Coagulation-Flocculation: (Water and Wastewater Treatment)

COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION
(Water and Wastewater Treatment)
LECTURE 7
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
Engr. Abaid Ullah
abaid.ullah@uettaxila.edu.pk
COAGULATION
Addition and rapid mixing of a coagulant to
destabilize Colloidal particles and organic matter
• Colloidal Matter (0.1-100 µm)

– Hydrophilic - i.e. have affinity for water e.g.
protenaceous matter and microbes
– Get charged due to (i) ionization of Amino (-NH3) &
carboxyl (-COOH) groups; (ii) Adsorption of ions
from the surrounding soln. These ions are mostly
negatively charged at pH 7
– Hydrophobic – i.e. No affinity for water e.g., clays

Charged due to: Ionic deficit of positive charge
within mineral lattice
Coagulants –Types
– Primary Coagulants: Chemicals that help in
destabilizing colloidal matter
• Aluminum Sulfate, Aluminum Chloride,, Ferrous
Sulfate, Ferric Sulfate, Lime, PACl, Aluminum
Chlorohydrate- (ACH)
– Secondary Coagulants or Coagulant Aids:
• Natural e.g., Starch, Polysaccharide gums etc.
• Synthetic
– Anionic Polyelectrolyte(- ively charged) – Partially
hydrolyzed poly-acrylamide
– Cationic Polyelectrolyte +ively Charged e.g.,
Polyamines
– Non-ionic Polyelectrolyte - poly-acrylamide
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC GOAGULANTS - POLYELECTROLYTES
Common Coagulants
• Aluminum Sulphate Al2(SO4)318H2O or Al2(SO4)3.14.2H2O
• Optimum pH range 4.5 - 8
• AI2 (SO4)3 + H2O –--------> AI6 (OH)15+3, AI7(OH)17+4 , AI13(OH)34+5
• Reaction with Alkalinity
• AI2 (SO4)3 .14 H2O + 3 Ca (HCO3)2 --→ 2Al(OH)3 +3 Ca SO4 + 14 H2O + 6CO2
• When pH is low add Alkalinity
• AI2 (SO4)3 .14 H2O + 3 Ca (OH)2 --→ 2Al(OH)3 +3 Ca SO4 + 14 H2O
• PACl – Less acidic, active over a wide pH range

• ACH – Aluminum Chloro-hyderate – Used in membrane filtration plants
• Lime : CaO +H2O –> Ca (OH)2

Common Coagulants
Ferrous Sulphate - Fe SO4
– Alkalinity as Ca (OH)2 is added to precipitate Ferrous as Ferric
– 2Fe(SO4)7H2O + 2 Ca(OH)2 + ½ O2 ----→ 2Fe(OH)3 + 2 Ca(SO4)
• pH above 9 is required for this reaction
– If Cl2 is available as oxidant, reaction can occur at pH as low as 4.0
– 3Fe(SO4)7H2O + 3/2 Cl2 ------→ Fe2(SO4)3 + FeCl3 + 21H2O
Ferric Sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 - Optimum pH range 4-12
– 2Fe(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 ------→ 2Fe(OH) 3+ 6 Ca(SO4) + 6CO2
Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) - Optimum pH – 4-12

– 2FeCl3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 ------→ 2Fe(OH) 3+ 6 Ca(SO4) + 6CO2
Effective pH Range of Metal Salts
Mechanisms of Coagulation
• Double Layer Compression

• Sweep Floc Coagulation
• Adsorption / Charge Neutralization
• Inter-particle Bridging/Enmeshment
Turbine Mixer Paddle Mixer Propeller Mixer
In-Line Mixer
Baffled Mixer
Air
Pneumatic Mixer
Phipps & Bird’s Apparatus
Designing Coagulation Unit
• Criteria
– Turbine Impeller
Baffle
– Diameter of turbine impeller = 0.3 – 0.5 of the
Tank Dia or Width
– Baffle = 0.1 x Tank Dia or Width
– Impeller is mounted 1Di above the tank bottom
– Impeller rpm = 10 – 150 rpm
– More efficient than paddle blade impeller wi Impeller
½ Di
– Paddle Blade Impeller
– Diameter of Paddle impeller = 0.5 – 0.8 of the Di
Tank Dia or Width
– Width of paddle blade = 1/6th to 1/10th of
impeller dia
– Baffle = 0.1 x Tank Dia or Width
– Impeller is mounted 0.5Di above the tank
bottom
– Impeller rpm = 20 – 150 rpm
– Less efficient than turbine impeller
• Mixing Requirements
= f (Degree of Mixing, Mixing Time, Coagulant dose, pH, Temperature, Fluid viscosity)
• Degree of mixing = Power Imparted to water

• Power Imparted = G2 .μ V or
• G (Velocity Gradient ) = [ P/ μ V]1/2 ……ΔV / Δ Z
– Where
– G = Velocity Gradient fps/ft or sec-1
– P = Power imparted per unit volume of basin (ft-lb/Sec-ft3)
– V = Basin Volume, ft3
– μ = Absolute viscosity of the water μ = 2.73 x 10-5 lb-Sec/ft2
• G= 700 – 1000 Sec-1

• T = 20 - 60 sec
• Velocity Gradient for baffled basin=G=[γhL/ μ T]1/2

– Where
• γ = Density of water, 62.4 lb/ft3
• hL = Head-loss due to friction, turbulence & so on
• T = Detention time
• Power Imparted by Pneumatic Mixing Basin
• P = 81.5 Ga log [(h +34)/(34)]
– Where
• P = power, ft-lb/sec
• Ga = air flow rate at operating temperature and pressure, cfm
• h= depth to the diffusers, ft, from the top of water
• Power imparted by an impeller in a baffled tank
– P = kTn3Di5 γ] / [g]…….In Turbulent flow (NR>10,000)
– P = kLn2Di3 μ ] / [g]…….In Laminar flow (NR<10,000)
– Where
• P - power, ft-lb/sec kT – Impeller constant for turbulent flow
• n – rotational speed rps kL - Impeller constant for Laminar flow
• Di – Impeller Dia, ft γ – Liquid density, lb/ft3
• μ =Absolute viscosity of the water
• g– Acceleration due to gravity,32.17 ft/sec2
• NR (Reynolds No. ) = Di2 n γ / μ …..Dimensionless
• Power imparted in an un-baffled basin is 75 % of the power imparted by

baffled basin.
Coagulation Basin Design - Example
• A square rapid-mixing basin, with a depth of
water equal to 1.25 times the width, is to be
designed for a flow of 2 MGD. The velocity
gradient is to be 790 sec-1, the detention time is
40 sec, the operating temperature is 50oF and
the turbine shaft speed is 100 rpm. Determine:
– The basin dimensions
– The horsepower required
– The impeller dia if a van disc impeller with four flat
blades is employed and the tank has four vertical
baffles.
– The impeller dia if no vertical baffles are used
Coagulation Basin Design - Example
• Volume=Q*t = [2 * 106/1440*60]*40*[1/7.48]
• V=123.79 ft3
• 1.25 We .W.W = 123.79………W = 4.75 ft….Depth= 1.25*4.75 = 5.94 ft or 6 ft
• V= 4.75 * 4.75 * 6 = 135.38 ft3
• Power = G2 μ V = 7902 sec-1 * 2.73 * 10-5 lb-sec/ft2 * 135.38 ft3= 2307 ft-lb/sec
• Power = [2307 ft-lb/sec] / [550 ft-lb/sec] = 4.19 hp
• P = [kTn3Di5 ] / [g]
• μ =8.803 * 10-4 lb/ft-sec; n=100 rpm or 1.67 rps, γ = 62.4 lb/ft3, kT= 6.3
Di = 2.10 ft Check using NR = Di2 n γ / μ > 10,000 Turbulent flow

For un-baffled flow kT= 6.3 *.75 = 4.725 Find Di again.
Lab Problem
A rapid – mixing basin is to be designed for a water
coagulation plant, and the design flow for the basin is 4.0
MGD. The basin is to be square with a depth equal to 1.25
times the width. The velocity gradient is to be 900 sec -1 (at
50oF), and the detention time is 30 sec. Determine:
– The basin dimensions.
– The input horsepower required.
– The impeller speed if a vane-disc impeller with four flat
blades is employed and the tank is not baffled. The
impeller diameter is to be 50 percent of the basin width.
FLOCCULATION
• What is it?
• TYPES
– BROWNIAN (PERIKINETIC)
– SHEAR (ORTHOKINETIC)
• LAMINAR SHEAR
• TURBULENT SHEAR
• DIFFERENTIAL SEDEMENTATION
FLOCCULATION
• The agglomeration of destabilized colloidal
particles into larger particles, i.e., flocs, is
called flocculation.
• THEORY OF FLOCCULATION
– DESTABILIZED PARTICALS
– MIXING - Slow. Slower. Slowest
– FLOC GROWTH
– FLOC BREAKAGE
FLOCCULATION - Types
Brownian (Perikinetic) Flocculation
• Applicable to Colloidal Particles
• Relatively Slow Process
– βp = 8/3 [α KT/μ]
• βp - Collision Frequency Function for Perikinetic
Flocculation
• K - Boltzman’s constant (3.45 x 10-8 N-m2/Ko)
• α - Collision frequency factor (successful collision/un -
successful collisions)
• T - Absolute Temp.
• Overall Rate of Change in No. of flocs
• dNT/dt = - 4/3 [α.k.T / μ] NT2 …………2nd Order
• Where NT = ∑ nk
SHEAR (ORTHOKINETIC) FLOCCULATION
Applicable to Coarse Particles (>1μ m)
LAMINAR SHEAR
• βsh = (8/π) (du/dZ) Vi
Where Vi - Volume of i particles of size di
Substituting in Eq. 1 and neglecting floc break-up

dNT/dt = (4 /π)(du/dZ) α φ NT ……….. 1st order
φ Volume of particles per unit volume of solution
TURBULENT SHEAR
• - Applicable under Turbulent Conditions
P/V = [μ G2] / V
dNT/dt = - K.G φ NT ……………..……. Ist Order
DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
• Vs α d2 (Setteling velocity vs dia)
• β (di, dj) or β sed = π ∆ρ g α /72 µ [ (di + dj)3 ][di-dj]
FLOCCULATION BASIN
DESIGN
General Considerations
• CONTROLLED MIXING
• FLOCCULATION AIDS
• G AND T (G = 80, 40, 20 Sec -1, T = 30-60 min.)
• (GT = 50,000 – 100,000)
• COMPARTMENTED BASINS
• Axial and cross flows
• G in Orifices = G in Compartment
• G(orif). = (yhL/µT)1/2
• Q = 0.6 A (2g hL)1/2
• Vorif. ≤ 0.5 1.0 fps
• POWER IMPARTED = 0.97 CD A V3
• CD = f (L:W) 1.2 – 1.9
• A = Paddle blade area
• ( ≥ 15 - 20 % of the X-sectional area of the compartment)
• THE PERIPHERAL SPEED

EXAMPLE
A cross-flow, horizontal- shaft, paddle–wheel flocculation’s basin is to
be designated for a flow of 6.5 MGD, a mean velocity gradient of 30
Sec-1, (at 50 oF) and a detention time of 50 min. The GT value should
be from 50,000 to 100,000. Tapered flocculation is to be provided. And
three compartments of equal depth in series are to be used. The G
values determined from laboratory tests for the three compartments
are : G1 = 50 Sec-1, G2 = 25 Sec-1, and G3 = 15 Sec-1, These give and
average G value of 30 sec-1, The compartments are to be separated by
slotted, redwood baffle fences, and the floor of the basin is level. The
basin should be 50 ft in width to adjoin the settling basin. The speed of
the baldes relative to water is three-quarters of the peripheral blade
speed. Determine:
• The GT value.
• The basin dimensions.
• The paddle-wheel design.
• The power to impart to the water in each compartment.
• The rotational speed of each horizontal shaft in rpm.
• The peripheral speed of the outside paddle blades in fps.
THANKS

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COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION

(Water and Wastewater Treatment)

• Colloidal Matter (0.1-100 µm)

– Hydrophobic – i.e. No affinity for water e.g., clays

• PACl – Less acidic, active over a wide pH range

• Lime : CaO +H2O –> Ca (OH)2

Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) - Optimum pH – 4-12

• Double Layer Compression

• Degree of mixing = Power Imparted to water

• G= 700 – 1000 Sec-1

• Velocity Gradient for baffled basin=G=[γhL/ μ T]1/2

• Power imparted in an un-baffled basin is 75 % of the power imparted by

Di = 2.10 ft Check using NR = Di2 n γ / μ > 10,000 Turbulent flow

Substituting in Eq. 1 and neglecting floc break-up

• THE PERIPHERAL SPEED

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