8 mm)  84 mm

A (100 mm) 2  (84 mm)2   2,312.212 mm 2
4

I (100 mm) 4  (84 mm) 4   2, 464,818 mm 4
64

 EI
2
 (190,000 N/mm2 )(2,464,818 mm4 )
2
Pcr    288,880.5 N
(0.5)(8,000 mm)
2
( KL)2
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationship
The relationship between internal force, temperature change, and deformation of an axial member is:
FL
e   T L
AE
Since the rod is attached to rigid supports, e = 0.

FL
  T L  0
AE
Set F = Pcr
Pcr L
  T L  0
AE
and solve for T:

P
T   cr
 AE
288,880.5 N
 6
(17.3  10 / C)(2,312.212 mm 2 )(190,000 N/mm 2 )
 38.009C  38.0C Ans.
P16.40 An axial load P is applied to a solid 30-mm-diameter
steel rod AB as shown in Figure P16.40. For L = 1.5 m, P =
18 kN, and e = 3.0 mm, determine (a) the lateral deflection
midway between A and B and (b) the maximum stress in the
rod. Use E = 200 GPa.
Figure P16.40
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (30 mm) 2  706.858 mm 2 I (30 mm) 4  39,760.782 mm 4
4 64
39,760.782 mm 4
r  7.500 mm
706.858 mm 2
(a) Lateral deflection midway between A and B:

 L P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  1,500 mm 18,000 N  
 (3.0 mm) sec    1
  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(39,760.782 mm 4 )  
 4.0073 mm  4.01 mm Ans.
(b) Maximum stress in the rod:

P  ec  L P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
18,000 N   (3.0 mm)(30 mm/2)   1,500 mm 18,000 N 
 2 
1  2  sec  2 2 
706.858 mm   (7.500 mm)   2(7.500 mm) (200,000 N/mm )(706.858 mm )  
18,000 N   (3.0 mm)(30 mm/2)  
 2 
1  2  (2.3358) 
706.858 mm   (7.500 mm)  
18,000 N
  2.8686
706.858 mm 2
 73.0487 MPa  73.0 MPa Ans.
P16.41 An axial load P is applied to a solid 2.0-in.-
diameter steel rod AB as shown in Figure P16.41. For L =
6 ft, P = 8 kips, and e = 0.50 in., determine (a) the lateral
deflection midway between A and B and (b) the maximum
stress in the rod. Use E = 29,000 ksi.
Figure P16.41
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (2.0 in.) 2  3.141593 in.2 I (2.0 in.) 4  0.785398 in.4
4 64
0.785398 in.4
r  0.500 in.
3.141593 in.2
(a) Lateral deflection midway between A and B:

 L P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (6 ft)(12 in./ft) 8 kips  
 (0.50 in.) sec    1
  2 (29,000 ksi)(0.785398 in.4 )  
 0.140286 in.  0.1403 in. Ans.
(b) Maximum stress in the rod:

P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
8 kips   (0.50 in.)(2.0 in./2)   72 in. 8 kips 
 2 
1  2  sec  2 
3.141593 in.   (0.50 in.)   2(0.50 in.) (29,000 ksi)(3.141593 in. )  
8 kips   (0.50 in.)(2.0 in./2)  
 2 
1  2  (1.280571) 
3.141593 in.   (0.50 in.)  
8 kips
 3.561143
3.141593 in.2
 9.0684 ksi  9.07 ksi Ans.
P16.42 A square tube shape made of an aluminum
alloy supports an eccentric compression load P that
is applied at an eccentricity of e = 4.0 in. from the
centerline of the shape (Figure P16.42). The width
of the square tube is 3 in. and its wall thickness is
0.12 in. The column is fixed at its base, free at its
upper end, and its length is L = 8 ft. For an applied
load of P = 900 lb, determine (a) the lateral
deflection at the upper end of the column and (b)
the maximum stress in the square tube. Use E = 10
× 106 psi.
Figure P16.42
Solution
Section properties:
(3 in.) 4  (2.76 in.) 4
A  (3 in.) 2  (2.76 in.) 2  1.3824 in.2 I  1.914348 in.4
12
1.914348 in.4
r  1.176775 in.
1.3824 in.2
(a) Lateral deflection at the upper end of the column:

  KL P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (2)(8 ft)(12 in./ft) 900 lb  
 (4.0 in.) sec    1
  2 (10  106 psi)(1.914348 in.4 )  
 1.056429 in.  1.056 in. Ans.
(b) Maximum stress in the square tube:

P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
900 lb   (4.0 in.)(3.0 in./2)   (2)(96 in.) 900 lb 
 2 
1  2 
sec  2  
1.3824 in.   (1.176775 in.)   2(1.176775 in.) (10  10 psi)(1.3824 in. )  
6
900 lb   (4.0 in.)(3.0 in./2)  

 2 
1  2 
(1.264107) 
1.3824 in.   (1.176775 in.)  
900 lb
 6.477071
1.3824 in.2
 4, 216.84 psi  4, 220 psi Ans.
P16.43 A steel pipe (outside diameter = 130 mm;
wall thickness = 12.5 mm) supports an axial load of
P = 25 kN, which is applied at an eccentricity of e =
175 mm from the pipe centerline (Fig P16-43). The
column is fixed at its base, free at its upper end, and
its length is L = 4.0 m. Determine (a) the lateral
deflection at the upper end of the column and (b)
the maximum stress in the pipe. Use E = 200 GPa.
Figure P16.43
Solution
Section properties:

A (130 mm) 2  (105 mm) 2   4,614.2 mm 2 d  130 mm  2(12.5 mm)  105 mm
4
 8,053,246 mm 4
I (130 mm)  (105 mm)   8,053,246 mm
4 4 4
r  41.777 mm
64  4,614.2 mm 2
(a) Lateral deflection at the upper end of the column:

  KL P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (2)(4,000 mm) 25,000 N  
 (175 mm) sec    1
  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(8,053, 246 mm 4 )  
 24.232 mm  24.2 mm Ans.
(b) Maximum stress in the pipe:

P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
25,000 N   (175 mm)(130 mm/2)   (2)(4,000 mm) 25,000 N 
 2 
1  2  sec  2 2 
4,614.2 mm   (41.777 mm)   2(41.777 mm) (200,000 N/mm )(4,614.2 mm )  
25,000 N   (175 mm)(130 mm/2)  
 2 
1  2  (1.138466) 
4,614.2 mm   (41.777 mm)  
25,000 N
 8.4199
4,614.2 mm 2
 45.6194 MPa  45.6 MPa Ans.
P16.44 A steel [E = 200 GPa] pipe with an outside
diameter of 170 mm and a wall thickness of 7 mm supports
an axial load of P, which is applied at an eccentricity of e =
150 mm from the pipe centerline (Fig P16-44). The column
is fixed at its base, free at its upper end, and its length is L
= 4.0 m. The maximum compression stress in the column
must be limited to max = 80 MPa.
(a) Use a trial-and-error approach or an iterative numerical
solution to determine the allowable eccentric load P that
can be applied.
(b) Determine the lateral deflection at the upper end of the
column for the allowable load P.
Figure P16.44
Solution
Section properties:

A (170 mm) 2  (156 mm) 2   3,584.6 mm 2 d  170 mm  2(7 mm)  156 mm
4
 11,926,718 mm 4
I (170 mm) 4  (156 mm) 4   11,926,718 mm 4 r  57.682 mm
64 3,584.6 mm 2
(a) Allowable eccentric load P:

The secant formula is:
P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
It is convenient to calculate the eccentricity ratio for use in the secant formula.
ec (150 mm)(170 mm/2)
  3.8320
r2 (57.682 mm)2
For this column, the secant formula can be written as:

P   (2)(4,000 mm) P 
 max  2 
1   3.8320  sec  2 2 
3,584.6 mm   2(57.682 mm) (200,000 N/mm )(3,584.6 mm )  
which can be further simplified to:

P   P 
 max  1   3.8320  sec 
 (69.3457) 
3,584.6 mm2   716,911,444 N  
By trial-and-error, determine the value of P that gives max = 80 MPa. We will begin with a trial value
of P that corresponds to 25% of max, i.e., P = 0.25(80 MPa)(3,584.557 mm2) = 71,691 N.
Trial value Corresponding

of P max
(N) (MPa)
71,691 119.656
60,000 96.375
50,000 77.814
55,000 86.947
52,500 82.344
51,250 80.070
51,200 79.980
51,230 80.034
51,211.265 80.000

Thus, the allowable eccentric load is:
 P  51,211.265 N  51.2 kN Ans.
(b) Lateral deflection at the upper end of the column:

  KL P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (2)(4,000 mm) 51, 211.265 N  
 (150 mm) sec  4 
 1
  2 (200,000 N/mm )(11,926,718 mm )  
2
 30.049 mm  30.0 mm Ans.
P16.45 The structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi] column
shown in Figure P16.45 is fixed at its base and free at its
upper end. At the top of the column, a load P = 35 kips is
applied to the stiffened seat support at an eccentricity of e
= 7 in. from the centroidal axis of the wide-flange shape.
Determine
(a) the maximum stress produced in the column.
(b) the lateral deflection of the column at its upper end.
Solution
Section properties:
A  2(0.50 in.)(8 in.)  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)  10.450 in.2
(8 in.)(8 in.)3 (7.65 in.)(7 in.)3
Iz    122.671 in.4
12 12
122.671 in.4
rz   3.426 in.
10.450 in.2
Figure P16.45
Note: For buckling about the z axis, the effective-length factor is K = 2.0.
(a) Maximum stress in the column:

P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
35 kips   (7.0 in.)(8 in./2)   (2)(144 in.) 35 kips 
 1    sec  
10.450 in.2   (3.426 in.) 2   2(3.426 in.) (29,000 ksi)(10.450 in.2 )  
35 kips
 1   2.3855  sec  0.451702  
10.450 in.2 
 12.2297 ksi  12.23 ksi Ans.

  KL P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (2)(144 in.) 35 kips  
 (7.0 in.) sec    1
  2 (29,000 ksi)(122.671 in.4 )  
 0.780224 in.  0.780 in. Ans.
P16.46 The structural steel [E = 29,000 ksi] column shown
in Figure P16.46 is fixed at its base and free at its upper
end. At the top of the column, a load P is applied to the
stiffened seat support at an eccentricity of e = 6 in. from the
centroidal axis of the wide-flange shape. If the yield stress
of the steel is Y = 36 ksi, determine
(a) the maximum load P that may be applied to the column.
(b) the lateral deflection of the column at its upper end for
the maximum load P.
Solution
Section properties:
A  2(0.50 in.)(8 in.)  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)  10.450 in.2
(8 in.)(8 in.)3 (7.65 in.)(7 in.)3
Iz    122.671 in.4
12 12
122.671 in.4
rz   3.426 in.
10.450 in.2
Figure P16.46
(a) Allowable eccentric load P:
P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
It is convenient to calculate the eccentricity ratio for use in the secant formula.
ec (6 in.)(8 in./2)
  2.0445
r2 (3.426 in.)2

P   (2)(144 in.) P 
 max  1   2.0445  sec  2(3.426 in.) (29,000 ksi)(10.450 in.2 )  

10.450 in.2    

P   P 
 max  1   2.0445  sec 
 (42.0315) 
10.450 in.2   303,050 kips  
By trial-and-error, determine the value of P that gives max = 36 ksi. We will begin with a trial value of
P that corresponds to 25% of max, i.e., P = 0.25(36 ksi)(10.450 in.2) = 94.0 kips.

of P max
(kips) (ksi)
94.0 33.904
100.0 36.651
98.0 35.725
99.0 36.186
98.5 35.955
98.8 36.094
98.6 36.002
98.597 36.000

 P  98.597 kips  98.6 kips Ans.

  KL P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  (2)(144 in.) 98.597 kips  
 (7.0 in.) sec    1
  2 (29,000 ksi)(122.671 in.4 )  
 2.262795 in.  2.26 in. Ans.
P16.47 A 3-m-long steel [E = 200 GPa] tube supports an
eccentrically applied axial load P, as shown in Figure P16.47. The
tube has an outside diameter of 75 mm and a wall thickness of 6 mm.
For an eccentricity of e = 8 mm, determine (a) the load P for which
the horizontal deflection midway between A and B is 12 mm and (b)
the corresponding maximum stress in the tube.
Figure P16.47
Solution
Section properties:

A (75 mm) 2  (63 mm) 2   1,300.6 mm 2 d  75 mm  2(6 mm)  63 mm
4
 779,883.9 mm 4
I (75 mm)  (63 mm)   779,883.9 mm
4 4 4
r  24.487 mm
64  1,300.6 mm 2
(a) Load P for 12-mm lateral deflection midway between A and B:

 L P  
vmax  e sec    1
  2 EI  
  3,000 mm P  
 (8 mm) sec    1
  2 (200,000 N/mm 2 )(779,883.9 mm4 )  
Set vmax = 12 mm and simplify:

  3,000 mm P  
12 mm  (8 mm) sec  2 4   1
  2 (200,000 N/mm )(779,883.9 mm )  
12 mm  P 
 1  sec  (1,500 mm) 2 
8 mm  155.9768  10 N-mm 
9
This equation can be expressed in terms of the cosine function as:
 P  1
cos  (1,500 mm)
155.9768  109
N-mm   2.5
2 
 
 P  93,165.2 N  93.2 kN Ans.
(b) Corresponding maximum stress in the tube:
P  ec  L P 
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2r EA  
93,165.2 N   (8 mm)(75 mm/2)   3,000 mm 93,165.2 N 
 1    sec  
1,300.6 mm 2   (24.487 mm) 2   2(24.487 mm) (200,000 N/mm 2 )(1,300.6 mm 2 )  
 161.227 MPa  161.2 MPa Ans.
P16.48 A 4-ft-long steel [E = 29,000 ksi; Y = 36 ksi] tube

supports an eccentrically applied axial load P, as shown in Figure
P16.48. The tube has an outside diameter of 2.00 in. and a wall
thickness of 0.15 in. For an eccentricity of e = 0.25 in.,
determine (a) the maximum load P which can be applied without
causing either buckling or yielding of the tube and (b) the
corresponding maximum deflection midway between A and B.
Figure P16.48
Solution
Section properties:

A (2.00 in.) 2  (1.70 in.) 2   0.871792 in.2 d  2.00 in.  2(0.15 in.)  1.70 in.
4
 0.375415 in.4
I (2.00 in.) 4  (1.70 in.) 4   0.375415 in.4 r  0.656220 in.
64  0.871792 in.2

 2 EI  2 (29,000 ksi)(0.375415 in.4 )
Pcr  2   46.63665 kips (a)
(4 ft)(12 in./ft)
2
L
Allowable eccentric load P based on yield stress:

P  ec  KL P  
 max  1  2 sec   
A  r  2 r EA  
It is convenient to calculate the eccentricity ratio and the slenderness ratio:

ec (0.25 in.)(2 in./2) KL (1.0)(48 in.)
2
 2
 0.58055   73.146
r (0.656220 in.) r 0.656220 in.
P   (48 in.) P 
 max  1   0.58055  sec  2(0.656220 in.) (29,000 ksi)(0.871792 in.2 )  

0.871792 in.2    

P   P 
 max  1   0.58055  sec 
 (36.5731) 
0.871792 in.2   25,281.968 kips  
By trial-and-error, determine the value of P that gives max = 36 ksi. From Fig. 16.10 for a slenderness
ratio of 73 and an eccentricity ratio of 0.6, we can approximate the average compression stress as P/A =
18 ksi. Thus, we will begin with a trial value of P that corresponds to 18 ksi, i.e., P = (18 ksi)(0.871792
in.2) = 15.7 kips.

of P max
(kips) (ksi)
15.7 35.074
15.8 35.362
15.9 35.651
16.0 35.942
16.1 36.234
16.05 36.088
P16.019955 36.000

 P  16.01995 kips  16.02 kips (b)
(a) Maximum load P:

The maximum load P which can be applied without causing either buckling [see Eq. (a)] or yielding [see
Eq. (b)] of the tube is thus:
 P  16.01995 kips  16.02 kips Ans.
(b) Corresponding maximum deflection midway between A and B:

  P  
vmax  e sec    1

  2 Pcr  
   16.01995 kips  
 (0.25 in.) sec    1
  2 46.63665 kips  
 0.16301 in.  0.1630 in. Ans.
P16.49 Use the AISC equations to determine the allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by a
W8 × 48 wide-flange column for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 13 ft and (b) KL = 26 ft.
Assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 50 ksi.
Solution
A = 14.1 in.2, rx = 3.61 in., ry = 2.08 in.
Limiting slenderness ratio

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  113.432
Y 50 ksi
(a) Slenderness ratios for KL = 13 ft:

KL / rx  (13 ft)(12 in./ft)/(3.61 in.)  43.213
KL / ry  (13 ft)(12 in./ft)/(2.08 in.)  75.000
Elastic critical buckling stress

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    50.883 ksi
 KL 
2
 75.0002
 
r 
Critical and allowable buckling stresses

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   50 ksi 

 50.883 ksi 

 cr  0.658 e
  Y  0.658  (50 ksi)  33.140 ksi
   
 33.140 ksi
 allow  cr   19.844 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable axial load:

Pallow   allow A  (19.844 ksi)(14.1 in.2 )  280 kips Ans.
(b) Slenderness ratios for KL = 26 ft:
KL / rx  (26 ft)(12 in./ft)/(3.61 in.)  86.427
KL / ry  (26 ft)(12 in./ft)/(2.08 in.)  150.000

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    12.721 ksi
 KL 
2
150.0002
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(12.721 ksi)  11.156 ksi
 11.156 ksi
 allow  cr   6.680 ksi
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (6.680 ksi)(14.1 in.2 )  94.2 kips Ans.
HSS152.4 × 101.6 × 6.4 column for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 3.75 m and (b) KL = 7.5
m. Assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 320 MPa.
Solution
Appendix B:
A = 2,770 mm2, rx = 55.9 mm, ry = 40.9 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  117.750
Y 320 MPa
(a) Slenderness ratios for KL = 3.75 m:

KL / rx  (3,750 mm)/(55.9 mm)  67.084
KL / ry  (3,750 mm)/(40.9 mm)  91.687

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    234.809 MPa
 KL 
2
 91.6872
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   320 MPa 

 234.809 MPa 

 cr  0.658 e
  Y  0.658  (320 MPa)  180.895 MPa
   
 180.895 MPa
 allow  cr   108.320 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (108.320 N/mm2 )(2,770 mm2 )  300,047 N  300 kN Ans.
(b) Slenderness ratios for KL = 7.5 m:
KL / rx  (7,500 mm)/(55.9 mm)  134.168
KL / ry  (7,500 mm)/(40.9 mm)  183.374

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    58.702 MPa
 KL 
2
183.3742
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(58.702 MPa)  51.482 MPa
 51.482 MPa
 allow  cr   30.827 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (30.827 N/mm2 )(2,770 mm2 )  85,392 N  85.4 kN Ans.
W310 × 86 wide-flange column for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 7.0 m and (b) KL = 10.0 m.
Assume E = 200 GPa and y = 250 MPa.
Solution
A = 11,000 mm2, rx = 134 mm, ry = 63.8 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa
(a) Slenderness ratios for KL = 7.0 m:

KL / rx  (7,000 mm)/(134 mm)  52.239
KL / ry  (7,000 mm)/(63.8 mm)  109.718

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    163.974 MPa
 KL 
2
109.7182
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   250 MPa 

 163.974 MPa 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (250 MPa)  132.069 MPa
   
 132.069 MPa
 allow  cr   79.083 MPa
1.67 1.67

(b) Slenderness ratios for KL = 10.0 m:
KL / rx  (10,000 mm)/(134 mm)  74.627
KL / ry  (10,000 mm)/(63.8 mm)  156.740

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    80.347 MPa
 KL 
2
156.7402
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(80.347 MPa)  70.465 MPa
 70.465 MPa
 allow  cr   42.194 MPa
1.67 1.67

W12 × 40 wide-flange column for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 12 ft and (b) KL = 24 ft.
Solution
A = 11.7 in.2, rx = 5.13 in., ry = 1.94 in.

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
(a) Slenderness ratios for KL = 12 ft:

KL / rx  (12 ft)(12 in./ft)/(5.13 in.)  28.070
KL / ry  (12 ft)(12 in./ft)/(1.94 in.)  74.227

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    51.949 ksi
 KL 
2
 74.2272
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   36 ksi 

 51.949 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (36 ksi)  26.936 ksi
   
 26.936 ksi
 allow  cr   16.129 ksi
1.67 1.67

(b) Slenderness ratios for KL = 24 ft:
KL / rx  (24 ft)(12 in./ft)/(5.13 in.)  56.140
KL / ry  (24 ft)(12 in./ft)/(1.94 in.)  148.454

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    12.987 ksi
 KL 
2
148.4542
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(12.987 ksi)  11.390 ksi
 11.390 ksi
 allow  cr   6.820 ksi
1.67 1.67

P16.53 Use the AISC equations to determine the allowable
axial load Pallow for a steel pipe column that is fixed at its
base and free at the top (see Figure P16.53) for the following
column lengths: (a) L = 10 ft and (b) L = 22 ft. The outside
diameter of the pipe is 8.625 in. and the wall thickness is
0.322 in. Assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 36 ksi.
Solution
Section properties:
d  8.625 in.  2(0.322 in.)  7.981 in.

A (8.625 in.) 2  (7.981 in.) 2   8.399255 in.2
4

I (8.625 in.) 4  (7.981 in.) 4   72.489241 in.4
64
72.489241 in.4 Figure P16.53
r  2.937760 in.
8.399255 in.2

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
(a) Slenderness ratio for L = 10 ft:

(2.0)(10 ft)(12 in./ft)
KL / r   81.695
2.937760 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    42.885 ksi
 KL 
2
81.6952
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   36 ksi 

 42.885 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (36 ksi)  25.335 ksi
   
 25.335 ksi
 allow  cr   15.170 ksi
1.67 1.67

(b) Slenderness ratios for L = 22 ft:
(2.0)(22 ft)(12 in./ft)
KL / r   179.729
2.937760 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    8.861 ksi
 KL 
2
179.7292
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(8.861 ksi)  7.771 ksi
 7.771 ksi
 allow  cr   4.653 ksi
1.67 1.67

P16.54 Use the AISC equations to determine the allowable
axial load Pallow for a steel pipe column that is fixed at its
base and free at the top (see Figure P16.54) for the following
column lengths: (a) L = 3 m and (b) L = 4 m. The outside
diameter of the pipe is 168 mm and the wall thickness is 11
mm. Assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa.
Solution
Section properties:
d  168 mm  2(11 mm)  146 mm

A (168 mm) 2  (146 mm) 2   5, 425.531 mm 2
4

I (168 mm) 4  (146 mm) 4   16,798,798.85 mm 4
64
16,798,798.85 mm 4 Figure P16.54
r  55.644 mm
5, 425.531 mm 2

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa
(a) Slenderness ratios for L = 3 m:

(2.0)(3,000 mm)
KL / r   107.828
55.644 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    169.771 MPa
 KL 
2
107.8282
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
   250 MPa 

  e   169.771 MPa 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658  (250 MPa)  134.978 MPa
   
 134.978 MPa
 allow  cr   80.825 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (80.825 N/mm2 )(5,425.531 mm2 )  438,521 N  439 kN Ans.
(b) Slenderness ratios for L = 4 m:
(2.0)(4,000 mm)
KL / r   143.771
55.644 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    95.496 MPa
 KL 
2
143.7712
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(95.496 MPa)  83.750 MPa
 83.750 MPa
 allow  cr   50.150 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (50.150 N/mm2 )(5,425.531 mm2 )  272,089 N  272 kN Ans.
P16.55 The 10-m-long HSS304.8 × 203.2 × 9.5 (see
Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) column
shown in Figure P16.55 is fixed at base A with
respect to bending about both the strong and weak
axes of the HSS cross section. At upper end B, the
column is restrained against rotation and translation
in the x-z plane (i.e., bending about the weak axis),
and it is restrained against translation in the x-y
plane (i.e., free to rotate about the strong axis). Use
the AISC equations to determine the allowable axial
load Pallow that may be supported by the column
based on (a) buckling in the x-y plane and (b)
buckling in the x-z plane. Assume E = 200 GPa and
Y = 320 MPa.
Figure P16.55
Solution
Appendix B:
A = 8,520 mm2, rx = 114 mm, ry = 83.1 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  117.750
Y 320 MPa
(a) Consider buckling about strong axis:

K x L (0.7)(10,000 mm)
  61.404
rx 114 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    523.532 MPa
 KL 
2
 61.4042
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
 
   320 MPa 
 
 cr  0.658  e    Y  0.658 523.532 MPa   (320 MPa)  247.767 MPa
   
 247.767 MPa
 allow  cr   148.364 MPa
1.67 1.67
Allowable axial load based on buckling in the x-y plane:

Pallow   allow A  (148.364 N/mm2 )(8,520 mm2 )  1, 264,057 N  1, 264 kN Ans.
(b) Consider buckling about weak axis:
K y L (0.5)(10,000 mm)
  60.168
ry 83.1 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    545.245 MPa
 KL 
2
 60.1682
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
 
   320 MPa 
 
 cr  0.658  e    Y  0.658 545.245 MPa   (320 MPa)  250.304 MPa
   
 250.304 MPa
 allow  cr   149.883 MPa
1.67 1.67
Allowable axial load based on buckling in the x-z plane:

Pallow   allow A  (149.883 N/mm2 )(8,520 mm2 )  1, 277,001 N  1, 277 kN Ans.
P16.56 The 25-ft-long HSS6 × 4 × 1/8 (see Appendix
B for cross-sectional properties) column shown in
Figure P16.56 is fixed at base A with respect to
bending about both the strong and weak axes of the
HSS cross section. At upper end B, the column is
restrained against rotation and translation in the x-z
plane (i.e., bending about the weak axis), and it is
restrained against translation in the x-y plane (i.e., free
to rotate about the strong axis). Use the AISC
equations to determine the allowable axial load Pallow
that may be supported by the column based on (a)
buckling in the x-y plane and (b) buckling in the x-z
plane. Assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 46 ksi.
Figure P16.56
Solution
A = 2.23 in.2, rx = 2.26 in., ry = 1.66 in.

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  118.261
Y 46 ksi
(a) Consider buckling about strong axis:

K x L (0.7)(25 ft)(12 in./ft)
  92.920
rx 2.26 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    33.149 ksi
 KL 
2
 92.9202
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
 
   46 ksi 
 
 cr  0.658  e    Y  0.658 33.149 ksi   (46 ksi)  25.735 ksi
   
 25.735 ksi
 allow  cr   15.410 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable axial load based on buckling in the x-y plane:

(b) Consider buckling about weak axis:
K y L (0.5)(25 ft)(12 in./ft)
  90.361
ry 1.66 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    35.054 ksi
 KL 
2
 90.3612
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
   46 ksi 

  e   35.054 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658  (46 ksi)  26.559 ksi
   
 26.559 ksi
 allow  cr   15.904 ksi
1.67 1.67
Allowable axial load based on buckling in the x-z plane:

P16.57 A column with an effective length of 28 ft is
fabricated by connecting two C15 × 40 steel channels
(see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) with
lacing bars as shown in Figure P16.57. Use the AISC
equations to determine the allowable axial load Pallow
that may be supported by the column if d = 10 in.
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel
C15 × 40 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 11.8 in.2, rx = 5.45 in.
Iy = 9.17 in.4, x = 0.778 in.
Figure P16.57
E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
Slenderness ratio about horizontal cross-sectional axis:

K x L (1.0)(28 ft)(12 in./ft)
  61.651
rx 5.45 in.
Slenderness ratio about vertical cross-sectional axis:
439.017 in.4
I  2 9.17 in.4  (5 in.  0.778 in.) 2 (11.8 in.2 )   439.017 in.4 ry   4.313 in.
2(11.8 in.2 )
KyL (1.0)(28 ft)(12 in./ft)
  77.903
ry 4.313 in.
Controlling slenderness ratio: K y L / ry  77.903
 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    47.162 ksi
 KL 
2
 77.9032
 
r 
KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
   36 ksi 

  e   47.162 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658  (36 ksi)  26.155 ksi
   
 26.155 ksi
 allow  cr   15.661 ksi
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (15.661 ksi)(2  11.8 in.2 )  370 kips Ans.
P16.58 A column is fabricated by connecting two C310
× 45 steel channels (see Appendix B for cross-sectional
properties) with lacing bars as shown in Figure P16.58.
(a) Determine the distance d required so that the
moments of inertia for the section about the two
principal axes are equal. (b) For a column with an
effective length of KL = 9.5 m, determine the allowable
axial load Pallow that may be supported by the column
using the value of d determined in part (a). Use the
AISC equations and assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 340
MPa.
Figure P16.58
Solution
A = 5,680 mm2, Ix = 67.4×106 mm4, rx = 109 mm, Iy = 2.13×106 mm4, x = 17.1 mm
(a) Determine distance d:

I x  2(67.4  106 mm4 )  134.8  106 mm4
I y  2 2.13  106 mm4  (d / 2  17.1 mm)2 (5,680 mm2 ) 
Equate these two moment of inertia expressions and solve for d:
d  248.594 mm  249 mm Ans.
(b) Determine the allowable axial load:

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  114.234
Y 340 MPa
Slenderness ratio:
134.8  106 mm 4 KL 9,500 mm
r  108.932 mm    87.210
2(5,680 mm2 ) r 108.932 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    259.534 MPa
 KL 
2
87.2102
 
r 
KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   340 MPa 

 259.534 MPa 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (340 MPa)  196.493 MPa
   
 196.493 MPa
 allow  cr   117.661 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (117.661 N/mm2 )(2  5,680 mm2 )  1,337 kN Ans.
P16.59 A column with an effective length of 12 m is
fabricated by connecting two C230 × 30 steel channels
with lacing bars as shown in Figure P16.59. Use the
AISC equations to determine the allowable axial load
Pallow that may be supported by the column if d = 100
mm. Assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa.
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel
C230 × 30 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 3,790 mm2, Ix = 25.3×106 mm4, rx = 81.8 mm
Iy = 1.00×106 mm4, x = 14.8 mm
Figure P16.59
E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa
Slenderness ratio about horizontal cross-sectional axis:

KL 12,000 mm
  146.699
rx 81.8 mm
Slenderness ratio about vertical cross-sectional axis:
I y  2 1.00  106 mm 4  (100 mm/2  14.8 mm) 2 (3,790 mm 2 )   33.8287  106 mm 4
33.8287  106 mm 4
ry   66.805 mm
2(3,790 mm 2 )
KL 12,000 mm
  179.628
ry 66.805 mm
Controlling slenderness ratio: KL / ry  179.628

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    61.176 MPa
 KL 
2
179.6282
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(61.176 MPa)  53.652 MPa
 53.652 MPa
 allow  cr   32.127 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (32.127 N/mm2 )(2  3,790 mm2 )  244 kN Ans.
P16.60 A column is fabricated by connecting two C8
×18.7 steel channels with lacing bars as shown in
Figure P16.60. (a) Determine the distance d required so
that the moments of inertia for the section about the two
principal axes are equal. (b) For a column with an
effective length of KL = 32 ft, determine the allowable
axial load Pallow that may be supported by the column
using the value of d determined in part (a). Use the
AISC equations and assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 36
ksi.
Figure P16.60
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel C8 ×18.7 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 5.51 in.2, Ix = 43.9 in.4, rx = 2.82 in., Iy = 1.97 in.4, x = 0.565 in.
(a) Determine distance d:
I x  2(43.9 in.4 )  87.8 in.4
I y  2 1.97 in.4  (d / 2  0.565 in.) 2 (5.51 in.2 ) 
Equate these two moment of inertia expressions and solve for d:
d  4.387 in.  4.39 in. Ans.
E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
Slenderness ratio:
87.8 in.4 KL (32 ft)(12 in./ft)
r 2
 2.823 in.    136.043
2(5.51 in. ) r 2.823 in.
 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    15.465 ksi
 KL 
2
136.0432
 
r 
KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   36 ksi 

 15.465 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (36 ksi)  13.563 ksi
   
 13.563 ksi
 allow  cr   8.121 ksi
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (8.121 ksi)(2  5.51 in.2 )  89.5 kips Ans.
P16.61 A compression chord of a small truss consists of
two L5 × 3 × 1/2 steel angles arranged with long legs
back-to-back as shown in Figure P16.61. The angles are
separated at intervals by spacer blocks that are 0.375 in.
thick. If the effective length is KL = 12 ft, determine the
allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by the
compression chord. Use the AISC equations and
assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 36 ksi.
Figure P16.61
Solution
The following section properties for a standard steel L5 × 3 × 1/2 shape are given in Appendix B:
A = 3.75 in.2, Ix = 9.43 in.4, rx = 1.58 in., Iy = 2.55 in.4, x = 0.746 in.
E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi

KL (12 ft)(12 in./ft)
I x  2(9.43 in.4 )  18.86 in.4 rx  1.58 in.   91.139
rx 1.58 in.
I y  2  2.55 in.4  (0.375 in./2  0.746 in.) 2 (3.75 in.2 )   11.636 in.4
11.636 in.4 KL (12 ft)(12 in./ft)

ry   1.245561 in.   115.611
2(3.75 in.2 ) ry 1.245561 in.
Controlling slenderness ratio: KL / ry  115.611

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    21.414 ksi
 KL 
2
115.6112
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
 
   36 ksi 
 
 cr  0.658  e    Y  0.658 21.414 ksi   (36 ksi)  17.812 ksi
   
 17.812 ksi
 allow  cr   10.666 ksi
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (10.666 ksi)(2  3.75 in.2 )  80.0 kips Ans.
P16.62 A compression chord of a small truss consists of
two L127 × 76 × 12.7 steel angles arranged with long legs
back-to-back as shown in Figure P16.62. The angles are
separated at intervals by spacer blocks. (a) Determine the
spacer thickness required so that the moments of inertia for
the section about the two principal axes are equal. (b) For a
compression chord with an effective length of KL = 7 m,
determine the allowable axial load Pallow that may be
supported by the column using the spacer thickness
determined in part (a). Use the AISC equations and assume
E = 200 GPa and Y = 340 MPa.
Figure P16.62
Solution
A = 2,420 mm2, Ix = 3.93×106 mm4, rx = 40.1 mm, Iy = 1.06×106 mm4, x = 18.9 mm
(a) Determine spacer thickness b:

I x  2(3.93  106 mm4 )  7.86 106 mm4
I y  2 1.06  106 mm4  (b / 2  18.9 mm)2 (2,420 mm2 ) 
Equate these two moment of inertia expressions and solve for the block thickness b:
b  31.075 mm  31.1 mm Ans.

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  114.234
Y 340 MPa
Slenderness ratio:
7.86  106 mm 4 KL 7,000 mm
r 2
 40.298 mm    173.704
2(2,420 mm ) r 40.298 mm
 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    65.420 MPa
 KL 
2
173.7042
 
r 
KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(65.420 MPa)  57.373 MPa
 57.373 MPa
 allow  cr   34.355 MPa
1.67 1.67

Pallow   allow A  (34.355 N/mm2 )(2  2, 420 mm2 )  166.3 kN Ans.
P16.63 Develop a list of three acceptable structural steel WT shapes (from those listed in Appendix B)
that can be used as an 18-ft-long pin-ended column to carry an axial compression load of 30 kips.
Include the most economical WT8, WT9, and WT10.5 shapes on the list of possibilities and select the
most economical shape from the available alternatives. Use the AISC equation for long columns and
assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 50 ksi.
Solution
E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  113.432
Y 50 ksi
Allowable buckling stress

KL E
If  4.71
r y
 cr 0.877 e 0.877 2 E 5.183020 E 150,307.5741 ksi
 allow    2
 2
 2
1.67 1.67  KL   KL   KL 
1.67 
 r   
r 
 
r 
Investigate various shapes:

Designation Area A ry KL/ry allow Pallow
(in.2) (in.) (ksi) (kips)
WT8×15.5 4.56 1.17 184.615 4.410 20.110 N.G.
WT8×20 5.89 1.56 138.462 7.840 46.178 O.K.
WT9×17.5 5.15 1.22 177.049 4.795 24.694 N.G.
WT9×20 5.88 1.27 170.079 5.196 30.553 O.K.
WT10.5×22 6.49 1.26 171.429 5.115 33.194 O.K.
Lightest shape is WT8×20. Other acceptable shapes are noted above. Ans.
P16.64 Develop a list of three acceptable structural steel WT shapes (from those listed in Appendix B)
that can be used as a 6-m-long pin-ended column to carry an axial compression load of 230 kN. Include
the most economical WT205, WT230, and WT265 shapes on the list of possibilities and select the most
economical shape from the available alternatives. Use the AISC equation for long columns and assume
E = 200 GPa and Y = 340 MPa.
Solution
E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  114.234
Y 340 MPa
Allowable buckling stress

KL E
If  4.71
r y
 cr 0.877 e 0.877 2 E 5.183020 E 1, 036, 604 MPa
 allow    2
 2
 2
1.67 1.67  KL   KL   KL 
1.67 
 r   
r 
 
r 
Investigate various shapes:

Designation Area A ry KL/ry allow Pallow
(mm2) (mm) (MPa) (kN)
WT205×23.05 2,940 29.7 202.020 25.399 74.674 N.G.
WT205×30 3,800 39.6 151.515 45.154 171.587 N.G.
WT205×37.5 4,750 40.4 148.515 46.997 223.237 N.G.
WT205×42.5 5,410 40.6 147.783 47.464 256.779 O.K.
WT230×37 4,730 41.9 143.198 50.552 239.111 O.K.
WT230×41 5,230 42.4 141.509 51.766 270.735 O.K.
WT265×37 4,750 33.0 181.818 31.357 148.947 N.G.
WT265×46 5,890 45.0 133.333 58.309 343.440 O.K.
Lightest shape is WT230×37. Other acceptable shapes are indicated above. Ans.
P16.65 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy pipe column with pinned ends has an outside diameter of 4.50 in.
and a wall thickness of 0.237 in. Determine the allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by the
aluminum pipe column for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 7.5 ft and (b) KL = 15 ft. Use the
Aluminum Association column design formulas.
Solution
Section properties:
d  4.50 in.  2(0.237 in.)  4.026 in.

A (4.50 in.) 2  (4.026 in.) 2   3.174048 in.2
4

I (4.50 in.) 4  (4.026 in.) 4   7.232600 in.4
64
7.232600 in.4
r  1.509526 in.
3.174048 in.2
(a) KL = 7.5 ft:

Effective-slenderness ratio:
KL (7.5 ft)(12 in./ft)
  59.621
r 1.509526 in.
Aluminum Association column design formula:

KL
 allow   20.2  0.125( KL / r ) ksi where 9.5   66
r
  20.2  0.125(59.621) ksi
 12.747 ksi
Allowable axial load Pallow:

(b) KL = 15 ft:
KL (15 ft)(12 in./ft)
  119.243
r 1.509526 in.

51,000 KL
 allow  2
ksi where  66
( KL / r ) r
51,000
 ksi
(119.243) 2
 3.587 ksi

P16.66 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy tube with pinned ends has an outside diameter of 42 mm and a wall
thickness of 3.5 mm. Determine the allowable compression load Pallow that may be supported by the
aluminum tube for the following effective lengths: (a) KL = 625 mm and (b) KL = 1,250 mm. Use the
Solution
Section properties:
d  42 mm  2(3.5 mm)  35 mm

A (42 mm) 2  (35 mm) 2   423.330 mm 2
4

I (42 mm) 4  (35 mm) 4   79,083.263 mm 4
64
79,083.263 mm 4
r  13.668 mm
423.330 mm 2
(a) KL = 625 mm:

KL 625 mm
  45.727
r 13.668 mm

KL
 allow  139  0.868( KL / r ) MPa where 9.5   66
r
 139  0.868(45.727) MPa
 99.309 MPa

Pallow   allow A  (99.309 N/mm2 )(423.330 mm2 )  42,040 N  42.0 kN Ans.
(b) KL = 1,250 mm:

KL 1,250 mm
  91.455
r 13.668 mm

351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
351,000
 MPa
(91.455) 2
 41.966 MPa

Pallow   allow A  (41.966 N/mm2 )(423.330 mm2 )  17,765 N  17.77 kN Ans.
P16.67 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy wide-flange shape
has the dimensions shown in Figure P16.67. Determine
the allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by
the aluminum column for the following effective
lengths: (a) KL = 5 ft and (b) KL = 15 ft. Use the
Figure P16.67
Solution
Section properties:
A  2(5 in.)(0.41 in.)  (0.25 in.)(8 in.  2  0.41 in.)  5.895 in.2
(5 in.)(8 in.)3  (4.75 in.)(7.18 in.)3
Iz   66.817117 in.4
12
66.817117 in.4
rz   3.366681 in.
5.895 in.2
 (0.41 in.)(5 in.)3  (7.18 in.)(0.25 in.)3
I y  2   8.551016 in.4
 12  12
8.551016 in.4
ry   1.204389 in.
5.895 in.2
(a) KL = 5 ft:
KL (5 ft)(12 in./ft) KL (5 ft)(12 in./ft)
  17.822   49.818
rz 3.366681 in. ry 1.204389 in.

KL
r
  20.2  0.125(49.818) ksi
 13.973 ksi

(b) KL = 15 ft:
KL (15 ft)(12 in./ft) KL (15 ft)(12 in./ft)
  53.465   149.453
rz 3.366681 in. ry 1.204389 in.

51,000 KL
 allow  2
ksi where  66
( KL / r ) r
51,000
 ksi
(149.453) 2
 2.283 ksi

P16.68 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy rectangular tube
shape has the dimensions shown in Figure P16.68.
The rectangular tube is used as a compression
member that is 2.5-m long. Both ends of the
compression member are fixed. Determine the
allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by
the rectangular tube. Use the Aluminum
Association column design formulas.
Figure P16.68
Solution
Section properties:
A  (50 mm)(76 mm)  (40 mm)(66 mm)  1,160 mm 2
(50 mm)(76 mm)3  (40 mm)(66 mm)3
Iz   870,746.67 mm 4
12
870,746.67 mm 4
rz   27.398 mm
1,160 mm 2
(76 mm)(50 mm)3  (66 mm)(40 mm)3
Iy   439,666.67 mm 4
12
439,666.67 mm 4
ry   19.469 mm
1,160 mm 2
Effective-slenderness ratios:
KL (0.5)(2,500 mm) KL (0.5)(2,500 mm)
  45.625   64.206
rz 27.398 mm ry 19.469 mm

KL
 allow  139  0.868( KL / r ) MPa where 9.5   66
r
 139  0.868(64.206) MPa
 83.269 MPa

P16.69 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy rectangular tube
shape has the dimensions shown in Figure P16.69. The
rectangular tube is used as a compression member that is
3.6-m long. For buckling about the z axis, assume that
both ends of the column are pinned. For buckling about
the y axis, however, assume that both ends of the column
are fixed. Determine the allowable axial load Pallow that
may be supported by the rectangular tube. Use the
Aluminum Association column design formulas. Figure P16.69
Solution
Section properties:
A  (50 mm)(76 mm)  (40 mm)(66 mm)  1,160 mm 2
(50 mm)(76 mm)3  (40 mm)(66 mm)3
Iz   870,746.67 mm 4
12
870,746.67 mm 4
rz   27.398 mm
1,160 mm 2
(76 mm)(50 mm)3  (66 mm)(40 mm)3
Iy   439,666.67 mm 4
12
439,666.67 mm 4
ry   19.469 mm
1,160 mm 2
KL (1.0)(3,600 mm) KL (0.5)(3,600 mm)
  131.397   92.457
rz 27.398 mm ry 19.469 mm

351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
351,000
 MPa
(131.397) 2
 20.330 MPa

rectangular cross section and supports a compressive axial load
P. The base of the column is fixed. The support at the top allows
rotation of the column in the x-y plane (i.e., bending about the
strong axis) but prevents rotation in the x-z plane (i.e., bending
about the weak axis). Determine the allowable axial load Pallow
that may be applied to the column for the following parameters:
L = 1,800 mm, b = 30 mm, and h = 40 mm. Use the Aluminum
Figure P16.70
Solution
Section properties:
A  (30 mm)(40 mm)  1, 200 mm 2
(30 mm)(40 mm)3 160,000 mm 4
Iz   160,000 mm 4 rz   11.547 mm
12 1, 200 mm 2
(40 mm)(30 mm)3 90,000 mm 4
Iy   90,000 mm 4 ry   8.660 mm
12 1, 200 mm 2
K z L (0.7)(1,800 mm) KyL (0.5)(1,800 mm)
  109.119   103.923
rz 11.547 mm ry 8.660 mm

351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
351,000
 MPa
(109.119) 2
 29.478 MPa

rectangular cross section and supports a compressive axial load
P. The base of the column is fixed. The support at the top allows
rotation of the column in the x-y plane (i.e., bending about the
strong axis) but prevents rotation in the x-z plane (i.e., bending
about the weak axis). Determine the allowable axial load Pallow
that may be applied to the column for the following parameters:
L = 60 in., b = 1.25 in., and h = 2.00 in. Use the Aluminum
Figure P16.71
Solution
Section properties:
A  (1.25 in.)(2.00 in.)  2.50 in.2
(1.25 in.)(2.00 in.)3 0.833333 in.4
Iz   0.833333 in.4 rz   0.577350 in.
12 2.50 in.2
(2.00 in.)(1.25 in.)3 0.325521 in.4
Iy   0.325521 in.4 ry   0.360844 in.
12 2.50 in.2
K z L (0.7)(60 in.) KyL (0.5)(60 in.)
  72.746   83.138
rz 0.577350 in. ry 0.360844 in.

51,000 KL
 allow  2
ksi where  66
( KL / r ) r
51,000
 ksi
(83.138) 2
 7.378 ksi

P16.72 A 6061-T6 aluminum-alloy wide-flange shape, having the cross-
sectional dimensions shown in Figure P16.72b, is used as a column of
length L = 4.2 m. The column is fixed at base A. Pin-connected lateral
bracing is present at B so that deflection in the x-z plane is restrained at
the upper end of the column; however, the column is free to deflect in
the x-y plane at B (see Figure P16.72a). Use the Aluminum Association
column design formulas to determine the allowable compressive load
Pallow that the column can support. In your analysis, consider the
possibility that buckling could occur about either the strong axis (i.e., the
z axis) or the weak axis (i.e., the y axis) of the aluminum column.
Figure P16.72b Figure P16.72a
Solution
Section properties:
A  2(114 mm)(10 mm)  (6 mm)(158 mm)  3, 228 mm 2
(114 mm)(178 mm)3  (108 mm)(158 mm)3
Iz   18,078,836 mm 4
12
18,078,836 mm 4
rz   74.837 mm
3, 228 mm 2
 (10 mm)(114 mm)3  (158 mm)(6 mm)3
I y  2   2, 472,084 mm 4
 12  12
2, 472,084 mm 4
ry   27.674 mm
3, 228 mm 2
K z L (2.0)(4,200 mm) KL (0.7)(4,200 mm)
  112.243   106.239
rz 74.837 mm ry 27.674 mm

351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
351,000
 MPa
(112.243) 2
 27.860 MPa

P16.73 A wood post of rectangular cross section (Figure P16.73)
consists of Select Structural grade Douglas fir lumber (Fc = 1,700 psi;
E = 1,900,000 psi). The finished dimensions of the post are b = 3.5 in.
and h = 5.5 in. Assume pinned connections at each end of the post.
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by the
post for the following column lengths: (a) L = 6 ft, (b) L = 10 ft, and
(c) L = 14 ft. Use the NFPA NDS column design formula.
Figure P16.73
Solution
(a) L = 6 ft
KL (1.0)(6 ft)(12 in./ft)
  20.5714
d 3.5 in.
K cE E (0.3)(1,900,000 psi) FcE 1,346.9329 psi
FcE  2
  1,346.9329 psi   0.7923
( KL / d ) (20.5714) 2 Fc 1,700 psi
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
 allow  Fc  cE c
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 1  (0.7923)  0.7923 
2
1  (0.7923)
 (1,700 psi)      0.8   1,030.118 psi
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
Pallow  (1,030.118 psi)(3.5 in.)(5.5 in.)  19,829.77 lb  19,830 lb Ans.
(b) L = 10 ft
KL (1.0)(10 ft)(12 in./ft)
  34.2857
d 3.5 in.
K cE E (0.3)(1,900,000 psi) FcE 484.8958 psi
FcE  2
  484.8958 psi   0.2852
( KL / d ) (34.2857) 2 Fc 1,700 psi
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 1  (0.2852)  0.2852 
2
1  (0.2852)
 (1,700 psi)      0.8   452.1322 psi
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
Pallow  (452.1322 psi)(3.5 in.)(5.5 in.)  8,703.54 lb  8,700 lb Ans.
(c) L = 14 ft
KL (1.0)(14 ft)(12 in./ft)
  48.0
d 3.5 in.
K cE E (0.3)(1,900,000 psi) FcE 247.3958 psi
FcE  2
  247.3958 psi   0.1455
( KL / d ) (48.0) 2 Fc 1,700 psi
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2c  2c  
 1  (0.1455)  0.1455 
2
1  (0.1455)
 (1,700 psi)      0.8   239.5382 psi
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
P16.74 A wood post of rectangular cross section (Figure P16.74)
consists of No. 1 grade Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber (Fc = 7.25 MPa; E =
8.25 GPa). The finished dimensions of the post are b = 140 mm and h
= 185 mm. Assume pin connections at each end of the post. Determine
the allowable axial load Pallow that may be supported by the post for
the following column lengths: (a) L = 3 m, (b) L = 4.5 m, and (c) L = 6
m. Use the NFPA NDS column design formula.
Figure P16.74
Solution
(a) L = 3 m
KL (1.0)(3,000 mm)
  21.4286
d 140 mm
K cE E (0.3)(8, 250 MPa) FcE 5.390 MPa
FcE  2
  5.390 MPa   0.7434
( KL / d ) (21.4286) 2 Fc 7.25 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 

2 c  2c  
 1  (0.7434)  0.7434 
2
1  (0.7434)
 (7.25 MPa)      0.8   4.2172 MPa
 2(0.8 )  2(0.8)  
Pallow  (4.2172 N/mm2 )(140 mm)(185 mm)  109,225 N  109.2 kN Ans.
(b) L = 4.5 m
KL (1.0)(4,500 mm)
  32.1429
d 140 mm
K cE E (0.3)(8, 250 MPa) FcE 2.3956
FcE  2
  2.3956 MPa   0.3304
( KL / d ) (32.1429) 2 Fc 7.25 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 1  (0.3304)  0.3304 
2
1  (0.3304)
 (7.25 MPa)      0.8   2.2032 MPa
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
(c) L = 6 m
KL (1.0)(6,000 mm)
  42.8571
d 140 mm
K cE E (0.3)(8, 250 MPa) FcE 1.3475 MPa
FcE  2
  1.3475 MPa   0.1859
( KL / d ) (42.8571) 2 Fc 7.25 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2c  2c  
 1  (0.1859)  0.1859 
2
1  (0.1859)
 (7.25 MPa)      0.8   1.2915 MPa
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
P16.75 A Select Structural grade Hem-Fir (Fc = 1,500 psi; E =
1,600,000 psi) wood column of rectangular cross section has
finished dimensions of b = 4.50 in. and h = 9.25 in. The length
of the column is L = 18 ft. The column is fixed at base A. Pin-
connected lateral bracing is present at B so that deflection in
the x-z plane is restrained at the upper end of the column;
however, the column is free to deflect in the x-y plane at B (see
Figure P16.75). Use the NFPA NDS column design formula to
determine the allowable compressive load Pallow that the
column can support. In your analysis, consider the possibility
that buckling could occur about either the strong axis (i.e., the z
axis) or the weak axis (i.e., the y axis) of the wood column.
Figure P16.75
Solution
KL (0.7)(18 ft)(12 in./ft) KL (2.0)(18 ft)(12 in./ft)

  33.6   46.7027
d1 4.5 in. d2 9.25 in.
K cE E (0.3)(1,600,000 psi) FcE 220.0682 psi
FcE  2
  220.0682 psi   0.1467
( KL / d ) (46.7027) 2 Fc 1,500 psi
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 1  (0.1467)  0.1467 
2
1  (0.1467)
 (1,500 psi)      0.8   213.0166 psi
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
P16.76 A Select Structural grade Hem-Fir (Fc = 10.3 MPa; E =
11 GPa) wood column of rectangular cross section has finished
dimensions of b = 75 mm and h = 185 mm. The length of the
column is L = 4.5 m. The column is fixed at base A. Pin-
connected lateral bracing is present at B so that deflection in the
x-z plane is restrained at the upper end of the column; however,
the column is free to deflect in the x-y plane at B (see Figure
P16.76). Use the NFPA NDS column design formula to
determine the allowable compressive load Pallow that the column
can support. In your analysis, consider the possibility that
buckling could occur about either the strong axis (i.e., the z axis)
or the weak axis (i.e., the y axis) of the wood column.
Figure P16.76
Solution
KL (0.7)(4,500 mm) KL (2.0)(4,500 mm)
  42.0   48.6486
d1 75 mm d2 185 mm
K cE E (0.3)(11,000 MPa) FcE 1.3944 MPa
FcE  2
  1.3944 MPa   0.1354
( KL / d ) (48.6486) 2 Fc 10.3 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 1  (0.1354)  0.1354 
2
1  (0.1354)
 (10.3 MPa)      0.8   1.3534 MPa
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  
Pallow  (1.3534 N/mm2 )(75 mm)(185 mm)  18,778.5 N  18.78 kN Ans.
The members of the truss are square Douglas fir
timbers (finished dimensions = 3.5 in. by 3.5 in.)
with Fc = 1,500 psi and E = 1,800,000 psi.
(a) For the loads shown, determine the axial forces
produced in chord members AF, FG, GH, and EH
and in web members BG and DG.
(b) Use the NFPA NDS column design formula to
determine the allowable compressive load Pallow for
each of these members.
(c) Report the ratio Pallow /Pactual for each of these Figure P16.77
members.
Solution
Truss analysis results
Member (a) Axial Force (b) Allowable Force
Member (c) Ratio Pallow /Pactual
Length Pactual Pallow
(ft) (lb) (lb)
AB 6 2,175 (T)
AF 10 3,625 (C) 5,214.182 1.438
BC 6 3,450 (T)
BF 8 2,900 (T)
BG 10 2,125 (C) 5,214.182 2.45
CD 6 3,450 (T)
CG 8 2,400 (T)
DE 6 2,925 (T)
DG 10 875 (C) 5,214.182 5.96
DH 8 3,900 (T)
EH 10 4,875 (C) 5,214.182 1.070
FG 6 2,175 (C) 11,626.026 5.35
GH 6 2,925 (C) 11,626.026 3.98
P16.78 A simple pin-connected wood truss is loaded
and supported as shown in Figure P16.78. The
members of the truss are square No. 2 grade Spruce-
Pine-Fir timbers (finished dimensions = 90 mm by 90
mm), which have the properties Fc = 6.7 MPa and E =
7.5 GPa.
(a) For the loads shown, determine the axial forces
produced in chord members AE, EF, and DF and in
web member BF.
(b) Use the NFPA NDS column design formula to
determine the allowable compressive load Pallow for
each of these members.
(c) Report the ratio Pallow /Pactual for each of these Figure P16.78
members.
Solution
Truss analysis results
Member (a) Axial Force (b) Allowable Force
Member (c) Ratio Pallow /Pactual
Length Pactual Pallow
(m) (kN) (kN)
AB 2.4 9.333 (T)
AE 3 11.667 (C) 15.217 1.304
BC 2.4 10.667 (T)
BE 1.8 7.000 (T)
BF 3 1.667 (C) 15.217 9.13
CD 2.4 10.667 (T)
CF 1.8 9.000 (T)
DF 3 13.333 (C) 15.217 1.141
EF 2.4 9.333 (C) 22.458 2.41
P16.79 A compression load P is applied at an eccentricity of e = 10 mm from

the centerline of a solid 40-mm-diameter steel rod (see Figure P16.79). The rod
has a length of L = 1,200 mm and it is pinned-connected at A and B. Using the
allowable stress method, determine the magnitude of the largest eccentric load P
that may be applied to the column. Assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 415 MPa and
use the AISC equations given in Section 16.5.
Figure P16.79
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (40 mm) 2  1,256.637 mm 2 I (40 mm) 4  125,663.706 mm 4
4 64
4
125,663.706 mm
r  10.0 mm
1,256.637 mm 2

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  103.398
Y 415 MPa
KL / r  (1,200 mm)/(10.0 mm)  120
 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    137.078 MPa
 KL 
2
1202
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(137.078 MPa)  120.217 MPa
 120.217 MPa
 allow  cr   71.986 MPa
1.67 1.67
Allowable stress method:
P Mc
x     allow
A I
Let M = Pe and c = D/2. Rewrite this relationship and solve for P:
P Pec
   allow
A I
 1 (10 mm)(40 mm/2) 
P   71.986 MPa
1, 256.637 mm
2
125,663.706 mm 4 
 P  30,154 N  30.2 kN Ans.
P16.80 A HSS10 × 4 × 3/8 structural steel shape (see Appendix
B for cross-sectional properties) is used as a column to support
an eccentric axial load P. The column is 80 in. long and it is
fixed at its base and free at its upper end. At the upper end of
the column (see Figure P16.80), the load P is applied to a
bracket at a distance of e = 8 in. from the x axis, creating a
bending moment about the weak axis of the HSS shape (i.e.,
the y axis). Apply the AISC equations given in Section 16.5
and assume that E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 46 ksi. Based on the
allowable stress method:
(a) Determine whether the column is safe for a load of P = 25
kips. Report the results in the form of the stress ratio x /allow.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the largest load P that may be
applied to the column. Figure P16.80
Solution
A = 8.97 in.2, Iy = 24.3 in.4, ry = 1.64 in.

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  118.261
Y 46 ksi
K y L / ry  (2)(80 in.)/(1.64 in.)  97.561
 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    30.071 ksi
 KL 
2
 97.5612
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   46 ksi 

 30.071 ksi 

 cr  0.658 e
  Y  0.658  (46 ksi)  24.249 ksi
   
 24.249 ksi
 allow  cr   14.520 ksi
1.67 1.67
(a) Allowable stress method with P = 25 kips:

P M c 25 kips (25 kips)(8 in.)(4 in./2)
x    
A I 8.97 in.2 24.3 in.4
 2.787 ksi  16.461 ksi  19.248 ksi
x 19.248 ksi
  1.326  Not safe Ans.
 allow 14.520 ksi
(b) Magnitude of the largest load P:
 1 (8 in.)(4 in./2) 
P   14.520 ksi
 8.97 in.
2
24.3 in.4 
 P  18.860 kips  18.86 kips Ans.
P16.81 A HSS203.2 × 101.6 × 9.5 structural steel shape (see
Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) is used as a column
to support an eccentric axial load. The 2-m-long column is
fixed at its base and free at its upper end. At the upper end of
the column (see Figure P16.81), a load P is applied to a bracket
at an eccentricity e from the x axis, creating a bending moment
about the weak axis of the HSS shape (i.e., the y axis). Based
on the allowable stress method, determine the maximum
eccentricity e that may be used at the bracket if the applied load
is (a) P = 80 kN and (b) P = 160 kN. Apply the AISC equations
given in Section 16.5 and assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 320
MPa.
Figure P16.81
Solution
Appendix B:
A = 4,890 mm2, Iy = 8.16×106 mm4, ry = 40.9 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  117.750
Y 320 MPa
K y L / ry  (2)(2,000 mm)/(40.9 mm)  97.8
 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    206.375 MPa
 KL 
2
 97.82
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
 
   320 MPa 
 
 cr  0.658  e    Y  0.658 206.375 MPa   (320 MPa)  167.223 MPa
   
 167.223 MPa
 allow  cr   100.133 MPa
1.67 1.67
(a) Allowable eccentricity for P = 80 kN:

P Pec
   allow
A Iy
 P Iy
e   allow  
 A  Pc
 80, 000 N  8.16  106 mm 4
 (100.133 MPa)   168.2 mm Ans.
 4,890 mm 2  (80,000 N)(101.6 mm/2)
(b) Allowable eccentricity for P = 160 kN:
 P Iy
e   allow  
 A  Pc
 160, 000 N  8.16  106 mm 4
 (100.133 MPa)   67.7 mm Ans.
 4,890 mm2  (160,000 N)(101.6 mm/2)
P16.82 The structural steel column shown in Figure
P16.82 is fixed at its base and free at its upper end.
At the top of the column, a load P is applied to the
stiffened seat support at an eccentricity of e = 9 in.
from the centroidal axis of the wide-flange shape.
Use the AISC equations given in Section 16.5 and
assume that E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 36 ksi. Employ
the allowable stress method to determine:
(a) whether the column is safe for a load of P = 15
kips. Report the results in the form of the stress ratio
x /allow.
(b) the magnitude of the largest eccentric load P that
may be applied to the column.
Solution
Section properties: Figure P16.82
A  2(0.50 in.)(8 in.)  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)  10.450 in.2
(8 in.)(8 in.)3 (7.65 in.)(7 in.)3 122.671 in.4
Iz    122.671 in.4 rz   3.426 in.
12 12 10.450 in.2
 (0.50 in.)(8 in.)3  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)3 42.692 in.4
Iy  2   42.692 in.4 ry   2.021 in.
 12  12 10.450 in.2
E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
K z L (2)(12 ft)(12 in./ft) KyL (2)(12 ft)(12 in./ft)

  84.058   142.488
rz 3.426 in. ry 2.021 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    14.097 ksi
 KL 
2
142.4882
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(14.097 ksi)  12.363 ksi
 12.363 ksi
 allow  cr   7.403 ksi
1.67 1.67
P M c 15 kips (15 kips)(9 in.)(8 in./2)
x   z  2
  1.435 ksi  4.402 ksi  5.837 ksi
A Iz 10.450 in. 122.671 in.4
x 5.837 ksi
  0.788  Safe Ans.
 allow 7.403 ksi
(b) Largest eccentric load P:

 1 (9 in.)(8 in./2) 
P   7.403 ksi
10.450 in.
2
122.671 in.4 
 P  19.02 kips Ans.
P16.83 The structural steel column shown in Figure
P16.83 is fixed at its base and free at its upper end.
At the top of the column, a load P is applied to the
stiffened seat support at an eccentricity of e from
the centroidal axis of the wide-flange shape. Using
the allowable stress method, determine the
maximum allowable eccentricity e if (a) P = 15 kips
and (b) P = 35 kips. Apply the AISC equations
given in Section 16.5 and assume that E = 29,000
ksi and Y = 50 ksi.
Solution
Section properties: Figure P16.83
A  2(0.50 in.)(8 in.)  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)  10.450 in.2
(8 in.)(8 in.)3 (7.65 in.)(7 in.)3 122.671 in.4
Iz    122.671 in.4 rz   3.426 in.
12 12 10.450 in.2
 (0.50 in.)(8 in.)3  (7 in.)(0.35 in.)3 42.692 in.4
Iy  2   42.692 in.4 ry   2.021 in.
 12  12 10.450 in.2

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  113.432
Y 50 ksi
  84.058   142.488
rz 3.426 in. ry 2.021 in.
 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    14.097 ksi
 KL 
2
142.4882
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(14.097 ksi)  12.363 ksi
 12.363 ksi
 allow  cr   7.403 ksi
1.67 1.67
(a) Allowable eccentricity for P = 15 kips:
P Pec
   allow
A Iz
 P I
e   allow   z
 A  Pc
 15 kips  122.671 in.4
 (7.403 ksi)   12.20 in. Ans.
 10.450 in.2  (15 kips)(8 in./2)
(b) Allowable eccentricity for P = 35 kips:

 P I
e   allow   z
 A  Pc
 35 kips  122.671 in.4
 (7.403 ksi)   3.55 in. Ans.
 10.450 in.2  (35 kips)(8 in./2)
P16.84 The structural steel pipe column BC shown in Figure
P16.84 is fixed at its base and free at its top. The outside
diameter of the pipe column is 8.625 in. and the wall thickness
is 0.322 in. A load P is applied to beam AB, which is connected
to the upper end of the column. Use the AISC equations given
in Section 16.5 and assume that E = 29,000 ksi, Y = 36 ksi,
and (allow)b = 24 ksi. Using the interaction equation method,
determine:
(a) whether column BC is safe for a load of P = 2.5 kips.
Report the value of the interaction equation.
(b) the magnitude of the largest load P that may be applied to
the column.
Figure P16.84
Solution
Section properties:

A (8.625 in.) 2  (7.981 in.) 2   8.399255 in.2 d  8.625 in.  2(0.322 in.)  7.981 in.
4
 72.489241 in.4
I (8.625 in.)  (7.981 in.)   72.489241 in.
4 4 4
r  2.937760 in.
64  8.399255 in.2

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  133.681
Y 36 ksi
KL (2)(16 ft)(12 in./ft)

  130.712
r 2.937760 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    16.752 ksi
 KL 
2
130.7122
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
   36 ksi 

  e   16.752 ksi 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658  (36 ksi)  14.644 ksi
   
 14.644 ksi
 allow  cr   8.769 ksi
1.67 1.67
(a) Interaction method for P = 2.5 kips:
P Mc 2.5 kips (2.5 kips)(10 ft)(12 in./ft)(8.625 in./2)
2
A  I  8.399255 in.  72.489241 in.4
( allow ) a ( allow )b 8.769 ksi 24 ksi
0.298 ksi 17.847 ksi
   0.778  Safe Ans.
8.769 ksi 24 ksi
(b) Determine largest P:

P Mc  1 (10 ft)(12 in./ft)(8.625 in./2) 
 2
72.489241 in.4 
A  I  P  8.399255 in.   1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  8.769 ksi 24 ksi 
 1 1 
P   1
 73.653946 kips 3.361820 kips 
 P  3.2151 kips  3.22 kips Ans.
P16.85 A W10 × 54 structural steel shape (see Appendix B for
cross-sectional properties) is used as a column to support an
eccentric axial load P. The column is 25 ft long and it is pinned
both at its base and at its upper end. At the upper end of the
column (see Figure P16.85), the load P is applied to a bracket
at a distance of e = 9 in. from the x axis, creating a bending
moment about the strong axis of the W10 × 54 shape (i.e., the z
axis). Use the AISC equations given in Section 16.5 and
assume E = 29,000 ksi and Y = 50 ksi. Using the allowable
stress method, determine:
(a) whether the column is safe for a load of P = 75 kips. Report
the results in the form of the stress ratio x /allow.
(b) the magnitude of the largest eccentric load P that may be
applied to the column.
Figure P16.85
Solution
A = 15.8 in.2, d = 10.1 in., Ix = 303 in.4, rx = 4.37 in., ry = 2.56 in.

E 29, 000 ksi
4.71  4.71  113.432
Y 50 ksi

  68.650   117.188
rz 4.37 in. ry 2.56 in.

 2E  2 (29, 000 ksi)
e    20.842 ksi
 KL 
2
117.1882
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(20.842 ksi)  18.278 ksi
 18.278 ksi
 allow  cr   10.945 ksi
1.67 1.67

P M c 75 kips (75 kips)(9 in.)(10.1 in./2)
x   z    4.747 ksi  11.250 ksi  15.997 ksi
A Iz 15.8 in.2 303 in.4
x 15.997 ksi
  1.462  Not Safe Ans.
 allow 10.945 ksi
 1 (9 in.)(10.1 in./2) 
P    10.945 ksi
15.8 in.
2
303 in.4
 P  51.315 kips  51.3 kips Ans.
P16.86 A W200 × 46.1 structural steel shape (see Appendix B
for cross-sectional properties) is used as a column to support an
eccentric axial load P. The column is 3.6 m long and it is fixed
at its base and free at its upper end. At the upper end of the
column (see Figure P16.86), the load P is applied to a bracket
at a distance of e = 170 mm from the x axis, creating a bending
moment about the strong axis of the W200 × 46.1 shape (i.e.,
the z axis). Apply the AISC equations given in Section 16.5
and assume E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa. Based on the
allowable stress method, determine:
(a) whether the column is safe for a load of P = 125 kN. Report
the results in the form of the stress ratio x /allow.
(b) the magnitude of the largest eccentric load P that may be
Figure P16.86
Solution
A = 5,880 mm2, d = 203 mm, Ix = 45.8×106 mm4, rx = 88.1 mm, ry = 51.3 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa
K z L (2)(3,600 mm) KyL (2)(3,600 mm)
  81.725   140.351
rz 88.1 mm ry 51.3 mm

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    100.207 MPa
 KL 
2
140.3512
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
 cr  0.877 e  (0.877)(100.207 MPa)  87.882 MPa
 87.882 MPa
 allow  cr   52.624 MPa
1.67 1.67
(a) Allowable stress method with P = 125 kN:

P M c 125,000 N (125,000 N)(170 mm)(203 mm/2)
x   z  
A Iz 5,880 mm2 45.8  106 mm4
 21.259 MPa  47.093 MPa  68.352 MPa
x 68.352 MPa
  1.299  Not Safe Ans.
 allow 52.624 MPa
 1 (170 mm)(203 mm/2) 
P   52.624 MPa
 5,880 mm
2
45.8  106 mm4 
 P  96, 237 N  96.2 kN Ans.
P16.87 The column shown in Figure P16.87 is
fabricated from two C250 × 30 standard steel shapes
(see Appendix B for cross-sectional properties) that are
oriented back-to-back with a gap of 25 mm between the
two channels. The column is fixed at its base and free to
translate in the y direction at its upper end. Translation
in the z direction, however, is restrained at its upper
end. The load P is applied at an offset distance from the
channel flanges. Using the allowable stress method,
determine the maximum offset distance that is
acceptable if (a) P = 125 kN and (b) P = 200 kN. Use
the AISC equations given in Section 16.5 and assume
that E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa.
Figure P16.87
Solution
A = 3,790 mm2, d = 254 mm, Ix = 32.8×106 mm4, rx = 93.0 mm, Ix = 1.17×106 mm4, x = 15.4 mm
Section properties:
I z  2(32.8  106 mm 4 )  65.6  106 mm 4
I y  2 1.17  106 mm 4  (25 mm/2  15.4 mm) 2 (3,790 mm 2 )   8.2403478  106 mm 4
8.2403478  106 mm 4
rz  93.0 mm ry   32.971 mm
2(3,790 mm 2 )
K z L (2)(4,500 mm) KyL (0.7)(4,500 mm)
  96.774   95.537
rz 93.0 mm ry 32.971 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    210.771 MPa
 KL 
2
 96.7742
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   250 MPa 

 210.771 MPa 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (250 MPa)  152.172 MPa
   
 152.172 MPa
 allow  cr   91.121 MPa
1.67 1.67
(a) Maximum allowable offset for P = 125 kN:

P M c 125, 000 N (125, 000 N)(e)(254 mm/2)
x   z    91.121 MPa
A Iz 2(3,790 mm ) 2
65.6  106 mm 4
 65.6  106 mm 4 
 e   91.121 MPa  16.491 MPa    308.392 mm
 (125, 000 N)(254 mm/2) 
offset distance  e  (254 mm/2)  308.392 mm  127 mm  181.4 mm Ans.
(b) Maximum allowable offset for P = 200 kN:

P M c 200, 000 N (200, 000 N)(e)(254 mm/2)
x   z    91.121 MPa
A Iz 2(3,790 mm ) 2
65.6  106 mm 4
 65.6  106 mm 4 
 e   91.121 MPa  26.385 MPa    167.191 mm
 (200, 000 N)(254 mm/2) 
offset distance  e  (254 mm/2)  167.191 mm  127 mm  40.2 mm Ans.
P16.88 The column shown in Figure P16.88 is fabricated
from two C250 × 30 standard steel shapes (see Appendix
B for cross-sectional properties) that are oriented back-to-
back with a gap of 25 mm between the two channels. The
column is fixed at its base and free to translate in the y
direction at its upper end. Translation in the z direction,
however, is restrained at its upper end. A load P is
applied at an offset distance of 500 mm from the channel
flanges. Use the AISC equations given in Section 16.5
and assume that E = 200 GPa, Y = 250 MPa, and (allow)b
= 150 MPa. Using the interaction equation method,
determine:
(a) whether column is safe for a load of P = 75 kN.
Report the value of the interaction equation.
(b) the magnitude of the largest load P that may be
Figure P16.88
Solution
A = 3,790 mm2, d = 254 mm, Ix = 32.8×106 mm4, rx = 93.0 mm, Ix = 1.17×106 mm4, x = 15.4 mm
Section properties:
I z  2(32.8  106 mm 4 )  65.6  106 mm 4
I y  2 1.17  106 mm 4  (25 mm/2  15.4 mm) 2 (3,790 mm 2 )   8.2403478  106 mm 4
8.2403478  106 mm 4
rz  93.0 mm ry   32.971 mm
2(3,790 mm 2 )
K z L (2)(4,500 mm) KyL (0.7)(4,500 mm)
  96.774   95.537
rz 93.0 mm ry 32.971 mm

E 200, 000 MPa
4.71  4.71  133.219
Y 250 MPa

 2E  2 (200, 000 MPa)
e    210.771 MPa
 KL 
2
 96.7742
 
r 

KL E
Since  4.71
r y
  Y 
  
   250 MPa 

 210.771 MPa 
 cr  0.658   Y  0.658
e
 (250 MPa)  152.172 MPa
   
 152.172 MPa
 allow  cr   91.121 MPa
1.67 1.67
(a) Interaction method for P = 75 kN:

P Mc 75, 000 N (75, 000 N)(500 mm  254 mm/2)(254 mm/2)
2
A  I 
2(3,790 mm )
 65.6  106 mm 4
( allow )a ( allow )b 91.121 MPa 150 MPa
9.894 MPa 91.039 MPa
   0.716  Safe Ans.
91.121 MPa 150 MPa

P Mc  1 (500 mm  254 mm/2)(254 mm/2) 
 2(3,790 mm 2 ) 
A  I  P  65.6  106 mm 4  1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  91.121 MPa 150 MPa 
 1 1 
P   1
 690, 695.24 N 123,573.07 N 
 P  104,820 N  104.8 kN Ans.
P16.89 A 3-m-long column consists of a wide-flange shape made of
6061-T6 aluminum alloy. The column, which is pinned at its upper and
lower ends, supports an eccentric axial load P. At the upper end of the
column, the load P is applied at an eccentricity of e = 180 mm from the
x-y plane (see Figure P16.89a), creating a bending moment about the
weak axis of the flanged shape (i.e., the y axis). The cross-sectional
dimensions of the aluminum wide-flange shape are shown in Figure
P16.89b. Use the interaction method to determine the maximum
allowable magnitude of P. Use the Aluminum Association equations
given in Section 16.5 and assume that the allowable bending stress of the
6061-T6 alloy is 150 MPa.
Figure P16.89a
Solution
Section properties:
A  2(160 mm)(12 mm)  (7 mm)(226 mm)  5, 422 mm 2
(160 mm)(250 mm)3  (153 mm)(226 mm)3
Iz   61,157,839 mm 4
12
61,157,839 mm 4
rz   106.205 mm
5, 422 mm 2
 (12 mm)(160 mm)3  (226 mm)(7 mm)3
I y  2   8,198, 460 mm 4
 12  12
8,198, 460 mm 4
ry   38.885 mm Figure P16.89b
5, 422 mm 2
K z L (1.0)(3,000 mm) KL (1.0)(3,000 mm)
  28.247   77.150
rz 106.205 mm ry 38.885 mm

351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
351,000
 MPa  58.971 MPa
(77.150) 2

P Mc  1 (180 mm)(160 mm/2) 
 5,422 mm 2 8,198,460 mm 2 
A  I  P   1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  58.971 MPa 150 MPa 
 1 1 
P   1
 319,739.93 N 85, 400.62 N 
 P  67,398.81 N  67.4 kN Ans.
P16.90 An eccentric compression load of P = 32 kN is applied at an eccentricity
of e = 12 mm from the centerline of a solid 45-mm-diameter 6061-T6 aluminum-
alloy rod (see Figure P16.90). Using the interaction method and an allowable
bending stress of 150 MPa, determine the longest effective length L that can be
used.
Solution
Section properties:
 
A (45 mm) 2  1,590.431 mm 2 I (45 mm) 4  201,288.959 mm 4
4 64
4
201,288.959 mm
r  11.25 mm
1,590.431 mm 2
Figure P16.90
Interaction equation:
The interaction equation has the form
P/ A Mc/I
 1
( allow )a ( allow )b
The unknown in this equation is (allow)a. Move the bending stress terms to the right-hand side of the
equation:
P/ A Mc/I
1
( allow )a ( allow )b
and solve for (allow)a
P/ A P/ A
( allow )a  
Mc/ I Pec / I
1 1
( allow )b ( allow )b
For this column:
32,000 N
1,590.431 mm 2 20.120 MPa
( allow ) a    28.186 MPa
(32,000 N)(12 mm)(45 mm/2) 1  0.285156
201,288.959 mm4
1
150 MPa

Assume KL/r > 66; therefore,
351,000 KL
 allow  2
MPa where  66
( KL / r ) r
Solve for maximum L:

351,000 MPa 351,000 MPa
28.186 MPa   KL / r   111.593
( KL / r )2 28.186 MPa
L  (111.593)(11.25 mm)/(1.0)  1,255.424 mm  1,255 mm Ans.
P16.91 An eccentric compression load of P = 13 kips is applied at an
eccentricity of e = 0.75 in. from the centerline of a solid 6061-T6 aluminum-
alloy rod (see Figure P16.91). The rod has an effective length of 45 in. Using
the interaction method and an allowable bending stress of 21 ksi, determine the
smallest diameter that can be used.
Solution
Section properties:

d4
  64 d2 d
A d 2
I d 4
r  
4 64  16 4
d2
4
Figure P16.91
If KL/r > 66, then the allowable axial stress for this column can be expressed as:
51,000 ksi 51,000 ksi
 allow  2
 2
 1.5741d 2
 KL   45 in.
 r   
d /4
The interaction equation has the form
P/ A Mc/I P/ A Pec / I
   1
( allow )a ( allow )b ( allow )a ( allow )b
For a solid rod, the interaction equation can be expressed as:
 1/ A ec / I   1 ec 
P    P  
 ( allow ) a ( allow )b   A( allow ) a I ( allow )b 
 4 32ed  4P  d 8e 
 P 2    3 
  1
  d ( allow ) a  d ( allow )b   d  ( allow ) a ( allow )b 
4
For this column, the interaction equation becomes:

4(13 kips)  d 8(0.75 in.)  52 kips  1 
      0.285714 in.1   1
d 3
1.5741d 2
21 ksi   d 1.5741d
3

Solve this equation by trial-and-error:

d 52 kips  1 
  0.285714 in.1 
(in.)  d 1.5741d
3

1.0 15.624
2.0 1.250
2.5 0.572
2.25 0.826
2.125 1.009
2.131 1.000
Therefore, the minimum diameter for the column is dmin  2.13 in. Ans.
P16.92 A square tube shape made of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy
supports an eccentric compression load P that is applied at an
eccentricity of e = 4.0 in. from the centerline of the shape
(Figure P16.92). The width of the square tube is 3 in., its wall
thickness is 0.12 in., and its effective length is L = 65 in. Using
the interaction method and an allowable bending stress of 21
ksi, determine the maximum allowable load P that can be
supported by the column.
Figure P16.92
Solution
Section properties:
(3 in.) 4  (2.76 in.) 4
A  (3 in.)  (2.76 in.)  1.3824 in.
2 2 2
Iz   1.914348 in.4  I y
12
1.914348 in.4 KL 65 in.
rz   1.176775 in.  ry   55.236
1.3824 in.2 r 1.176775 in.

KL
r
  20.2  0.125(55.236) ksi  13.296 ksi
P Mc  1 (4.0 in.)(3 in./2) 
 2 4 
A  I  P  1.3824 in.  1.914348 in.   1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  13.296 ksi 21 ksi 
 1 1 
P   1
18.3797 kips 6.7002 kips 
 P  4.9014 kips  4.90 kips Ans.
P16.93 A sawn wood post of rectangular cross section
(Figure P16.93) consists of No. 1 Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber (Fc
= 1,050 psi; E = 1,200,000 psi). The finished dimensions of
the post are b = 5.5 in. and h = 7.25 in. The post is 12 ft. long
and the ends of the post are pinned. Using the interaction
method and an allowable bending stress of 850 psi, determine
the maximum allowable load that can be supported by the
post if the load P acts at an eccentricity of e = 6 in. from the
centerline of the post. Use the NFPA NDS column design
formula.
Figure P16.93
Solution
(7.25 in.)(5.5 in.)3
Iy   100.5182 in.4
12
KL (1.0)(12 ft)(12 in./ft)
  26.1818
d 5.5 in.
K cE E (0.3)(1, 200,000 psi) FcE 525.1736 psi
FcE  2
  525.1736 psi   0.5002
( KL / d ) (26.1818) 2 Fc 1,050 psi
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 2
1  (0.5002)  0.5002 
1  (0.5002) 
 (1,050 psi)        455.4113 psi
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  0.8 
P Mc  1 (6.0 in.)(5.5 in./2) 
 (5.5 in.)(7.25 in.) 4 
A  I  P  100.5182 in.   1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  455.4113 psi 850 psi 
 1 1 
P   1
18,159.5256 lb 5,178.2118 lb 
 P  4,029.2625 lb  4,030 lb Ans.
P16.94 A square wood column is made from No. 1 Spruce-Pine-Fir
lumber (Fc = 7.2 MPa; E = 8.3 GPa). The finished dimensions of the
column are 140 mm by 140 mm, the column is 3.5 m long, and the ends
of the column can be assumed to be pinned. Using the interaction
method and an allowable bending stress of 6.0 MPa, determine the
maximum allowable load that can be supported by the column if the load
P acts at an offset of 400 mm from the face of the column (Figure
P16.94). Use the NFPA NDS column design formula.
Solution Figure P16.94
(140 mm) 4
I  32,013,333 mm 4
12
KL (1.0)(3,500 mm)
  25.00
d 140 mm
K cE E (0.3)(8,300 MPa) FcE 3.984 MPa
FcE  2
  3.984 MPa   0.5333
( KL / d ) (25.00) 2 Fc 7.2 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 
 2 c  2c  
 2
1  (0.5333)  0.5333 
1  (0.5333) 
 (7.2 MPa)        3.384 MPa
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  0.8 
P Mc  1 (400 mm  140 mm/2)(140 mm/2) 
 (140 mm) 2 32,013,333 mm 4 
A  I  P   1
( allow ) a ( allow )b  3.384 MPa 6.0 MPa 
 1 1 
P   1
 66,324.05 N 5,838.30 N 
 P  5,365.95 N  5.37 kN Ans.
P16.95 A square wood column is made from No. 2 cedar lumber
(Fc = 7.2 MPa; E = 8.3 GPa). The finished dimensions of the
column are 140 mm by 140 mm and the effective length of the
column is 5 m. Using the allowable stress method, determine the
maximum allowable load that can be supported by the column if
the load P acts at an eccentricity of e = 90 mm (Figure P16.95).
Use the NFPA NDS column design formula.
Solution Figure P16.95
(140 mm) 4
I  32,013,333 mm 4
12
KL (1.0)(5,000 mm)
  35.714
d 140 mm
K cE E (0.3)(8,300 MPa) FcE 1.952 MPa
FcE  2
  1.952 MPa   0.2711
( KL / d ) (35.714) 2 Fc 7.2 MPa
1  ( F / F ) 1  ( FcE / Fc )  FcE / Fc
2 
    c 

2 c  2c  
 2
1  (0.2711)  0.2711 
1  (0.2711) 
 (7.2 MPa)        1.828 MPa
 2(0.8)  2(0.8)  0.8 
Largest eccentric load P:

P M c P Pec
x   z     allow
A Iz A Iz
 1 (90 mm)(140 mm/2) 
P   1.828 MPa
 (140 mm)
2
32,013,333 mm4 
 P  7,376.52 N  7.38 kN Ans.

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P16.

Euler buckling load:

(b) 25-mm dowels:

Euler buckling load:

Euler buckling load:

(a) Slenderness ratio:

(b) Euler buckling load:

(c) Axial stress at Pcr:

(a) Slenderness ratio:

(b) Euler buckling load:

(c) Axial stress at Pcr:

Euler buckling load:

Allowable column load:

Euler buckling load:

Allowable column load:

(a) Independent channels:

(b) Latticed channels:

Consider buckling about vertical cross-sectional axis:

(a) 0.25-in. spacer block thickness:

(b) 0.75-in. spacer block thickness:

(a) 5-mm spacer block thickness:

(b) 20-mm spacer block thickness:

Euler buckling load:

Since the rod is attached to rigid supports, e = 0.

and solve for T:

Minimum required moment of inertia for square post:

The minimum required moment of inertia is thus:

Required post dimensions:

Allowable column load:

Equilibrium of rigid beam ABC:

Figure P16.13a Figure P16.13b

(b) Slenderness ratios:

(c) Minimum factor of safety with respect to buckling:

Figure P16.14a Figure P16.14b

(a) Compression force in strut:

From a FBD of rigid bar ABC, write the following

(b) Slenderness ratios:

Consider strong axis (i.e., buckling about horizontal cross-sectional axis):

(c) Minimum factor of safety with respect to buckling:

Euler buckling load for member (1):

Note: Tension assumed in each truss member.

Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

Moment of inertia for the aluminum pipe:

Euler buckling load for member AB:

Euler buckling load for member BC:

Maximum magnitude of load P

Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

Moment of inertia for the steel rods:

Euler buckling load for member AB:

Maximum allowable load P

Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

Euler buckling load for member AB:

Therefore, solid rod AB must have a minimum diameter of:

Euler buckling load for member BC:

Therefore, solid rod BC must have a minimum diameter of:

Fx   F1 cos(26.565)  F2 cos(51.340)  0

Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

Euler buckling load for member (2):

Factor of safety for member (2):