U-1 Awp
U-1 Awp
U-1 Awp
5
RADIATION PATTERN LOBES
Main lobe
Full Null
Beamwidth
Between
1st NULLS
Side lobes Back lobes
ONLY ACCELERATING CHARGES PRODUCE RADIATION.
Idealized Point Radiator Vertical Dipole Radar Dish
W isotropic (1)dW
4p
p 2p
0 0
(1) sin d d 4p
OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
This is shown in two separate 2D polar plots for elevation angle and azimuthal
angle. This is what an omnidirectional antenna is.
Omnidirectional Radiator:
An antenna having an essentially nondirectional pattern in a given plane (e.g., in
azimuth) and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.
Directional Radiator:
An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving more effectively in some
directions than in others. Usually the maximum directivity is significantly greater
than that of a half-wave dipole.
REGIONS:
Pattern is
well formed
with dominant
Main lobe
Normalization=particular value/max.value
RADIATION PATTERN
A radiation pattern is a three-dimensional, graphical representation of the
far-field radiation properties of an antenna as a function of space
coordinates.
The far-field region is a region far enough for the radiation pattern to
be independent of the distance from the antenna.
E ( , )
Field pattern: En ( , )
Emax ( , )
P ( , ) U ( , )
Power pattern:
Fn ( , )
Pmax ( , ) U max ( , )
RADIATION PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS
3 dB beamwidth (HPBW)
Sidelobes
27
Nulls
Front-to-back ratio
Gain (approximate)
Maximum signal
position
Antenna Pattern Parameters
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
=0
z (zenith)
=90
=90
y
= azimuth x
=90
= elevation =0
BEAM AREA OR BEAM SOLID ANGLE
U r Pr2
[W/sr]
where
Pr ½ Re {E H*}r [W/m ]
ˆ 2
Radiation Pattern?
Beamwidh?
Beam Area?
Radian?Stredian?normalization?
51
ANTENNA BANDWIDTH
The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies over
which it is effective, usually centered around the operating or
resonant frequency.
: radiation efficiency
G=ηD (0.5 - 0.75)
Ae = W/P
ANTENNA GAIN AND EFFECTIVE
AREA
• Measure of the effective absorption area presented by an
antenna to an incident plane wave.
• Depends on the antenna gain and wavelength
2
Ae G( , ) [m ]
2
4p
Aperture efficiency: a = Ae / A
The power radiated by the antenna is The power dissipated by ohmic losses is
1 1
Prad I o2 Rrad Pdiss I o2 Rdiss
2 2
An antenna efficiency e can be defined as the ratio of the radiated power
to the total power fed to the antenna.
Prad Rrad
e
Prad Pdiss Rrad Rdiss
Radiation Resistance
RADIATION RESISTANCE
The antenna is a radiating device in which power is radiated into
space in the form of electromagnetic waves .
4p
G 2 Ae
Prad Rrad
e
Prad Pdiss Rrad Rdiss
Antenna Impedance
Antenna Impedance
Antenna Input impedance is very important because it is
generally desired to supply maximum available power from
the transmitter to the antenna or to extract maximum
amount of received energy from the antenna.
ZA
Z A Rrad RL jX A
Antenna Impedance
The radiation resistance does not correspond to a real resistor
present in the antenna but to the resistance of space coupled
via the beam to the antenna terminals.
TRANSMITTING ANTENNA EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
Antenna
jXG jXA
Generator
RG
Rr
VG Rl
POWER TRANSFER
Transition from a 50Ώ coaxial cable to a 300 Ώ half-wave folded dipole through a four-to-
one impedance transformation balun
Baluns As Impedance Transformers
Balanced Unbalanced
A current balun
A voltage balun
A choke balun
A ferrite core balun
Coaxial balun.
Sleeve balun.
Stub balun.
Polarization
P.Jothilakshmi, AP/EC-
POLARIZATION
• Defined as the orientation of the electric field
(E- plane) of an electromagnetic wave
• Types of polarization
– Linear
• Horizontal
• Vertical
– Circular
– Elliptical
POLARIZATION
❖ Vertically Polarized Antenna
– Electric field is perpendicular to the Earth’s surface
– e.g., Broadcast tower for AM radio, “whip” antenna on an automobile
❖ Horizontally Polarized Antenna
– Electric field is parallel to the Earth’s surface
– e.g., Television transmission (U.S.)
❖ Circular Polarized Antenna
– Wave radiates energy in both the horizontal and vertical planes and all
planes in between
POLARIZATION
POLARIZATION OF EM WAVES
AR = Axial Ratio
Friis Transmission Equation
Friis Transmission Equation
The usefulness of Aperture concept is expressed by Friis
Transmission Formula. Assume Antenna…Isotropic.
Derived in 1945 by Bell Labs worker Harald T.Friss
assumed.
– Antennas are correctly aligned and polarized.
SIMPLE FORM OF FRIIS EQUATION
antenna, respectively
λ: wavelength
Current distribution
MONOPOLE ANTENNA
Capacitive Load
Monopole
Helix
Ground
FOLDED DIPOLE
MONOPOLE ANTENNA ABOVE GROUND
=DIPOLE ANTENNA
Ground
TERMINOLOGY
Antenna – structure or device used to collect or radiate
electromagnetic waves
Array – assembly of antenna elements with dimensions,
spacing, and illumination sequency such that the fields of
the individual elements combine to produce a maximum
intensity in a particular direction and minimum
intensities in other directions
Beamwidth – the angle between the half-power (3-dB)
points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak
effective radiated power of the main lobe
Directivity – the ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction from the antenna to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions
Effective area – the functional equivalent area
from which an antenna directed toward the
source of the received signal gathers or absorbs
the energy of an incident electromagnetic wave
Efficiency – ratio of the total radiated power to
the total input power
Far field – region where wavefront is considered
planar
Gain – ratio of the power at the input of a loss-
free isotropic antenna to the power supplied to
the input of the given antenna to produce, in a
given direction, the same field strength at the
same distance
Isotropic – radiates equally in all directions
CONTENT
➢ Introduction
➢ Folded Dipole Basis
➢ Types Of Folded Dipole
➢ Design
➢ Properties
➢ Radiation Pattern
➢ Polar Diagram
➢ Advantage
➢ Application
➢ Reference
02
3
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
INTRODUCTION
➢dipoleantenna, with the ends
folded back, and connected to
each other
13
PRESENTATION ON:
4
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
➢ consists of a basic
dipole with an added
conductor
13
PRESENTATION ON:
5
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
1. Unequal conductor
folded dipoles
2. Multi-conductor folded
dipoles
13
PRESENTATION ON:
6
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Impedance Where,
➢ d1 = conductor diameter for
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2𝑆 the feed arm of the dipole.
𝑟= 1+ 𝑑1
➢ d2 = conductor diameter for
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2𝑆
𝑑2 the non-feed arm of the dipole
➢ s =distance between the
conductors
➢ r is the step up ratio
PRESENTATION ON:
8
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
2.Multi-conductor folded
dipoles
➢ folded dipole antenna often implies the
use of one extra conductor
Impedance of Multi-conductor
folded dipoles
➢special
case where all the conductors have
the same diameter
09
PRESENTATION ON:
10
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
DESIGN
➢The Length of folded
dipole
* La = 145 / freq ( MHz )
➢Length of coil
*for 75 ohm cable : Lb
= La x 0.8
*for 50 ohm cable: Lb = La
x 0.66
Fig. Folded Dipole Design
14
PRESENTATION ON:
11
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
➢Impedance properties
➢Ease of construction
➢Structural rigidity
➢Wider bandwidth than λ/2 dipole
14
PRESENTATION ON:
12
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Radiation Pattern
14
PRESENTATION ON:
13
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Radiation Pattern
14
PRESENTATION ON:
15
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
ADVANTAGES:
➢ Increase in impedance
➢ Wide bandwidth
147
PRESENTATION ON:
16
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
APPLICATION
➢Domestic television
148
The Yagi-Uda antenna
INTRODUCTION
DRIVEN ELEMENT :
The driven element of a Yagi is the feed point where the feed line
is attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer
of power from the transmitter to the antenna.
The feed point in the picture above is on the center of the driven
element.
CONSTRUCTION
DIRECTOR :
The director is the shortest of the parasitic elements and this end of
the Yagi is aimed at the receiving station. It is resonant slightly higher
in frequency than the driven element, and its length will be about 5%
shorter, progressively than the driven element.
The directors lengths can vary, depending upon the director spacing,
the number of directors used in the antenna, the desired pattern,
pattern bandwidth and element diameter.
DRIVER
REFLECTOR
RADIATION PATTERN FORMED BY
THE DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
jack
RADIATION PATTERN FORMED BY THE
DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
The antenna exhibits a directional pattern consisting of a
main forward lobe and a number of spurious side lobes.
jack
PICTURE OF ANTENNA
FORWARD
DIRECTION
It is a Directional Antenna.