Fundamentals On The Subject of Piping

PIPING
CONCEPTS
FUNDAMENTALS ON THE
SUBJECT OF PIPING
GANESH | ENGINEERING & DESIGN |
PIPE:
 When a fluid is required to be transferred from one location
to other, pipe is required.
 Piping systems act like a nervous system for the flow of fluid
in the huge network of any industry around the globe.
PIPING:
 Piping is an assembly of pipe fittings, valves, instruments and
specialty components.
 Within industry, Piping is a system of pipes used to convey
fluids (Liquids and gases) from one location to another.
 The engineering discipline of piping design studies for
efficient transport of fluid is called PIPING ENGINEERING.
IMPORTANCE OF PIPING ENGINEERING:

The two basic DESIGN CRITERIA are:
 SAFETY
 COST
Safety is governed by the STATUTORY CODES, in INDIA it is
“INDIAN BOILER REGULATION (IBR)”.
OTHER CODES ARE:
 ASME B 31.1 (POWER PIPNG)
 ASME B 31.3 (PROCESS PIPING)
SCOPE OF PIPING ENGINEERING:

 Process & Petroleum Industry
PAGE 1
 Chemical Process Industry
 Petrochemical Industry
 Pharmaceutical Industry
 Power Plant
DETAIL ENGINEERING:
 The range of activities in this phase are:
 Detail Engineering for all disciplines
 Equipment Modeling
 Pipe Routing
 Structural Design Details
 Isometric Drawings
 Piping MTO
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW:
 Equipment modeling as per vendor data sheet
 Modeling of pipe routing as per drawings
 Modeling of structures for pipe rack as per drawings
 Calculation of line sizing, wall thickness, pressure drop
calculation
 Familiar with international design codes and dimensional
standards
 Extraction and preparation of general arrangement drawings
using draft
 ISO extraction and checking the MTO
 Skilled in reviewing 3D model using Navisworks
PAGE 2
EQUIPMENT MODELING:
 In any projects different equipment's are required as per the
process requirement
 These equipment's are generally shown in P&ID which
specific symbol
 The designer has to model the equipment at the location
shown in the plot plan
 Has to model this equipment's as per mechanical vendor
drawings
 Equipment modeling can be done in two methods
1. Using primitives
2. Using Templates
PIPE ROUTING:
 In any plant various fluids flow through pipes from one end
to other.
 Now let us start with a plant where we see three tanks.
 Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
 We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1 to the other
two tanks.
 We will need to connect pipes to transfer the fluids from
Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3
 Let us bring the pipes.
PAGE 3
 To solve these problems we need the pipe components,
which are called PIPE FITTINGS
PAGE 4
We need some
branch
connections
We need some
bend connections
 These are the pipe fittings,

 There are various types of fittings for various purposes,
some common types are -
 Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches, Reducers/Expanders,
Couplings, Olets, etc.
PAGE 5
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but the
ends are yet to be joined with
the Tank nozzles.
 We now have to complete the end connections. These, in

piping term, we call TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
PAGE 6
So far this is a nice arrangement. But there is no control over the
flow from Tank-1 to other tanks
We need some arrangement to stop the flow if needed.
These are flanged joints
This is a welded joint
PAGE 7
 To control the flow in a pipe line we need to fit a special
component.That is called - VALVE
 There are many types of valves, categorized based on their
construction and functionality,
 Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly, etc
 Other than valves another important line component of pipe

line is a filter, which cleans out derbies from the flowing
fluid. This is called a STRAINER
PAGE 8
Here we see a more or less functional piping system, with valves
and strainer installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe flexibility.
If this tank nozzle

expands, when
the tank is hot.
In such case we need to fit a flexible pipe component at that

location, which is called an EXPANSION JOINT
PAGE 9
 When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we may also like know
the parameters like, pressure, temperature, flow rate etc. of
the fluid.
To know these information we need to install INSTRUMENTS in

the pipeline.
PAGE 10
 There are various types’ instruments to measure various
parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation of
various pipe line instruments.
Next we shall look into how to SUPPORT the pipe/and its

components.
PAGE 11
 Here are some of the pipe supporting arrangements. There
can be numerous variants. All depend on piping designer’s
preference and judgement.
PAGE 12
 Let us see some OTHER types of supports
SCOPE OF PIPING:
INPUTS:
 Plot plan
 Process & instrumentation diagram
 Process data sheet
 Equipment list
 General arrangement drawings
 Valve material specification
PAGE 13
 Piping material specification
OUTPUTS:
 Bill of materials
 Piping isometrics
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram / Drawing:
(P&ID) shows the interconnection of process equipment and the
instrumentation used to control the process.
 It is a pictorial representation of key piping and

instrument details
Used For
 Basic start up and operational information
 Control and shutdown schemes
PAGE 14
Example for 3D modeling of PIPE ROUTING.
PAGE 15
PIPING CALCULATION:
LINE SIZING:
 Pipe Line is sized based on continuity equation
Q= A * V
Where
 Q= Flow (m^3/sec)
 A= Inside cross section area of pipe (m^2)
 V= Velocity (m/sec)
PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION:

 DARCY’s FORMULA FOR STEAM, OIL & AIR SERVICES
 WILLIAM-HAZEN’s FORMULA FOR WATER SERVICES
 WEYMOUTH FORMULA FOR GAS SERVICES
DARCY’S FORMULA:
hf=f*l*v^2/(2gd)
 where
hf = LOSS in m
f=Friction Factor
l=Length of Pipe in m
v=Velocity in m/sec
g=Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2
d=Inside diameter of pipe in m
PAGE 16
PIPE WALL THICKNESS:
 Pipe thickness calculation as per ASME B31.1

tm=Pdo/(2*(SE + Py)) + A - For OD based pipe
Where
tm = Minimum required wall thickness in mm
P = Internal design gauge pressure in kPa
Do = Outside diameter of the pipe in mm (From ASME
B36.10/36.19)
S = Maximum allowable stress in kPa
E/F = Weld joint efficiency factor
y = Co-efficient
PAGE 17
CODES & STANDARDS
 Codes usually set forth requirements for design, materials,

fabrication, erection, test and inspection of piping system.
Compliance with the code is mandatory.
 Standards contains design and construction rules and
requirements for individual piping components such as
elbows, tees, valves etc..,
SOME IMPORTANT CODES RELATED TO PIPING ARE
PAGE 18
 ASME CODES (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS):
 IBR – INDIAN BOILER REGULATIONS (FOR PROJECTS IN INDIA)
 ASME B 31.1 – POWER PIPING CODE (BIBLE FOR PIPING ENGINEERS)
 ASME B 31.3- PROCESS PIPING
SOME IMPORTANT CODES & STANDARDS
 ASME B 36.10 – WELDED AND SEAMLESS WROUGHT STEEL PIPE

 ASME B 36.19 – STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
 ASME B 16.1 – CAST IRON PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
 ASME B 16.5 – PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS
 ASME B 16.9 – FACTORY MADE WROUGHT STEEL BUTT WELDED
FITTINGS
 ASME B 16.10 – FACE TO FACE AND END TO END DIMENSIONS OF
VALVES
 ASME B 16.11 – FORGED STEEL FITTINGS, SCOKET WELD AND
THREADED
 ASME B 16.34 – VALVES – FLANGED, THREADED AND WELDING END
 ASME B 16.47 – LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES
PIPING MATERIALS:
 Commonly used ASTM Carbon steel pipes
ASTM A53 GR.A\B - Utility services pipes

ASTM A106 GR.A\B\C - High pressure pipes
 Commonly used ASTM Stainless steel pipes
ASTM A312 TP304/TP304L
 Commonly used ASTM alloy steel pipe
ASTM A 335 GR.P1/P2/P5/P11…
PAGE 19
We have come to the End of
Session.
Hope you have gathered the

fundamentals on the subject of
Piping.
PAGE 20

Fundamentals On The Subject of Piping

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PIPING

IMPORTANCE OF PIPING ENGINEERING:

SCOPE OF PIPING ENGINEERING:

 These are the pipe fittings,

 We now have to complete the end connections. These, in

These are flanged joints

This is a welded joint

 Other than valves another important line component of pipe

Let us now investigate some aspects of pipe flexibility.

If this tank nozzle

In such case we need to fit a flexible pipe component at that

To know these information we need to install INSTRUMENTS in

Next we shall look into how to SUPPORT the pipe/and its

 It is a pictorial representation of key piping and

PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION:

 Pipe thickness calculation as per ASME B31.1

 Codes usually set forth requirements for design, materials,

SOME IMPORTANT CODES RELATED TO PIPING ARE

SOME IMPORTANT CODES & STANDARDS

 ASME B 36.10 – WELDED AND SEAMLESS WROUGHT STEEL PIPE

ASTM A53 GR.A\B - Utility services pipes

 Commonly used ASTM Stainless steel pipes

ASTM A312 TP304/TP304L

 Commonly used ASTM alloy steel pipe

ASTM A 335 GR.P1/P2/P5/P11…

Hope you have gathered the

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