POWER GENERATING UNIT (PGU)

WITH SUPERVISORY CONTROL

A PROJECT REPORT
DE-39 (DEE)

Submitted by

HAFSA RIAZ
SYED MUJTABA ALI
WARDA RIAZ
ZAID SHEIKH

BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

YEAR
2021

PROJECT SUPERVISOR

DR. MUWAHIDA LIAQAT

COLLEGE OF
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RAWALPINDI

1
POWER GENERATING UNIT (PGU) WITH SUPERVISORY CONTROL

A PROJECT REPORT
DE-39 (DEE)

Submitted by

HAFSA RIAZ
SYED MUJTABA ALI
WARDA RIAZ
ZAID SHEIKH

BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

YEAR
2021

PROJECT SUPERVISOR
DR. MUWAHIDA LIAQAT

COLLEGE OF
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RAWALPINDI

2
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

• Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the student author. Copies are made according
to the instructions given by the author of this report.

• This page should be part of any copies made. Further copies are made in accordance with
such instructions and should not be made without the permission (in writing) of the author.

• NUST College of E&ME entrusts the ownership of any intellectual property described in
this thesis, subject to any previous agreement to the contrary, and may not be
made accessible to any individual without the written permission of the College of E&ME.

• Further information on the conditions under which exploitation and revelations may take
place is available from the Library of NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, Alhamdulillah, that our FYP is finally done and all Thanks to Allah for giving us the
courage to stay motivated till the end.
Secondly, we would like to offer heartily thanks our supervisors, Dr. Muwahida Liaqat who
helped us a lot, tremendously, on each and every single issue. We cannot thank you enough for always
being available for us and for providing corrections for even our minor mistakes.
And lastly, we would like to thank our parents with all our heart. Distance kept us
apart physically, but their phone calls have always been an energy booster for us. They were not with us
to witness our whole journey, but their prayers and constant motivation was there for us throughout this
duration.
We would also like to thank all those people who though, not mentioned here but have helped us
in project directly or indirectly.

4
ABSTRACT

To obtain wind power, the kinetic energy of wind is used to create mechanical power. A generator
converts this power into electricity so that it may be used for the benefit of mankind. Recently, different
types of electricity generation have been a frequent topic of debate amongst experts. Surely, wind
energy is one of the frontrunners of the technological breakthroughs that might lead to more efficient
energy production. At a glance, the future of wind energy seems promising.
In our project we are using a small scale wind turbine to generate electricity, which will be used to
charge the batteries. This whole system is controlled by Supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) through MATLAB GUI and Arduino. A small wind turbine actually does help the
environment. Even though manufacturing processes take a lot of resources and create waste, the amount
of energy that a small wind generator provides actually pays off in a "green" sense of the word much
quicker than in a financial sense. As per last national plan, Pakistan can only have a 5 percent of total
generation from renewable power. It is being said that Pakistan should set the target of generating at
least 30 percent of its electricity from renewable energy resources in the next five to ten years. Pakistan
has huge potential for wind power generation in Gharo-Jhimpir Wind Corridor, Sindh. As we all know,
renewable energy comes from a source that will not deplete. Two common examples of this type of
energy are solar power and wind power. Hydropower and biomass are additional forms of renewable
energy that produce power. The primary advantage of renewable energy is that fewer potentially
harmful emissions are released into the atmosphere.
The SCADA will Help the user to continuously control and monitor the batteries charging percentage
and switching on and off the load as required.

5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER#1 ........................................................................................................................... 12

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................................................13

1.2 SCADA SOFTWARE ..................................................................................................................................18

1.3 SCOPE...........................................................................................................................................................19

1.3.1 SCOPE OF WIND ENERGY.................................................................................................................19

1.3.2 SCOPE OF SCADA ...............................................................................................................................19

1.4 HISTORY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY .....................................................................................................21

1.4.1 POWER ENERGY USING WIND GENERATION .............................................................................21

1.4.2 HOW DOES IT WORK? .......................................................................................................................21

1.4.3 SMALL SCALE POWER GENERATION USING WIND TURBINE: ...............................................22

1.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL USING ARDUINO .......................................................................................24

AND MATLAB....................................................................................................................................................24

1.5.1 WHY SCADA? ......................................................................................................................................25

1.6 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER # 2 ......................................................................................................................... 28

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF POWER GENERATING UNIT (PGU) IN MATLAB

2.1 WIND TURBINE ..........................................................................................................................................31

1.2.1 DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................31

2.1.2 WIND TURBINE CALCULATIONS ...................................................................................................32

2.1.3 WIND MPPT ..........................................................................................................................................34

2.1.4 PITCH ANGLE CONTROL ..................................................................................................................35

2.1.5 TIMER BLOCK .....................................................................................................................................36

2.1.6 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OUTPUT .............................................................................................37

2.2 THE PMDC GENERATOR ..........................................................................................................................38

2.2.1 DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................38

6
 2.2.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS .....................................................................................................................39

2.2.3 DESIGN AND OUTPUT .......................................................................................................................40

2.3 DC-DC BUCK BOOST CONVERTER........................................................................................................42

2.3.1 BOOST CONVERTER WORKING ......................................................................................................43

2.3.2 BUCK CONVERTER WORKING ........................................................................................................44

2.3.3 MODES OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTERS .......................................................................................45

2.3.4 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................46

2.4 THE CHARGE CONTROLLER..............................................................................................................49

2.4.1 HOW IS THE DUMP LOAD UTILIZED IN A WIND TURBINE FRAMEWORK? ..........................49

2.4.2 DESIGN AND OUTPUT .......................................................................................................................50

CHAPTER#3 ........................................................................................................................... 52

PROJECT HARDWARE52

3.1 PROTOTYPE OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................................53

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................................................................53

3.4 COMPONENTS USED ............................................................................................................................55

3.4.1 ARDUINO ........................................................................................................................................57

3.4.2 2-RELAY MODULE .......................................................................................................................59

3.4.3 VOLTAGE DIVIDER SENSOR CIRCUIT ...........................................................................................61

3.5 LOAD CONTROL AND DIFFERENT MODES OF OPERATION ...........................................................63

3.5.1 BATTERING HEALTH MONITORING ..............................................................................................65

3.5.2 INCOMING DC VOLTAGES FROM GENERATOR ..........................................................................67

3.5.3 ARDUINO CODE ..................................................................................................................................68

CHAPTER#4 ........................................................................................................................... 72

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

4.1 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORKS ...................................................................................73

4.1.1 TO BE ABLE TO USE A PLC ..............................................................................................................73

4.1.2 USING BLUETOOTH MODULE .........................................................................................................75

7
4.1.3 USING GSM MODULE ........................................................................................................................77

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................77

8
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Parameters of wind turbine model---------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

Table 2: Inputs and Outputs of DC machine -------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

Table 3: Components of hardware ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------58

9
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Flowchart of the project --------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Figure 2: Working of wind turbine -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Figure 3: SCADA with sensors (Hardware) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Figure 4: SCADA software --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Figure 5: Small scale wind turbine -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Figure 6: Overall view of Simulink design ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Figure 7: Wind turbine block--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Figure 8: Timer Block ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Figure 9: The wind turbine (Simulink) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Figure 10: The wind turbine output (Simulink) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Figure 11: DC Machine block --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Figure 12: DC Machine modes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
Figure 13: The PMDC generator (Simulink) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Figure 14: The PMDC generator output (Simulink) -----------------------------------------------------------41
Figure 15: on and off state of convertor -------------------------------------------------------------------------42
Figure 16: Boost Convertor Working ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Figure 17: Buck Convertor Working ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
Figure 18: Code for transfer function ----------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Figure 19: BUCK-BOOST convertor (Simulink) -------------------------------------------------------------48
Figure 20: BUCK-BOOST convertor output (Simulink) ---------------------------------------------------- 49
Figure 21: The charge controller (Simulink) -------------------------------------------------------------------51
Figure 22: The charge controller output (Simulink) ----------------------------------------------------------- 51
Figure 23: System Layout ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Figure 24: Integrated system --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
Figure 25: Labelled Arduino UNO Board ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Figure 26: 2-Relay Module -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Figure 27: 16x2 LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Figure 28: Voltage Divider Circuit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
Figure 29: MATLAB GUI ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
Figure 30: Load 1 in ON state------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

10
Figure 31:Load 2 in ON state ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Figure 32: Load 1 and Load 2 in ON state ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Figure 33: LCD output when the switch is turned OFF -------------------------------------------------------- 66
Figure 34: LCD output when the switch is turned ON -------------------------------------------------------- 66
Figure 35: Varying incoming voltages from the Generator -------------------------------------------------- 67
Figure 36: Delta PLC Module ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
Figure 37: PLC Trainer Kit -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
Figure 38: Human Machine Interface ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
Figure 39: Bluetooth Module -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
Figure 40: Connections of Bluetooth Module --------------------------------------------------------------------76
Figure 41: GSM Module --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
Figure 42: Type 1 GSM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
Figure 43: Type 2 GSM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
Figure 44: GSM SIM Insertion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

11
 CHAPTER#1
INTRODUCTION

12
 1.1 BACKGROUND

We build a power generating unit which consisted of four subsystems · Formulated a way to
acquire data from battery using data acquisition · Designed a GUI to control the power to the load
from the battery using supervisory control.

Figure 1: Flowchart of the project

13
In present day time, wind power innovation has been developing comprehensively. With the blend
of Wind turbines along with the electrical lattice, it is fundamental for the framework agents to
know the exhibition of wind turbine under every one of the functional Many spaces of interest in
the force framework like estimation of wind speed, demonstrating, control and strength
examination of the breeze framework associated with electric networks are of significance in the
cutting edge power framework. The issue identified with the different impacts of wind energy
when coordinated with the force framework on the dependability of the framework is acquiring
interest of scientists in light of expanding of its infiltration level. In this exploration paper writing
survey on different impacts of wind power joining on the force framework dependability and a few
strategies for the improvement of the little sign strength of wind framework incorporated with
electric lattice is introduced.

Presently a-days, sustainable power sources are acquiring consideration in power areas as a result
of the endeavors to diminish the utilization of petroleum products to create the electrical force.
Also, wind power in present day period has become the most settled sources in creating the power
among every one of the inexhaustible sources in view of its promising specialized and financial
possibilities. Wind power age has kept on expanding universally. With the most recent breeze
yearly report, it is expressed that in 2015 around 392 GW is introduced everywhere on the world
which can adequately supply 4% of world's power interest. What's more, it will keeps on becoming
around 24% each year universally. With the overall ascent of age of power through wind turbines,
the effect on the electric utility networks has likewise expanded. Before the finish of 2015, six
nations including China (145362 MW), Spain (23,025 MW), Germany (44,947 MW), USA
(74,471 MW), India (25,088 MW) and UK (13,603 MW) had more than 10,000 MW of the
introduced limit.

14
With the boosting of entrance level of wind power, the significance to ensure that the breeze power
infiltration doesn't have impact on security, power quality, solidness and dependability of each
organization of force framework under all working conditions likewise expanded. The impact of
wind power generators is inconsequential on dependability of force framework when executed in
limited scope. With the ascent of the infiltration level, the force framework's dynamic presentation
might be affected. In the force framework areas variable-speed WTs which utilizes DFIGs are
acquiring significance among a few breeze age advancements attributable to low speculation,
extraordinary energy move limit and versatile control.

Prior to associating the DFIG to the matrix, its nitty gritty plan and full security investigation is
fundamental. Likewise, for framework displaying reenactment is generally significant.

Wind turbines might be sorted as follows:

• Fixed speed WTs-which works at a steady speed which is set by the administrator and
enlistment generator is utilized.

• Variable speed wind turbines-utilize DFIG or probably perpetual magnet coordinated

machine (PMSM). In a nutshell, WT model might be essentially characterized in three components
to be specific, generator, mechanical drives, control frameworks and converters. The
demonstrating of the generators is having more significant.

Figure 2: Working of wind turbine

15
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) has been around as long as there have been
control frameworks. The principal 'SCADA' frameworks used information procurement through
boards of meters, lights and strip graph recorders. The administrator physically working different
control handles practiced administrative control.
These gadgets were and still are utilized to do administrative control and information procurement
on plants, production lines and force creating offices. The accompanying figure shows a sensor to
board framework.

Figure 3: SCADA with sensors (Hardware)

Sensors to board utilizing 4–20 mA or voltage 2 Practical SCADA for Industry.

The sensor to board sort of SCADA framework enjoys the accompanying benefits:

• It is basic, no CPUs, RAM, ROM or programming required

• The sensors are associated straightforwardly to the meters, switches and lights on the board

• It could be (by and large) simple and modest to add a basic gadget like a switch or pointer
The burdens of an immediate board to sensor framework are:

• The measure of wire gets unmanageable after the establishment of hundreds of sensors

16
• The amount and kind of information are negligible and simple

• Installation of extra sensors turns out to be logically harder as the framework develops

• Re-design of the framework turns out to be incredibly troublesome

• Simulation utilizing genuine information is absurd

• Storage of information is insignificant and hard to oversee

• No off site checking of information or alerts

• Someone needs to watch the dials and meters 24 hours every day

17
 1.2 SCADA SOFTWARE

SCADA programming can be separated into two kinds, restrictive or open. Organizations foster
exclusive programming to convey to their equipment. These frameworks are sold as 'turn key'
arrangements. The fundamental issue with this framework is the mind-boggling dependence on the
provider of the framework. Open programming frameworks have acquired notoriety in view of the
interoperability they bring to the framework.

Interoperability is the capacity to blend various producers' hardware on a similar framework. Citect
and Wonderware are only two of the open programming bundles accessible on the lookout for
SCADA frameworks. A few bundles are presently including resource the executives coordinated
inside the SCADA framework. The ordinary parts of a SCADA framework are:

Figure 4: SCADA software

18
 1.3 SCOPE
1.3.1 SCOPE OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is accessible with no expense, and it doesn't discharge any ozone depleting
substances. This makes it an extraordinary wellspring of energy creation for any creating state. The
field of wind energy has gigantic extension for advancement, meaning genuine applications and
colossal monetary freedom. It is urgently significant for Pakistan, as our economy proceeds to
develop, and we should guarantee each pakistani approaches opportunity, respectable positions and
work. For that we will require more prominent assets. Perfect, economical, inexhaustible and
similarly significant, homegrown wellsprings of energy are fundamental to satisfy the capability of
Pakistan in the coming years and it is sure that breeze energy will have a significant influence in
molding India's future. Wind power has arisen as the greatest wellspring of sustainable power on
the planet.

1.3.2 SCOPE OF SCADA

SCADA began its excursion in the Digital Revolution. It actually holds great against the
mechanization gadgets. It has figured out how to incorporate into the robotization rehearses and
turn into a helpful device for the smooth running of computerization strategies.
SCADA has gigantic degree in a wide range of businesses. The whole robotization field is
intensely dependent on them in a modern arrangement. Prior, chip control or transfer rationale was
required for control. It is profoundly solid and adaptable.

The risk of the current situation is that anytime, changes may happen which will influence the
entire framework. SCADA offers a base on which any progressions can be made without
influencing the effectiveness, speed and interoperability of the framework.

A portion of the enterprises have effectively carried out these advances to incredible outcomes.
Yet, they have incorporated it as an extra element, as opposed to a total change to introduce
framework. This is correctly why the extent of modern mechanization courses won't be lessening

19
soon. Enterprises are expanding upon these frameworks as opposed to transforming them by and
large. Along these lines, if individuals offer significance to learning the fundamentals, further
headways won't acquire a significant change in the work market.

20
 1.4 HISTORY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

More than 2,000 years prior, the Greeks utilized the water wheel to pound wheat into flour. Today,
a similar idea (hydropower) can create sufficient power to control a whole city. For millennia, man
has tried to outfit the world's components for energy. We just now live during a time where it's
feasible to market energy on a worldwide scale. Furthermore, as large numbers of us become more
eco-cognizant, so does our longing for more environmentally friendly power alternatives in our
everyday lives.

1.4.1 POWER ENERGY USING WIND GENERATION

Over 2,000 years earlier, the Greeks used the water wheel to pound wheat into flour. Today, a
comparable thought (hydropower) can make adequate ability to control an entire city. For
centuries, man has attempted to furnish the world's segments for energy. We a little while ago live
during a period where it's plausible to showcase energy on an overall scale. Moreover, as huge
quantities of us become more eco-aware, so does our yearning for all the more harmless to the
ecosystem power options in our regular day to day existences.

1.4.2 HOW DOES IT WORK?

wind energy catches wind through turbines and windmills, which can be utilized to control
apparatus or create power. there are two essential kinds of wind turbines; the more normal flat
pivot and the upward hub. the upward pivot turbine can catch wind energy from all bearings.

later on, numerous specialists gauge wind energy will be one of the least expensive power
producing sources, in any event, equaling petroleum products. since it is just about as modest as
coal, protected and simple to keep up with. as per the 2019 fate of wind report, asia will rule the
breeze energy area in 2050, trailed by north america, middle east and africa, europe, south america
and oceania.

21
1.4.3 SMALL SCALE POWER GENERATION USING WIND TURBINE:

Little wind turbines have less creating limit than the tremendous business turbines found on wind
ranches, yet their diminished expenses and added adaptability permit wind ability to be utilized in a
more extensive arrangement of utilizations. These little turbines are utilized principally for
dispersed age – producing power for use nearby, as opposed to communicating energy over the
electric lattice from focal force plants or wind ranches. Little turbines are a limited scale option in
contrast to sun oriented boards, giving clean environmentally friendly power to country homes,
ranches and organizations. This diminishes dependence on enormous non-renewable energy source
power plants and brings down the weight on the electrical transmission framework. Little wind
turbines can have a creating limit of somewhere in the range of 0.3 to 100 kW, however the
measure of force they produce relies upon wind speed. A little turbine will normally require wind
rates of four meters each second (or nine miles each hour) at the stature of the turbine. Since
consistent wind speed is significant, little turbines should be set away from

structures, trees, and different impediments that may obstruct the progression of wind. This makes
them ideal for country and rural networks that don't have the space limitations found in
metropolitan habitats. The United States is the worldwide forerunner in little turbine producing.
Homegrown producers revealed deals of $115 million out of 2011, with 54 percent of that income
coming from sends out. The business addresses an expected 1,600 regular positions in the United
States.1 In 2010, the

U.S. little wind aggregate limit was 179 MW, making the United States the world innovator in
introduced limit, too. 2 Despite the developing business sector and vigorous deals, the little wind
industry depends on state and government arrangements to drive interest in little wind and to give
sureness to turbine producers.

22
Hydre Line lGrid}

Wind Turbine

Hydro Meter

Electrical Circuits
AC Voltage
Electrical Panel

Figure 5: Small scale wind turbine

23
 1.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL USING ARDUINO
AND MATLAB

The primary aim of this Research work is to configuration minimal expense administrative control
and information securing (SCADA) frameworks utilizing Arduino and MATLAB. This Research
work will be carried out for two unmistakable regions that are Industrial and Medical.

In ventures this can be utilized for the controlling of Water tank Motor that implies ON and OFF
system, different force area controlling, information securing from the sensors for instance heater
temperature estimation and so on Also, in the Medical field which is utilized for beat rate
observing of patient, and it cautions if the beat rate surpasses past the breaking point. The plan
understanding of SCADA Systems as follows, First the cut off writing computer programs is to
port on to the microcontroller. This program works with to get to all pins from MATLAB. This
task incorporates the plan of GUI (Graphical User Interface) utilizing Guide apparatus in
MATLAB climate. The client speaks with the outside equipment through MATLAB GUI. This can
be accomplished by interfacing MATLAB GUI with AtMega8 microcontroller. The
microcontroller reacts as indicated by guidelines given by the MATLAB GUI.

24
1.5.1 WHY SCADA?

Wind turbine functional expenses can be diminished by observing the state of significant parts in
the drivetrain. SCADA-based condition checking is appealing on the grounds that the information
are now gathered, bringing about quick arrangement and unassuming set-up cost. Three SCADA-
based observing techniques were investigated: signal moving; self-arranging maps and actual
model. The actual model was recognized just like the most dependable at foreseeing looming part
disappointments. An approval concentrate on this strategy utilizing five functional breeze ranches
showed that it is feasible to accomplish a high discovery rate and great identification exactness. A
development discovery time of between multi month and 2 years was accomplished by the
strategy. The examination has likewise featured restrictions and regions for additional turn of
events.

25
 1.6 CONCLUSION

This undertaking expected to understanding the writing audit of wind turbines. Significant
wordings, realities, execution angles, segments and future possibilities of wind turbines are
additionally introduced in this task. Wind is in long use by people which proceed to develop and
prosper the breeze business. In prior times, wind was utilized for homegrown purposes just be that
as it may, in present day, it has gotten business and standard wellspring of force creation around
many created nations. The functioning system of wind turbines is altogether subject to the breeze
speed. Higher the breeze speed would create better return. Current breeze speeds are hardware with
programmed sensor systems which can identify the breeze course and wind speeds. Wind turbines
can turn to line up with the breeze course to create power all through their life expectancy. They
additionally can halt when the danger is implied because of high breezes.

The turn of events, examination and subsidizing has effectively carried out a few models of
turbines bringing about the development of inland and seaward wind businesses. Seaward wind
turbines enjoy more useful benefits than inland wind turbines. Seaward wind homesteads can use
huge bowls of sea without a visual disability and can produce more power than coastal breeze
ranches.

The workableness of a breeze turbine relies upon the securely move of all heaps by the
establishment. Expenses for fundamental SCADA segments are required to keep on declining later
on. This pattern will uphold SCADA use in associations with resources of lower singular worth,
prompting bigger, more scattered SCADA frameworks. All the while, bigger associations will
exploit the developing number of significant worth valued, wide-region interchanges choices to
interconnect geologically scattered SCADA and business frameworks. SCADA programming
engineers should see how to use new mechanical advances in correspondences without barring
inheritance frameworks. Low-level SCADA incorporation will be streamlined.
The size and intricacy of SCADA will increment at a speeding up rate, requiring the formation of
instruments and coordination strategies that give quick, blunder free replication for normal
SCADA errands. Effective collaboration between merchants will be fundamental in giving the
greatest advantage to the client. At last, the SCADA framework will work increasingly more as an
26
enormous control circle, ready to work independently at progressively more significant levels, in
light of less contributions from functional faculty. Improvement techniques will be applied in a
horde of circumstances, permitting associations to create bigger SCADA frameworks without
bringing about irrational functional expenses or critical staffing increments. All things considered,
the worth of the unadulterated HMI part of SCADA programming, as far as we might be concerned
today, will decrease comparative with the numerous other arising benefits SCADA frameworks
will offer.

27
 CHAPTER # 2
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF POWER
GENERATING UNIT (PGU) IN
MATLAB

28
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF POWER
GENERATING UNIT (PGU) IN MATLAB
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "matrix laboratory") is a proprietary multi-
paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed
by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written
in other languages.
Despite the fact that MATLAB is planned essentially for numeric processing, a discretionary tool
stash utilizes the MuPAD representative motor permitting admittance to emblematic figuring
capacities. An extra bundle, Simulink, adds graphical multi-area reenactment and model-based
plan for dynamic and inserted frameworks.

Simulink is a MATLAB-based graphical programming climate for demonstrating, reproducing

and investigating multi-area dynamical frameworks. Its essential interface is a graphical square
charting device and an adjustable arrangement of square libraries. It offers tight combination
with the remainder of the MATLAB climate and can either drive MATLAB or be prearranged
from it. Simulink is broadly utilized in programmed control and advanced sign preparing for
multi-space recreation and model-based plan.
In our project we have designed our system on Simulink to get an idea of how it will perform in
hardware. Here is the detailed explanation of the Power Generating Unit (PGU), we have
designed and simulated in Simulink.
Our system consists of four sub-systems, which are as follows:
1. The Wind Turbine
2. PMDC Generator
3. DC-DC Buck Boost Converter
4. The Charge Controller

29
Figure 6: Overall view of Simulink design

30
 2.1 WIND TURBINE

Library:
Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Electrical Machines

Figure 7: Wind turbine block

1.2.1 DESCRIPTION

The Wind Turbine block models the steady-state power characteristics of a wind turbine. The
stiffness of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the turbine must be
combined with those of the generator coupled to the turbine. The output power of the turbine is
given by the following equation.
Pm=cp(λ,β) v
ρA2 3wind

Pm Mechanical output power of the turbine (W)

cp Performance coefficient of the turbine
ρ Air density (kg/m3)
A Turbine swept area (m2)
vwind Wind speed (m/s)
λ Tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to wind speed
β Blade pitch angle (deg)
Table 1: Parameters of wind turbine model

31
2.1.2 WIND TURBINE CALCULATIONS

Under constant acceleration a, the kinetic energy E of an object having mass m and velocity v is
equal to the work done W in displacing that object from rest to a distance under a force F, i.e
E=W=F.s ,According to the Newton’s second law of motion.
𝐹 =𝑚∗𝑎 (1)
thus, the kinetic energy becomes
𝐸 =𝑚∗𝑎∗𝑠 (2)
From kinematics of solid motion v2= u2 + 2as where u is the initial velocity of the object. This
implies that a = v2−u2/2s. Assuming the initial velocity of the object is zero, we have that a =
v2/2s. Hence from equation (2) we have that
1
𝐸= ∗ 𝑚𝑣 2 (3)
2
This kinetic energy formulation is based on the fact that the mass of the solid is a constant.
However, if we consider wind (air in motion) as a fluid, both density and velocity can change
and hence no constant mass. Hence the kinetic energy(in joules) in air of mass m moving with
velocity vw(wind) can be calculated from equation (3) above. The power P in the wind is given
by the rate of change of kinetic energy, i.e.
𝐷𝐸 dm
𝑃= = 1/2 ∗ ( ) ∗ Vw 2 (4)
𝑑𝑡 dt

But mass flow rate dm/dt is given by dm/dt = ρAvw where A is the area through which the wind
in this case is flowing and ρ is the density of air. With this expression, equation (4) becomes
1
𝑃= ∗ ρ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣𝑤3 (5)
2
The actual mechanical power Pw extracted by the rotor blades in watts is the difference between
the upstream and the downstream wind powers.
1
𝑃= ∗ ρ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣𝑤2 (𝑣𝑢2 − 𝑣𝑑2 ) (6)
2

32
where vu is the upstream wind velocity at the entrance of the rotor blades in m/s and vd is the
downstream wind velocity at the exit of the rotor blades in m/s. We shall see later that these two
velocities give rise to the blade tip speed ratio. Now from the mass flow rate, we may write
ρ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣𝑤 = ρ ∗ A(𝑣𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑 ) (7)
vw being the average of the velocities at the entry and exit of rotor blades of turbine. With this
expression, equation (6) becomes
1 1
𝑃𝑤 = ∗ ρ ∗ A ∗ (𝑣𝑢2 − 𝑣𝑑2 ) ∗ (𝑣𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑 ) (8 )
2 2
𝑣𝑑 2 𝑣𝑑 𝑣𝑑 3
(1 − ( ) + ( ) − ( )
1 𝑣𝑢 𝑣𝑢 𝑣𝑢 )
𝑃𝑤 = [ρ ∗ A ∗ (𝑣𝑢3 ) ∗ { } ] (9 )
2 2

𝑣 2 𝑣 𝑣 3
(1−(𝑣𝑑 ) +( 𝑣𝑑 )− (𝑣𝑑 ) )
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝐶𝑝 = (10)
2

1
𝑃𝑤 = [ρ ∗ A ∗ (𝑣𝑢3 ) ∗ 𝐶𝑝 (11)
2
Let λ represent the ratio of wind speed vd downstream to wind speed vu upstream of the turbine,
i.e.
𝑣𝑑
λ= (12)
𝑣𝑢

𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

λ= (13)
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

λ is called the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine. The blade tip speed in meters per second can be
calculated from the rotational speed of the turbine and the length of the blades used in the
turbine, i.e.
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒(𝑤) ∗ 𝑅
λ= (14)
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

The power coefficient Cp is the most important parameter in the case of power regulation. For

33
example, models Cp as a function of the tip speed ratio and the blade pitch angle θ in degrees as

1 1
−𝐶 ( )
𝐶𝑝 (λ, θ) = 𝐶1 (𝐶2 − 𝐶3 βθ − 𝐶4 θx − 𝐶5 ) 𝑒 6 β (𝟏𝟓)
β

where the values of the coefficients C1 −C6 and x depend on turbine type.

1 1 0.035
= − (16)
β λ + 0.08θ 1 + θ3
where θ is the pitch angle of the blade in degrees.

2.1.3 WIND MPPT

MPPT algorithms play a vital role in any renewable resource. MPPT. Wind energy framework
requires the calculation to separate however much energy as could reasonably be expected in
light of the fact that as per Betz hypothesis just 59.3% of all out accessible 100% breeze is
changed over into the mechanical energy and consequently wind plants are worked at its most
extreme force point. In the event of sun based energy transformation there are no. of components
are influenced some of them are changing in sun powered radiation, concealing impact,
introduced surface region is little, other climatic conditions and so on
Comprehensively, the MPPT calculations are classified into three sorts: Tip-Speed proportion
control (TSR), Force Signal input (PSF), Slope climb search (HCS) based. TSR control strategy
manages the breeze turbine rotor speed to keep an ideal TSR and requires estimation of both the
breeze speed and turbine speed. The ideal TSR for a given breeze speed is gotten from the
turbine-generator attributes and fluctuates from one framework to another.
In addition, in this plan the machine is consistently worked at its ideal TSR, which is a quality of
the given breeze turbine. This ideal worth is put away as the reference TSR in the control PC.
The breeze speed is ceaselessly estimated and contrasted and the sharp edge tip speed. In TSR
control, the turbine shaft speed is straightforwardly controlled to keep up with the ideal TSR
registered utilizing estimated wind and turbine shaft speeds. Albeit this technique is basic and
natural, it depends exceptionally on the precision of the breeze speed estimation, as the

34
information is profoundly discontinuous so at each progression of progress in speed will
altogether differ the TSR and as it brings about changing the Cp (power coefficient). The by and
large streamlined effectiveness relies on the force coefficient (Cp) and it is an element of cutting
edge pitch point (β) and tip speed proportion (λ). Typically the cutting edge pitch point (β) taken
as zero for little and medium breeze speeds. TSR control straightforwardly manages the turbine
speed to keep the TSR at an ideal worth by estimating wind speed and turbine speed.

2.1.4 PITCH ANGLE CONTROL

The pitch control strategy is a fundamental methodology for controlling the rotational speed of
wind turbine. The regular cutting edge pitch point control methodologies are created in this part.
The pitch point reference b ref,is constrained by the information esteems, which might be as per
the following:
The immediate proportion of the wind speed makes this control system straightforward;
nonetheless this is certifiably not an appropriate method, since it is hard to gauge the wind speed
unequivocally. Indeed, when the rotor speed surpasses the greatest rotor speed of turbine Ωtn, the
pitch point is expanded to decrease the turbine force Ct. The controlling rotor speed is contrasted
and its reference. The mistake signal is then shipped off the PI regulator and produces the
reference worth of the pitch point. The mistake sign of the generator power is shipped off a PI
regulator. The PI regulator delivers the reference pitch point.
In our design we have given wind speed a variable value because wind speed does not remain
same all the time
For this purpose we have used TIMER block from Simulink library.

35
Figure 8: Timer Block

2.1.5 TIMER BLOCK

Generate signal changing at specified transition times

Library
powerlib_extras/Control Blocks, powerlib_extras/Discrete Control Blocks

Description
The Timer block generates a signal changing at specified transition times. Use this block to
generate a logical signal (0 or 1 amplitude) and control the opening and closing times of power
switches like the Breaker block and the Ideal Switch block. You can also use this block to
generate a signal whose amplitude changes by steps at specified transition times.
Inputs and Outputs
The output is a signal changing by steps at specified transition times

36
2.1.6 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OUTPUT

The inputs are selected on the basis of our requirement and can be changed as necessary.
Here, the below figure shows the

Figure 9: The wind turbine (Simulink)

OUTPUT
The output of the subsystem is given it can be seen that the torque generated by the wind turbine
varies with time because we have given the wind speed a variable value which changes with time
as shown above.

Figure 10: The wind turbine output (Simulink)

37
 2.2 THE PMDC GENERATOR
DC Machine
Implement wound-field or permanent magnet DC machine
Library
Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Electrical Machines

Figure 11: DC Machine block

2.2.1 DESCRIPTION

The DC Machine block implements a wound-field or permanent magnet DC machine.

For the wound-field DC machine, access is provided to the field terminals (F+, F−) so that the
machine model can be used as a shunt-connected or a series-connected DC machine. The torque
applied to the shaft is provided at the Simulink® input TL.
The armature circuit (A+, A−) consists of an inductor La and resistor Ra in series with a counter-
electromotive force (CEMF) E.
The next figure indicates how to connect an Ideal Torque Source block from the Simscape
library to the machine shaft to represent the machine in motor mode, or in generator mode, when
the rotor speed is positive.

38
Figure 12: DC Machine modes

Field type
Select between the wound-field and the permanent magnet DC machine. Choices
are Wound (default) and Permanent magnet.

2.2.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

TL
The block input is the mechanical load torque, in N.m.
W
The alternative block input (depending on the value of the Mechanical input parameter) is the
machine speed, in rad/s
m

39
 Name Definition Units
rad/s
w Speed wm
iA Armature current ia A

iF Field current if A

Te Electrical torque Te N.m

Table 2: Inputs and Outputs of DC machine

2.2.3 DESIGN AND OUTPUT

The output of the block is a vector containing measurement signals. You can demultiplex these
signals by using the Bus Selector block provided in the Simulink library.
In our design we have selected the DC machine as PMDC generator. The generated output
voltages are measured using scope.

Figure 13: The PMDC generator (Simulink)

40
OUTPUT

The output of the system 2 is shown in the figure given below just like the wind turbine the
output voltages of the PMDC machine is varying which time because the output torque generated
from the wind turbine was varying.

Figure 14: The PMDC generator output (Simulink)

It can be seen that the voltages varies from 0-28V. In the next step we will design DC-DC Buck
Boost converter to regulate the generated voltages to a specified value so that it can be used to
charge the battery.

41
 2.3 DC-DC BUCK BOOST CONVERTER

It is a kind of DC to DC converter and it has a size of produce voltage. It very well might be
pretty much than equivalent to the information voltage extent. The buck help converter is
equivalent to the fly back circuit and single inductor is utilized in the spot of the transformer.
There are two kinds of converters in the buck support converter that are buck converter and the
other one is help converter. These converters can deliver the scope of yield voltage than the
information voltage. The accompanying graph shows the essential buck support converter.

Figure 15: on and off state of convertor

WORKING

The functioning activity of the DC to DC converter is the inductor in the info opposition has the
sudden variety in the information current. Assuming the switch is ON, the inductor feed the
energy from the information and it stores the energy of attractive energy. In the event that the
switch is shut it releases the energy. The yield circuit of the capacitor is accepted as high
adequate than the time consistent of a RC circuit is high on the yield stage. The colossal time
consistent is contrasted and the exchanging time frame and ensure that the consistent state is a
steady yield voltage Vo (t) = Vo(constant) and present at the load terminal. There are
two different types of working principles in the buck boost converter.
• Buck converter.
• Boost converter.

42
2.3.1 BOOST CONVERTER WORKING

Figure 16: Boost Convertor Working

In this converter the primary transistor is turned ON constantly and for the second semiconductor
the square wave of high frequency is applied to the gate terminal. The subsequent semiconductor
is in leading when the on state and the information current stream from the inductor L during that
time semiconductor. The adverse terminal energizing the attractive field around the inductor. The
D2 diode can't lead in light of the fact that the anode is on the possible ground by exceptionally
directing the subsequent semiconductor.

By charging the capacitor C the heap is applied to the whole circuit in the ON State and it can
build prior oscillator cycles. During the ON time frame the capacitor C can release routinely and
the measure of high wave recurrence on the yield voltage. The surmised potential distinction is
given by the condition underneath.
Vs + VL
During the OFF time of second semiconductor the inductor L is charged and the capacitor C is
released. The inductor L can deliver the back e.m.f and the qualities are depending up on the
pace of progress of current of the subsequent semiconductor switch. The measure of inductance
the loop can involve. Henceforth the back e.m.f can deliver any extraordinary voltage through a
wide reach and controlled by the plan of the circuit. Consequently the extremity of voltage across
the inductor L has switched now.
The information voltage gives the yield voltage and atleast equivalent to or higher than the info
voltage. The diode D2 is in forward one-sided and the current applied to the heap current and it

43
re-energizes the capacitors to Vs + VL and it is prepared for the subsequent semiconductor.

2.3.2 BUCK CONVERTER WORKING

Figure 17: Buck Convertor Working

The accompanying graph shows the functioning activity of the buck converter. In the buck
converter first semiconductor is turned ON and second semiconductor is turned OFF because of
high square wave recurrence. On the off chance that the entryway terminal of the primary
semiconductor is more than the current pass through the attractive field, charging C, and it
supplies the heap. The D1 is the Schottky diode and it is killed because of the positive voltage to
the cathode.

The inductor L is the underlying wellspring of current. On the off chance that the principal
semiconductor is OFF by utilizing the control unit, the current stream in the buck activity. The
attractive field of the inductor is fallen and the back e.m.f is created imploding field pivot the
extremity of the voltage across the inductor. The current streams in the diode D2, the heap and
the D1 diode will be turned ON.

The release of the inductor L reductions with the assistance of the current. During the principal
semiconductor is in one express the charge of the collector in the capacitor. The current moves
through the heap and during the off period keeping Vout sensibly. Thus it keeps the base wave
adequacy and Vout closes to the value of Vs.

44
2.3.3 MODES OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTERS

There are two different types of modes in the buck boost converter. The following are the two
different types of buck boost converters.
1. Continuous conduction mode.
2. Discontinuous conduction mode.

Continuous Conduction Mode

In the continuous conduction mode the current from end to end of inductor never goes to zero.
Hence the inductor partially discharges earlier than the switching cycle.

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

In this mode the current through the inductor goes to zero. Hence the inductor will totally
discharge at the end of switching cycles.

45
 2.3.4 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

The transfer function in the feedback loop of the converter is calculated by using the below
MATLAB code.

Figure 18: Code for transfer function

And the component values are calculated also from the MATLAB code given below.

46
MATLAB Code:
Wi=1000;
fz1=729;
fz2=3.07e+04;
fp1=1.01e+06;
fp2=5.85e+06;
Wz1=2*pi*fz1;
Wz2=2*pi*fz2;
Wp1=2*pi*fp1;
Wp2=2*pi*fp2;
C1=1e-06;
R1=1/(Wi*C1);
C2=1/(Wz1*R1);
R2=1/(Wz2*C1);
R3=1/(Wp1*C2);
C3=1/(Wp2*R2);
Output:
R1 = 9.7924e+03
>> R2
R2 = 500
>> R3
R3 = 1.8186
>> C1
C1 = 1.0000e-06
>> C2
C2 = 5.0039e-07
>> C3
C3 = 1.9000e-09

47
The calculated values are used to design the DC to DC buck boost converter as shown in the fig
the feedback loop helps to regulate the voltages generated to a specified value i.e. 12 volts

Figure 19: BUCK-BOOST convertor (Simulink)

OUTPUT

Figure 20: BUCK-BOOST convertor output (Simulink)

48
 2.4 THE CHARGE CONTROLLER

Why is a dump or diversion load necessary?

Wind turbines are designed to be under a load when operating. For a wind turbine, the load is
almost always an electrical load which is drawing electricity from the wind turbine’s generator.
The two most common loads for a wind turbine are

(1) A battery bank

(2) An electrical grid

On the off chance that a wind turbine works under no heap in high wind conditions, it would self
be able to destruct. In high winds and no heap the wind turbine cutting edges can turn so quick
that the sharp edges can come ripping off or, at any rate, put extraordinary burdens and strains on
the breeze turbine segments which will make them destroy rapidly. Or on the other hand, all in
all, a wind turbine works securely and appropriately when it's anything but a heap.
On the off chance that the hand drill is gone to its most powerful setting and permitted to turn in
free air, it will likely turn at around 700 rpm. This is the "no heap" circumstance on the grounds
that the drill isn't accomplishing any work. Presently, in the event that we utilize the hand drill on
its most powerful setting to begin to bore an opening in the wood, what will occur? The rpm of
the hand drill will clearly hinder a ton contrasted with when it was turning in free air. This is on
the grounds that the drill currently needs to strive to make the opening in the wood.

2.4.1 HOW IS THE DUMP LOAD UTILIZED IN A WIND TURBINE

FRAMEWORK?

A wind turbine will keep on charging a battery a bank until the battery bank is completely
energized. For a 12 volt battery bank, this is around 14 volts (The specific completely energized
voltage of a 12 volt battery bank relies upon the sort of batteries being utilized). When the
battery bank is completely energized, it is fundamental that the breeze turbine quit charging the
battery bank as cheating batteries is terrible for a few reasons (for example battery annihilation,

49
hazard of blast, and so on) Yet, stand by there is an issue! We need to hold the breeze turbine
under an electrical burden! To achieve this assignment a redirection load charge regulator is
utilized.
As expressed already, wind turbines are by and large used to charge battery banks or feed an
electrical network. Both of these applications required dump stacks however how about we
inspect the battery bank application in more detail.
In the easiest terms, a redirection load charge regulator is a voltage sensor switch. The charge
regulator continually screens the voltage of the battery bank. On account of a 12 volt battery
bank, when the voltage level arrives at roughly 14 volts, the charge regulator detects this and
disengages the breeze turbine from the battery bank. Presently, we said that a redirection load
charge regulator is a voltage sensor switch. In this way, a redirection load charge regulator isn't
just equipped for detaching the breeze turbine from the battery bank, it is additionally fit for
changing the wind turbine's association with the redirection load! Furthermore, this is by and
large what the redirection load charge regulator does which holds the breeze turbine under a
consistent electrical burden.

2.4.2 DESIGN AND OUTPUT

Once the battery bank’s voltage drops a little (approximately 26.3 volts for a 25
volt battery bank), the charge controller senses this and switches the wind turbine
back to charging the battery bank. This cycle is repeated as necessary which keeps
the battery bank from overcharging and the wind turbine always under load.

50
Figure 21: The charge controller (Simulink)

OUTPUT
The output of the charge controller is shown. It can be seen that the controller
lowers the voltages and try to take it to 12 V so that the battery will not
overcharge. In this way the control and regulate the voltages and keeps the battery
from over charging.

Figure 22: The charge controller output (Simulink)

51
 CHAPTER#3
PROJECT HARDWAR

52
 3.1 PROTOTYPE OVERVIEW

The aim for the project was to design and fabricate a complete Power generation system
equipped with Supervisory control and Data acquisitions unit.
Due to the evolving situation of the pandemic the hardware for the project was limited to a
prototype which:

• Monitors battery health of a 12V battery pack

• Displays a real-time incoming voltage to the system
• Controls the load from a MATLAB GUI

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The final fabricated prototype can we divided into different categorical systems which integrated
together as one system. GUI communication via arduino microcontroller supervisory control and
data acquisitions software field devices communication with load

53
 1.3 SYSTEM LAYOUT

Figure 23: System Layout

54
3.4 COMPONENTS USED

• Arduino UNO microcontroller

• 2 Relays Module

• Crystal LCD Display 16x2

• 2x 12watt 220V AC Load

55
 • Lithium ion 4-volt Battery Pack

• Voltage Divider Sensor

• Switching circuit

Table 3: Components of hardware

56
PROTOTYPE

Figure 24: Integrated system

3.4.1 ARDUINO

Arduino Uno was used for communication between the field deceive relay module and the
MATLAB GUI.

Features and Limitation of the Arduino UNO:

• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

57
 • Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz

Figure 25: Labelled Arduino UNO Board

58
3.4.2 2-RELAY MODULE

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another
circuit.

2-Channel 5V Relay Module is a relay interface board, it can be controlled directly by a wide
range of microcontrollers such as Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM and so on. It uses a low level
triggered control signal (3.3-5VDC) to control the relay. Triggering the relay operates the
normally open or normally closed contacts

Figure 26: 2-Relay Module

INPUT

It has a 1×4 (2.54mm pitch) pin header for connecting power (5V and 0V), and for controlling

59
the 2 relays. The pins are marked on the PCB:
GND – Connect 0V to this pin.
IN1 – Controls relay 1, active Low! Relay will turn on when this input goes below about 2.0V
IN2 – Controls relay 2, active Low! Relay will turn on when this input goes below about 2.0V
VCC – Connect 5V to this pin. Is used to power the opto couplers
There is a second 1×3 (2.54mm pitch) pin header for supplying the “relay side” of the board with
5V. At delivery, a jumper is present on this header selecting the 5V signal from the 1×4 pin
header to power the relays. For default operation, don’t change this jumper!
The pins of the 1×3 pin header is marked on the PCB:
JD-VCC – This is the 5V required for the relays. At delivery, a jumper is present on this and the
adjacent (VCC) pin.
VCC – This is the 5V VCC supplied on the 1×4 pin connector
GND – Connected to 0V pin of 1×4 pin header
If opto isolation is required, an isolated 5V supply should be used. For normal operation, a
jumper bewtween pins 1 and 2 selects the 5V signal from the 1×4 pin header. This means both
the “input side”, and “relay side” use the same 5V supply, and there is no opto-isolation.

OUTPUT

The 2-channel relay module could be considered like a series switches: 2 normally Open (NO), 2
normally closed (NC) and 2 common Pins (COM).
COM- Common pin
NC- Normally Closed, in which case NC is connected with COM when INT1 is set low and
disconnected when INT1 is high
NO- Normally Open, in which case NO is disconnected with COM1 when INT1 is set low and
connected when INT1 is high.

60
 1.3.3 Liquid Crystal LCD display 16x2

A 16x2 LCD displays 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display
is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.

Figure 27: 16x2 LCD Display

3.4.3 VOLTAGE DIVIDER SENSOR CIRCUIT

It turns out voltage is really easy for microcontrollers (those with analog-to-digital converters -
ADC’s - at least) to measure. Resistance? Not so much. But, by adding another resistor to the
resistive sensors, we can create a voltage divider. Once the output of the voltage divider is
known, we can go back and calculate the resistance of the sensor.
A resistive sensor generates a signal by modifying an externally applied voltage. Adding a
suitable resistor to make a voltage divider allows one to get the signal. Without the voltage
divider, the only voltages available would be Vcc and ground.

61
Arduino analog inputs can be used to measure DC voltage between 0 and 5V (on 5V Arduinos
such as the Arduino Uno when using the standard 5V analog reference voltage).
The range over which the Arduino can measure voltage can be increased by using two resistors
to create a voltage divider. The voltage divider decreases the voltage being measured to within
the range of the Arduino analog inputs. Code in the Arduino sketch is then used to calculate the
actual voltage being measured.
This allows voltages greater than 5V to be measured.
To measure the generated voltages, we install a voltage divider sensor just before the batteries
and us the analog signal/output voltage as an input to analog Pin A2.
Another Voltage divider is used as a sensor to monitor the health batteries which are then being
displayed on the LCD.
Analog Pin A0 is allocated to incoming signal/out voltages from the batteries which are then
mapped from analog to digital using Arduino IDE software.

Figure 28: Voltage Divider Circuit

62
 3.5 LOAD CONTROL AND DIFFERENT MODES OF
OPERATION

MATLAB GUI was designed with four switch buttons for controlling of the load to operate with
three modes of operation. Each switch on the MATLAB GUI was assigned a letter, when pressed
‘K’ the Arduino would read the value and set the output pin 8 to low and same was done with the
button ‘L’ when it was pressed the Arduino read the available incoming signal and set the output
pin 8 to high.
Both these first button are ‘k’ and ‘L’ which are responsible for controlling load 1.

Figure 29: MATLAB GUI

63
Controlling of the second load is also done in the same manner where pin 13 output is
controlling the load. Arduino reads the information from Matlab GUI when button ‘m’ used to
set pin 13 high and button ‘n’ used to set pin 13 low are pressed.

Figure 30: Load 1 in ON state

Figure 31: Load 2 in ON state

64
Figure 32: Load 1 and Load 2 in ON state

3.5.1 BATTERING HEALTH MONITORING

4v batteries are used to make a 12v battery pack which are rechargeable. Monitoring the health
of these batteries were one of the most challenging thing for us as there were different way in
which this could be done such as

Using Coulombs law

Using a reference signal from the voltage divider
Calculating the internal charge of batteries

All these ways were possible but interfacing this with entire rest of the system a bit tricky.
We used outgoing voltages from the batteries and fed to a voltage divider with one resistance as
fixed to 1k ohms and the other as a variable resistor.
The reference signal was given to Arduino input pin 7. The incoming analog value was mapped
to digital value from 0 to 900 using the map function Arduino IDE

65
These converted values were then displayed on the LCD

Figure 33: LCD output when the switch is turned OFF

Figure 34: LCD output when the switch is turned ON

66
3.5.2 INCOMING DC VOLTAGES FROM GENERATOR

The batteries could be recharged using the incoming voltages from the generator. Now the task
was to measure these voltages in real-time from the generator and display it on the GUI.

The same design was made as of measuring the battery health.

A voltage divider was place right before the batteries with 10k ohms resistor as fixed and a
variable resistor to control the reference output signal.

The output from the divider is taken as input to Arduino board where these values are mapped
using the map function to digital values from 0 to 950 and the displayed in the form of the graph.

Figure 35: Varying incoming voltages from the Generator

67
3.5.3 ARDUINO CODE

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
int b=A0;
float b1;
int g=A2;
float g1;
char a;
int p;
void setup()
{

Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(b,INPUT);
pinMode(g,INPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,INPUT);
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.print("Fyp project");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();

digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

68
}

void loop()
{
p=digitalRead(7);
// Serial.print("pin no 7=");
// Serial.print(p);
// Serial.println();
// delay(600);
//
if(p==0)
{

b1=analogRead(b);
//
b1=map(b1,0,900,0,12.6);
b1=(b1/12.6)*100;
// /////////////////////////////////
g1=analogRead(g);
//
g1=map(g1,0,950,0,14);
g1=(g1/14)*100;
// /////////////////////////////////
//
if(b1>100)
{
b1=100;
}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Battery (%)=");
lcd.print(b1);

69
//Serial.print("Battery =");
Serial.print(g1);
//Serial.println();
Serial.println();

Serial.println();
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
}
if(p==1)
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
a=Serial.read();

if(a=='k')
{
digitalWrite(8,LOW);

}
if(a=='l')
{

digitalWrite(13,LOW);
}
if(a=='m')
{

digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
}
if(a=='n')

70
{

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
}

}}}

71
 CHAPTER#4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
RECOMMENDATION

72
 4.1 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORKS

This project can be improved in many ways depending on what area you want to improve.
There are 3 major improvements that can be made:
• To be able to use a PLC (Recommended)
• Using Bluetooth
• Using a GSM Module

4.1.1 TO BE ABLE TO USE A PLC

The first thing is that in this project we had used an Aurduino UNO board which was serially
communicating with our laptop. Our initial plan was to use a Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC) Trainer and a HMI interface to access our load remotely. Due to COVID-19 pandemic
we were limited to the software part of our project and later had to improvise to somehow
include our hardware and to be able to achieve our basic concept of Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition. If you involve a PLC in this project instead of the Aurduino board will
greatly change the project to an industrial level. The basic functionality of PLC is that it is an
industrial computer control system that continuously monitors the state of input field devices
and makes decisions based upon a ladder logic program to control the state of output field
devices. The main problem that will be faced is that the PLC module is an expensive device
which will be your major cost of the project. The next step is deciding which PLC module as
there are many options of different companies such as DELTA, MITSUBISHI,
SCHNEIDER, SEIMENS, ABB, and many more. The cheapest modules are of DELTA
PLC’s. Depending on the company of your PLC you will need 2 softwares, one is for the
Ladder Logic Programming and the other one is for SCADA. Now, every PLC company has
it’s own software for both of these purposes, for example if I have a DELTA PLC, the
software that I will be using for the programming is the WPLsoft and this software is
compatible with all DELTA PLC modules. For SCADA implementation we use DIAview
software also provided by DELTA which is compatible with not only DELTA modules but
also some of the other company modules as well. The PLC modules have strict
communication protocols which is why almost all PLC companies have their own software
which makes the communication between the hardware and software very easy. By
successfully accomplishing this feat, remotely controlling the load becomes extremely easy

73
and then every thing can be accessed through a Human Machine Interface (HMI).

HMI can be easily interfaced with the project once everything mentioned above is achieved.
We would recommend you this improvement because hands on experience with PLC’s is a
bonus point as an Electrical Engineer specializing in Power Systems and Industrial Control
Automation.

Figure 36: Delta PLC Module Figure 37: PLC Trainer Kit

Figure 38: Human Machine Interface

74
4.1.2 USING BLUETOOTH MODULE

HC-06 is a Bluetooth module intended for setting up short distance communication between
two microcontrollers or frameworks. The module deals with Bluetooth 2.0 protocol. This is
least expensive technique for remote information transmission and more adaptable contrasted
with different strategies and it even can communicate documents at the speed up to 2.1 Mb/s.
The frequency range at which the Bluetooth module works is from 2.402 GHz to 2.480GHz.
HC-05 is also a Bluetooth module used widely. HC-05 module can be a master or a slave. It
can make a connection to other devices and also it is able to receive the data. But in case of
HC-06, it can only be a slave. We have used the HC-06 module in our project because in our
project we only needed the module to connect the Arduino to the android application.
Whereas if we want to make a connection of 1 Arduino to the other Arduino, HC-05 would
be the best module to use.
Following is the image of HC-06 module used in our project.

Figure 39: Bluetooth Module

Characteristics of Bluetooth module

75
Following is some of the features of the Bluetooth module HC-06 due to which we used it in
our project for communication.
It uses Bluetooth protocol V2.0 for the communication.
It operates within the voltage range from 3.3V to 6V.
Its operating temperature is from -20 degrees to 55 degrees.
Its frequency range is from 2.4GHz to 2.48GHz.
It has power level of 6dBm.
Best for short distance communication
It can be interfaced with almost all the controllers.
It consumes very low power.

Working of module

The communication of the Bluetooth module is through UART interface. This interface is
used to send or receive data. Due to this reason, it can be connected to any microcontroller
which has UART interface. RS232 Port is used for UART interface. To get the module
working, it is connected to +5V VCC and simply connect the RX pin of the module to TX pin
and TX pin to RX pin and simply connect it to your device. Following is the interface of
Bluetooth module.

Figure 40: Connections of Bluetooth Module

76
4.1.3 USING GSM MODULE

GSM module is used in many of the IOT projects used to send or receive SMS. It can be used
to send or receive SMS mainly, but it can be used for calls too. We used this module in our
project for the purpose of sending message. It has different types too. It comes in SIM800 and
SIM900 ranges. SIM900 is the advanced version of SIM800. It has some additonal features
of Bluetooth and FM too. But we mainly needed message services for our project only. Thus,
we used SIM800L. Also SIM800L uses less power than SIM900.
Following is the image of the GSM module SIM800L which we used in our project.

Figure 41: GSM Module

Characteristic of module
Following is some of the features of the GSM module due to which we used it in our project:
It supports quad band. GSM850, EGSM900, PCS1900 and DCS1800
It can be connected to global network using any 2G sim.
It can receive or send any message.
It can send or receive GPRS data.
It can make and receive voice calls.
It accepts micro sim card.
It has SL connectors for antennas.
There are 2 types of antennas used in the GSM. First one is helical antenna, and the other
antenna is 3dBi GSM antenna with U. FL to SMA adaptor.

77
 Figure 42: Type 1 GSM Figure 43: Type 2 GSM

Working of the GSM module

GSM module, similar to all other components, work on the 5V input from Arduino or any
microcontroller. The module draws maximum current of 2A. The Arduinos have internal
regulators that drop the voltages from 5V to 4.5V at which the GSM works so there is no
need to worry. Also, the TX and RX pins of the GSM are 5V tolerant. Following is the
picture that shows how to insert sim to make connections.

Figure 44: GSM SIM Insertion

78
REFERENCES

• Heier Siegfried, ''Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems". Chichester,

Wiley, UK, 2006.

• Wind report by World Wind Energy Association, 2015-

http://www.wwindea.org/hyr2015/

• Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2015 by Global Wind

Energy Council (GWEC)- www.gwee.net

• Neris A.S., Vovos N.A., and Giannakopaulos G. B., " A variable speed wind energy
conversion scheme for connection to weal ac systems," IEEE Trans. Energy
Convers., Mar 1999 14, (1), p.p. 122-127.

• Pena R., Clare J. et al., "Doubly fed induction generator using backto-back pwm
converters and its application to variable-speed wind energy generation," Proc. Inst.
Elec. Eng., Electric Power Applications, May 1996, 143, (3), p.p. 231-241
• http://www.reuk.co.uk/wordpress/wind/wind-turbine-charge-controller/
• CONSTRUCTION OF A WIND TURBINE AND A CHARGE CONTROLLER by
Daniel Munarriz Antona
• Wind Turbine Blade Efficiency and Power Calculation with Electrical Analogy Asis
Sarkar*, Dhiren Kumar Behera** * National Institute of Technology, Agarthala,
Tripura State, India **Dept of Mechanical Engineering, I.G.I.T SARANG, ODISHA,
INDIA

79