Hamro Purushartha 81

à jif{ M $^ à c° M @ à ;Dk"0ff{° M *!
à df3–r}t, @)&%
;Dkfbs
zlz kGyL
;x–;Dkfbs
bLg kGyL
;xfos ;Dkfbs
e]ifaxfb'/ s'Fj/
e'jgk|;fb cof{n
;xof]uL d08n
uf]kfn kGyL
/fwf kGyL
lxdsnf /fgf
O{Zj/ lj=s=
ls/0f k':tsfno
tD3f;, u'NdL -kmf]g M )&(–%@)@*&_
;Dks{ kmf]g g+= M )&(–%@)@^), %@)$*#_
df]]=g+= M (*%!!$**)&, (&$&))@)&(
E-mail : hamropurushartha@gmail.com, shashipanthi9@gmail.com
Website : www.kiranpustakalaya.com
sDKo'6/ ;]l6Ë M O{Zj/ lj=s= / ljzfn >]i7

d'b|s M ;'lznf lk|06;{, u'NdL )&(–%@)$%)
E-mail : spgulmi 33@yahoo.com
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*! i
uf]kfn kGyL
8f= b'uf{k|;fb cof{n kmf]g g+= 9857033338
kmf]g g+= 01-4820597 /m/m zdf{
8f= nIdLsfGt kGyL kmf]g g+= 9847093011
kmf]g g+= 01-4820221
sljtf kGyL
uf]ljGbk|;fb kf]v/]n kmf]g g+= 9847033924
kmf]g g+= 9841849666
dfwj uf}td
efg'eQm d/fl;gL kmf]g g+= 9851013281
kmf]g g+= 9841713336
w'|j/fh kGyL
kmf]g g+= 014278651
k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L
s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L‘d'd'If'’ kmf]g g+= 056-528160
kmf]g g+= 9856032477
ch'{gk|;fb e§/fO{
kmf]g g+= 9868630461
sdn vqL
kmf]g g+= 984730908
zª\s/ 1jfnL
kmf]g g+= 9856031444
8f= dl0fnfn zdf]{kfWofo z+s/k|;fb zf:qL

s]= @@÷!* k~ruËf3f6 u9L s]G6, 3'Rr'kfgL /f]8, cgf/jfnf
jf/f0f;L, pQ/k|b]z, ef/t b]x/fb"g, pQ/fv08, ef/t
kmf]g g+= 00918005311072 kmf]g g+= 00919997207484
dx]Gb|s'df/ nD;fn lji0f' zdf{

n]gsf:6/ :6«L6–@@ kL= 8An"= 8L= sf]nf]gL
l;8\gL, c:6«]lnof l8km", saL{, P·nf]Ë, cf;fd, ef/t
kmf]g g+= 061412001769 kmf]g g+= 00913671273185
xl/gf/fo0f ;fksf]6f
&!(–;]d]sf Pe]Go", ! cf/, l/ha'8, SjLG;, lhKsf]8–!!#*%, Go"of]s{, cd]l/sf
kmf]g g+= 1-347-510-2771
ii xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*!
;fjwfg Û k[YjL tfTb} 5 .
à lxhf] ljsf; lyPg, ljgfz klg lyPg . cfh ljsf;;Fu} ljgfz
klg cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] cy{ xf] – k|;Ggtf, k|km'Nntf . dfG5]
k|;Gg x'g;Sg] jftfj/0f ag]df ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . cfh xfdL;Fu
dftf w/0fL qm'4 5g\ . cfh xfdL;Fu jfo'b]jtf / hnb]jtf qm'4
5g\ . b]jtf l/;fPkl5 cfh xfdL lvGg 5f}+, q:t 5f}+ . cfh k[YjL,
jfo', hn, cfsfz k|b"lift ag]sf 5g\ . ltgsf] cfwf/df hLjg
wf/0f ug]{ ;a} kL8f / ;Gqf;df 5g\ .
à lj1fg xfdLnfO{ j/bfg xf] k|s[ltsf] . xfdL e:df;'/ aGb}5f}+, xfdL
w'Gw'sf/L aGb}5f}+ . xfdLn] ;'v vf]Hb} k[YjL pwfl//x]5f}+ . xfdLn]
OGwgx? afn]/ k|ltlbg w'jfF p8fO/x]5f}+ . xfdLn] j[Ifx? kmfFl8/x]5f}+.
xfdLn] jfo', hn / cfsfznfO{ b"lift kfl//x]5f}+ . lj1fgsf
j/bfgx? xfd|f nflu clezfk aGb}5g\ . xfd|L ;'Gb/ k|s[lt, xfd|L
cfwf/ w/f la?k / ljs[t aGb}5g\ . hLjg b'?x aGb}5 w/tLdf .
à o;} u/L OGwgx?sf] vkt ljZjdf eO/x]df xfd|f] jfo'd08n sfa{gn]
9flsg]5 . sfa{g xnfxn ljif ag]/ km}lng]5 jfo'df . To;
xnfxnnfO{ lkP/ zfGt kfg]{ eujfg\ gLns07 5}gg\ clxn] .
cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?n] pTkGg u/]sf] xnfxnn] xfdLh:tfnfO{ 89fNg]
5 . jftfj/0f lau|Fb} uPdf ljZjd} k|efj kg]{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn]
dfgjhflt g} ;+s6df kg]{5 .
à ljZjdf o;/L g} sfa{g pT;h{g eO/x\of] eg] o; ztfAbLsf]
cGt;Dd ljZjsf] tfkqmd ^=% l8u|Ln] a9\g]5 . To;/L tfkqmd
a9\bf lxdfnsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ lxpF kUng]5 . lxdgbLx? ;'Sg]5g\ .
df};dL rqm / dg;'gnfO{ s'k|efj kg]{5 . d/me"ld aGg]5g\ – x/fe/f
kmfF6x? . eofjx x'g]5 l:ylt . b'?x x'g]5 hLjg .
à j}1flgsx?n] eljiojf0fL u/]sf 5g\ . o; s'/fn] ;+;f/nfO{
em:sfPsf] 5, ;[li6nfO{ g} lh:sfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] gfddf
e:df;'/ gagf}+ . cfkm"n] agfPsf] xnfxnaf6 cfkm\g} ljgfz g8fsf}+ .
sfa{g pT;h{gdf s6f}tL u/f}+ . o; ;'Gb/ w/tLsf] sfvdf
o'uo'u;Dd dfgj;Gtfg /dfpg kfpmg\ .
–)))–
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*! iii
s'6'/f] km'sfp“bf
slt < s] < s;sf] sxfF <
!= ljrf/ljgfsf] ;flxTo k+u' x'G5 . lul//fh zdf{ !
@= 3/ 8f=t'n;L e§/fO{ %
#= k|b]z kfFr gDa/ k|f=8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL !%
%= ;ª\3Lotfdf ;+:s[t lzIff gj/fh kf08]o …rftsÚ !&
^= 3/, 3f6 / dfG5] 8f= slkn nfld5fg] @@
&= cfl:ts / gfl:ts M 5nkmn pQ/s'df/ k/fh'nL @#
*= cfgGb /fdfo0f / jfNdLls /fdfo0f== k|f=8f= Clif/fd kf]v/]n @&
(= of] ;dodf æTof] ;dosf]Æ rrf{ wg/fh lu/L @(
!)= Hof]ltifzf:qsf] j}1flgs cfwf/ tyf== k|f= slkn c1ft #@
!!= k':tsfnolj1fgsf] l;4fGt k':s/ cys /]UdL $)
!@= …k5al/of 6f]nÚ syfdf ;LdfGtLotf lzjz/0f 1jfnL $#
!#= dgsfdgfdf eLeLcfO{kL ;f:tL ljgf]b g]kfn %@
!$= kB / uB sljtf n]vg== g]qgf/fo0f zdf{ %&
!%= nfnl6gsf] pHofnf]df s[ltleqsf = = 6+sk|;fb kGy ^@
!^= d'Qms w'|j ;'dg ^*
!&= >L uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL / s}s]oL = = k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L ^(
!*= xf8xf8]÷lji0f'k'/÷Go'GGos{ 8f= 6]s/fh kGyL &*
:yfoL :tDex? M
!= ;DkfbsLo ;Dkfbs iii
@= e]63f6 kßk|;fb zdf{ !
#= k':tsfno kl/ro ef/åfh *!
$= ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kftf] ;lrj *#
%= gf}nf] ;[li6 M ;fgf] b[li6 cls~rg *$
^= otfptfaf6 k':tsfno cfjfh **
&= kf7s–k|ltlqmof ljzfn >]i7 (!
–)))–
iv xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*!
e]63f6–*@
ljrf/ljgfsf] ;flxTo k+u' x'G5 .
 jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ lul//fh zdf{
-c;L j;Gt kf/ ug'{ePsf jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ lul//fh zdf{ ljqmd;Djt\

@)!@ ;fnb]lv ;flxTo;fwgfdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 . cf7j6f s[ltsf wgL
lul//fh zdf{ nfdf] ;do lzIf0f k]zfdf /xg'eof] eg] clxn] klg ljleGg
;+3–;+:yfdf /x]/ plQs} ;lqmo hLjg latfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . lzIf0f k]zf,
;flxTo–;fwgf / ;dfh;]jfnfO{ Ps;fy cl3 a9fO/xg'ePsf cg's/0fLo
JolQmTj jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ lul//fh zdf{;Fu …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Úsf nflu bfª
lgjf;L ;flxTosf/ kßk|;fb zdf{n] ug'{ePsf] s'/fsfgLsf] ;f/;+If]k oxfF
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . –;Dkfbs_
!= lul//fh zdf{Ho" Û oxfFsf] hGd sxfF / slxn] ePsf] xf] <
à wGojfb kßk|;fb zdf{hL, ;j{k|yd tkfO{+nufot u'Nd]nL
;flxTosf/x?nfO{ gdg ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] hGd 3f]/fxL
pkdxfgu/kflnsf–!*, dl;gfdf ljqmd ;Djt\ !((& ;fn h]7 !%
ut]sf lbg lktf ltns/fd pkfWofo kf}8]n / dftf lrqs'df/L
pkfWofosf] sf]vaf6 ePsf] xf] . xfn;Dd klg d]/f] a;f]af; oxL+
dl;gfdf g} /x]sf] 5 .
@= oxfFn] sxfF sxfF cWoog ug'{eof] <
à tTsfnLg ;dodf 3f]sGt] / lk6Gt] k|0ffnLsf] lzIff ePsf] x'Fbf
tTsfnLg hgtf ljBfno hgtf ljBfkL7 lahf}/Ldf ;+:s[t lzIffsf]
dfWoodaf6 d]/f] cWoog sfo{ ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ToxFFf d}n]
k"j{dWodf;Dd cWoog u/]+ . tTkZrft\ kßf]bo klAns gd"gf dfWolds
ljBfno e/tk'/ bfªdf ;'? u/]+ . ljb]zL lzIfsx?sf] bAbaf ;xg
g;sL agf/;df uO{ cWoog k"/f u/]sf] x'F / lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ klg
lg/Gt/tf lbb} cfPF .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*! 1
#= ;flxTo–;fwgfdf slxn]b]lv ;+nUg x'g'eof] / k|]/s JolQmTj s;nfO{
7fGg'x'G5 <
à ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!@ ;fnb]lv d ;flxTotkm{ ;DnUg ePsf] x'F .
;j{k|yd wd{/fh yfkfsf em\ofp/] 5Gbdf n]lvPsf sljtfaf6 k|efljt
eO{ d]/f] n]vgL Tot}lt/ bf}l8of] . kl5 gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{ -gf/fo0f
u'/m_,df]bgfy k|l>t / g]qnfn kf}8]n cefuL h:tf lbUuh
;flxTosf/x?;Fusf] ;T;+un] ;flxTodf kl/dfh{g cfof] . clg uB,
5Gb, lgaGw, ;dLIff / gf6s h:tf ljwfdf klg snd rnfpg nfu]+ .
$= oxfFsf] klxnf] ljwf s'g xf] / s'g ljwfdf snd rnfpg] ug'{x'G5 <
à d]/f] klxnf] ljwf sljtf g} xf] / d]/f] /mlrsf] ljwf klg ToxL xf] .
vf;u/L a9L dfqfdf sljtf g} n]Vg] u5'{ . To;kl5 dfq c?
ljwflt/ snd rnfpg] u/]sf] 5' .
%= xfn;Dd k|sflzt s[ltx? <
à xfn;Dd cf7j6f s[ltx? k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . -!_ bfp/]gL,
v08sfJo @)$( -@_ cfrf/–ljrf/, afn n3'syf @)%* -#_ a"9f hf]/
l;dnsf ?vx?, sljtf–;+u|x @)^# -$_ s]xL s[lt ;dLIff /
ljljw,;dLIffTds n]v–;+u|x @)^& -%_ a"9f eP5g\ sndx?, sljtf
;+u|x @)^( -^_ d]/f] ufpF / d]/f ef]ufOx?, v08sfAo @)&! -&_
;Demgfdf d]/f] ctLt, ;+:d/0f–;+u|x @)&# -*_ 5f]/Lx?, sljtf;+u|x
@)&% cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
^= /fli6«o:t/sf dg kg]{ ;flxTosf/x? eGg'kbf{ <
à df]bgfy k|l>t, nIdLk|;fb b]js]f6f, l;l4r/0f >]i7, o'4k|;fb ld> .
&= oL ;flxTosf/x? dg kg'{sf sf/0fx? <
à vf;u/L oxfFx?sf l;h{gfdf /fi6,« /fli6«otfsf :Jf/x/? u'~hfodfg
ePsf x'G5g\ / hgtfsf] kIfdf plePsf x'G5g\ . log} sf/0fn] ubf{
dnfO{ dg kg]{ ub{5g\ .
*= zdf{hLsf] ljrf/df ;flxTo s] xf] <
à vf;u/L eGg] xf] eg] ;flxTo dgsf] pb\uf/ xf] . o;nfO{ ;dfhsf]
bk{0f klg elgG5 . c;n ;flxTon] ;dfh kl/jt{gdf 7"nf] 6]jf
k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . t/ ljrf/ljgfsf] ;flxTo k+u' x'G5 .
2 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–*!
(= c? ;flxTo / k|ultzLn ;flxTodf s] km/s 5 <
à k|ultzLn ;flxTo / c? ;flxTodf hldg cfsfzsf] km/s 5 . xfd|f]
oxfF ef6 ;flxTon] klg k|>o kfPsf] Oltxf; 5 . Tof] cem} klg st}
cjz]ifsf] ?kdf sfod /x]sf] cfefif x'G5 . t/ k|ultzLn ;flxTo ef6
;flxTosf] lj/m4df plePsf] / ;dfh?kfGt/0fsf] kIfdf k|oTgzLn
/xG5 . k|ultzLn ;flxTo / c? ;flxTodf oxL km/s x'G5 .
!)= jt{dfgdf ;flxTosf] cj:yf s:tf] kfpg'x'G5 <
à jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;flxTosf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
eljiodf klg pHjn b]lvG5 . b'Mvsf] s'/f ;flxTo snfk|lt /fHo
pbf;Lg 5 . cem df]km;nsf ;flxlTos ;+3;+:yf /
;flxTosf/x?nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f g} km/s 5 t/ klg ofqfx? lg/Gt/
cufl8 g} hfg'kb{5 . xfdL cfzfjfbL x'g'k5{ . ;du|df eGbf jt{dfgdf
;flxTo lg/fzfhgs 5}g eGbf x'G5 .
!!= ;flxTo n]vg / k|sfzgsf dfWoodaf6 hLjg wfGg ;lsG5 ls
;lsb}g <
à clxn]sf] cj:yfdf n]v]/ jf s[lt k|sfzg u/]/ hLjg wfGg] cj:yf
5}g . ljB'tLo k|efjn] ubf{ k7g ;+:s[lt x/fpFb} hfgnfu]sf] s'/f eg]
;To xf] . s'g} lbg /fHo / cfd gful/sn] ;flxTosf] dxÎj /fd|/L
a'em]5g\ eg] eljiodf hLjg wfGg] vfnsf] x'g klg ;S5 .
!@= /fHo:t/af6 ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ s] ul/g'kb{5 <
à /fHo:t/af6 ;flxTosf/x?sf] lglDt s]xL ePsf] 5}g eGg t ;lsb}g .
ax'bnLo Aoj:yfsf] k'gM:yfkgf / nf]stGqsf] cfudgkl5 /fHosf]
gh/ km]l/P tfklg xfdLn] rfx] h:tf] / rfx] hlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
t/ klg /fHo:t/af6 ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ lg/Gt/ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'kb{5 .
elgG5 ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / snf /fi6«af6 x/fP eg]] /fi6«sf] cl:tTj g}
/xFb}g . cfzf u/f}+ clxn] tLg txsf] ;/sf/ 5 . ef]ln ;flxTo,
snfsf] :t/f]Ggltsf] lglDt /fHo:t/af6 s]xL g s]xL x'g]5 .
!#= gjf]lbt ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 <
à gjf]lbt ;flxTosf/x?sf] n]vg z}nL ljsf;f]Gd'v 5 . cjZo g} /fi6«
/ hgtfnfO{ ;Dem]/ n]Vb} hfg'eof] / cfkm" klg cWoogzLn
alg/xg'eof] eg] gjf]lbt ;flxTosf/x?sf] eljio pHHjn b]lvG5 .
cWog,dgg / n]vgdf tkfO+{x?sf] lrQ ;bf nflu/xf];\ oxL eGg
rfxG5' .
!$= ;flxTo ;dfhsf] nflu xf] t eGg'eof] ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf nflu
;flxTosf/sf] e"ldsf s] xf] <
à ;b}j /fi6« / hgtfsf ;d:ofnfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ clg ;dfwfg;d]t
vf]h]/ ;flxTosf/x?n] snd rnfP eg] tdfd vfn] ljs[ltx?nfO{
sndsf dfWodaf6 k|xf/ ub}{ uPdf ;dfh ?kfGt/0f cjZo klg x'Fb}
hfg]5 . of] Ps lbgsf] k|of;n] x'Fb}g . lg/Gt/ ?kdf nflu/xg'kb{5 .
;flxTosf/x? cys ofqL ePsf] x'gfn] of] ofqfdf ljgf ysfg /
ljgf :jfy{ nflu/xg' kb{5 . of] cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu klg xf] .
!%= c;L j;Gt 6]ls;Sg'ef] . tkfO{+sf] lbgrof{ s;/L laTg] u5{ <
à d]/f] lbgrof{ ;fdfGo ?kaf6 rln/x]sf] 5 . n]Vg', k9\g', ;+3;+:yfsf
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g' . slta]nf 3/sf] sfdsfhdf klg ;l/s x'g]
u5'{ . cfkm"n] ga'em]sf s'/f ;fyLx?;+u 5nkmn u5'{ . o:t} o:t}df
d]/f] lbgrof{ laTg] u/]sf] 5 . lgl:qmo hLjg afFRg' x'Fb}g eGg] d]/f]
dfGotf xf] . x]/f}+ cfufdL lbgdf sxfF;Dd k'luG5 .
!^= efjL of]hgfx? s]xL 5g\ ls <
à :jf:Yon] ;fy lbb} uPsf] v08df s]xL s[lt n]vg / k|sfzg ug]{
ljrf/ 5 . dflg;sf] hLjg /x];Dd / :jf:Yon] ;fy lbP;Dd of]hgf
agfpg 5f]8g' x'Fb}g . pQ/fw{sf] hLjg v} s] x'G5 <
!&= cGtdf s]xL eGg' 5 ls <
à w]/} s'/fx? cfO;s] . u'NdLaf6 k|sfzg x'g] o; nf]slk|o ;flxlTos
klqsf …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Údf cfkm\gf ljrf/x? /fVg kfpFbf lgs} v'zL 5' .
;fy} cfh dnfO{ o;/L ;Demgf u/]/ d]/f 6'6]km'6]sf s'/fx? /flvlbg'
x'g] tkfO{+ jftf{sf/ kßk|;fb zdf{ / xfd|f] k'/miffy{ q}dfl;s ;flxlTos
klqsf kl/jf/k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ho ;flxTo .
)))
ls/0f k':tsfnoaf6 k|sflzt tyf 8f= nIdLsfGt kGyLåf/f

lnlvt sfJodflnsf Psk6s cjZo k9\g'xf];\ .
3/
 8f=t'n;L e§/fO{
sf7df8f}+
o;k6s dnfO{ 3/sf] w]/} ;Demgf eof] . ljutsf lbgx? ;lDemP/
emf]j|mfO/x]F . 3/ ;lDemg] klg Pp6f 5'§} a]nf x'Fbf] /x]5 . xfdL g]kfnLn] 3/
;lDemg] d'Vo a]nf b;}+ xf] . plxn]b]lv g} b;}+n] 3/nfO{ ljz]if pmhf{zLn
agfpFb} cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnL hghLjgdf 3/ / b;}+, b;}+ / 3/ k/:k/
cfl>t 5g\ kl/k"/s 5g\, eGbf x'G5 .
o;} sf/0f xf]nf b;}+ nfu]kl5 3/sf] ;Demgf tLj| ?kdf cfPsf] xf] .
;KtdLsf lbgb]lv of] ;Demgf emg\ w]/} hfu]sf] xf] . ljhof bzdL—6Lsfsf]
lbgel/ oxL 3/ ;Demgfsf] rfkdf a;]F . lsg xf]nf o;/L 3/sf] ;Demgfn]
dnfO{ lk/f]n]sf], cfkm}Fn] k|Zg klg ul//x]F .
s] xf] of] 3/ eGg] s'/f < 3/ eg]/ ;lDemOg] s'/f s] s] x'g\ < s] x'Fbf 3/
3/ x'G5, s]n] 3/nfO{ k"0f{ u5{ < s] gk'u]/ 3/ ;lDemPsf] < cflv/ 3/
gfds} kl/lwdf al;Psf] 5, clg km]l/ s:tf] 3/sf] ;Demgf ePsf] xf] t <
3/, u[x, cfjf;, em'k8L, 5fk|f], s6]/f], l8xL, b/af/, dxn, uf]7 h]h:tf
gfd, sfd Jojxf/sf] ljifo eP klg d'Vo ?kdf dflg; a:g] 7fpF x'g\ oL
rLhx? . 3/sf] cfsf/k|sf/ x]/]/ dflg;sf] :t/ ;fgf] 7"nf], wgL, u/La
5'6\ofOG5 . 3/ uf/f], kvf{n, 9'+ufdf6fsf], OF6fsf] sf7], ef6] lrq] a/fa/,
;+ud/d/] h'g;'s} tl/sfn] 3]/]/ agfOPsf], dflg;sf lglDt a:g agfOPsf]
jf;:yfg— lgjf;, cfjf; xf] .
3/sf af/]df, 3/sf] :j?ksf af/]df oL s'/f elgPsf] xf] . t/ oltn] dfq
3/ gx'g] /x]5 . 3/ 3/ x'g w]/} s'/f rflxG5 . o:tf] 3/df dflg; a:t}df
Tof] 7fpF 3/ aGb}g . h;/L dflg; eg]/ lrlgg] of] ef}lts ?k aflx/
b]lvg] :j?k dfq dflg; xf]Og . dflg; x'g cb[Zo tÎj dg, a'l4, Åbo
cfTdfsf] ;dli6n] el/k"0f{ x'g'k5{ . To;/L g} 3/ klg afXo ?k dfq
xf]Og . 3/sf] klg cb[Zo cyjf b[Zo eP klg 5'6} km/s tÎj x'G5 .
h;n] 3/ agfPsf] x'G5 . 3/sf] ?k lgld{t u/]sf] x'G5 .
dflg;nfO{ 3/sf] ToxL tÎjn] cfslif{t u5{, tfG5 . t/ ha Tof] cfsif{0f
tÎj 3/af6 n'Kt x'G5, To; tÎjsf] cefj x'G5 . Tolta]nf 3/ 3/
/xFb}g . clg dflg;df To; k'/fgf] 3/ ?ksf] ;Demgf cfpF5 . s'g} a]nf
3/ lyof], clg 3/ k'Ug] xtf/ lyof], 3/ k'Ug] pTs6 OR5f / hfFu/ lyof] .
clg To; 3/sf] :j?k ablnPkl5 s]jn ;Demgf dfq afFsL /xG5 . cf]xf]
3/sf tL lbg, tL If0f tL rxnkxn, tL /dfOnf / cfgGbk"0f{ e]63f6== = .
æcfOk'Uof}+, s'zn If]dk"j{s cfof}= = . ç ç ç .== n ;flxFnf klg cfOk'u] .
;a} hgf e]nf eO;Sof}+ . oL ;;fgf gfgLx? Rofk]/ s;/L cfOk'Uof} < olt
nfdf] ofqf== .Æ
wGo xf] dxfdfofsf] s[kf, nLnf . slxn]sfxLF o;/L h'6\g] cj;/ ldln/x]sf]
5 . b"/b]zaf6 klg cfOk'Ug] u5f}{+ . e/;s b;}+sf] cj;/df rflxF hf] hxfF
eP klg o;} u/L h'6]/ Ps} 7fpF a:g] u/f}+ . /fd /dfOnf] v'l;ofnL
dgfcf}+= = .
b;}+ eg]/ s'g} Pp6f lbg dfq xf]Og . kl/jf/hg ;a} e]nf x'g' klg b;}+
xf] . ænf} e]nf eof}+ . vf]/df dfn 5, agfcf}+, vfcf}+ /dfOnf] u/f}+ . oxL xf]
rf8kj{, pT;j .Æ lktfhLsf oL jf0fLx? g} Tolta]nf 3/sf] nIf0f / 3/sf]
klxrfg x'g] uy]{ .
uf]7sf] ptf 5]pdf v8\s'nf]df kfgL tfQ} 5 . vf]/af6 Pp6f v;L tfg]/
ToxL 5]pdf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . cGt/] gf/fo0f 7"nf] v's'/L xftdf lnP/
plePsf] 5 . ;flxFnf], dflxnf], hGt/], sfG5f]x? ljleGg efF8f / cGo
;fwgx? lnP/ otfptf ub}{5g\ . k|df]b, hof, dgLiff, n'gf, ;]jf, Crf,
ljgfx? otfptf gfRt} plk|mFb} 5g\ .
kRrL; 5AaL; lsnf]sf] v;L dfn tof/ eP/ 3/leq k'U5 . sf6s'6
ldnfpg] sfd x'Fb}g . lktfhL cfkm}F nfu]/ b;afx| lsnf] ;fdfg kfSg] 7"nf]
kmnfd] s/fxL bfp/fsf] r'nf] cfuf]dfly a;fNg'x'G5 . 7"nf] af6fdf a];f/
g'gt]ndf df]n]/ /fv]sf] cf7 gf} lsnf] dfn t]n tft]sf] s/fxLdf /flvG5 .
qmdzM Tof] dfn kfSt} e'l6Fb} u5{ . o;/L s/La b'O{ 306f;Dd ;fgf] cfuf]df
dfn rnfpFb} e'l6Fb} uPkl5 k66 k66 ub}{ rfgfx? plk|mg yfn]kl5 dfq
e'l6Psf] dflgG5 . e'l6P/ /ftf] /+udf kl/0ft ePkl5 dfq kfgL xflnG5 .
km]l/ Ps 306f;Dd kfS5 .
o;/L bfp/f cfuf]sf] /fkdf tLg 306f;Dd kfs]kl5 dfq Tof] dfF;dfn tof/
ePsf] x'G5 . lktfhL cfkm} efG;fdf a;]/ ;a}nfO{ nx/} a:g nfpg'x'G5 .
ef]hg;Fu} cfwf ;]/] srf}/fdf Tof] kbfy{ ;a}sf ;fd' cfOk'U5 . klxnf]
r/0fdf s;}n] klg w]/} eof] eGg kfpFb}g . b;afx| hgf Ps}rf]l6 a;]/
ef]hg kl/sf/ vfO/x]sf x'G5f}+ .
8]9 kfp hfg] 8f8" h?df dfn p3fP/ lktfhL eGg'x'G5— n 7'nf]= = dfOnf],
;flxnf]= = hg', b'nxL== ef]= k'Uof] . s:tf rl/cfx/] eof} ltdLx?, cln
vfg'k5{ . olt yk c? . lktfhL ;a}sf yfn srf}/f x]b}{ eGb} ug'{x'G5== .
;a}n] ef] k'Uof], k"0f{ eOof] eg]kl5 dfq cfkm" vfg a:g'x'G5 . of] lyof]
lktfhLsf] Jojxf/ . xfdL o;}af6 /dfP/ v';L x'g /dfpg xf]nf 3/ k'Ug]
u/]sf lyof}+ .
;flxFnf clnslt ;kL{= = b'Uw;Fu s]xL vfpmd\ tj|m+= = . t]dg cfb]gd\ s]xL
yk== .
cfh t:d}sf] kl/sf/ ef]hg ug]{ lbg . cfh ;+:s'nL vfg] lbg . sbnL
lrla6fGgsf] lbg xf] cfh . oy]i7 kof{Kt vfpm . vfg] s'/fdf sGh':ofOF
x'g'x'Fb}g . b]xLn] dfu]sf] s'/f k"0f{ ug'{k5{ . ef]hg eGg] s'/f h'g;'s} kl/sf/
klg pQd x'G5 . /fd|f] g/fd|f], ld7f] gld7f] t dg dfq xf] . pb/n] slxNo}
klg 5'6\ofpFb}g . pb/n] ;a} vfB kbfy{df ;dfg efj /fV5 . cfh
l;l/dUg;Fusf] ljlzi6 ef]hg 5 . nj0f yk== . of] k'/fgf] t08'n xf]— hn
cln a9L rflxG5 .
æcf]xf], cfOk'Uof}= = . P== /fd== P== s'df/, dfly skf]t zfjsx? ePh:tf]
nfU5== . gfgLx? yfs]/ cfPsf 5g\ . o;f] tftf] /; eft vfG5g\ . hfp==
pHofn}df aGbf]a:t ul/xfn== .Æ
= = cfh hn l3/f}+nf kf] tof/ eof] . æo; j:t'sf] c;nL gfd hft s] xf]
;f]wvf]h ug'{ kb}{glyof] . xfd|f] kl/jf/leq …hnl3/f}+nfÚ k|rlnt lyof] .
æP== hg', dfx't] efOn] 7'nf] ;fu tof/ kf/]sf /x]5g\, hfpm, lnP/ = =
cfpm . bfh'x? cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . k/b]zaf6 3/ cfOk'u]sf— lg:tfP/
cfOk'u]sf 5g\ .Æ
b'O{ bzseGbf cl3sf oL j0fLx? ;kgfdf b]v] ;'g]em}+ u/]/ dgdf
v]nfO/x]sf] 5' . 3/sf] :d[lt;Fu} oL s'/fx? klg pTkGg ePsf x'g\ .
@)!$ kmfu'gb]lv d k/b]z nfu]sf] x'F . tfKn]h'ª ;b/l:yt efiff
kf7zfnfb]lv d]bLa'ª ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnosf] k9fOsf lglDt @)@@
;Dd tfKn]h'ªsf] a;fO eof] . Tolta]nf 3/ eg]/ e]nf x'g] 7fpF kfFry/sf]
Rofªyfk' gfd|]sdf lyof] . ljBfnosf] av]{ labf cyjf b;}+ / cGo s'g}
cj;/df b'O{ lbg] kbofqf u/]/ tfKn]h'ª — km'ªlnªb]lv kfFry/sf]
Rofª\yfk"sf] 3/ k'Ug] ul/GYof] .
;w}+ 3/n] tflg/xGYof] . a'af cfdf, efO alxgL / j/k/sf s]xL cfkmGt== .
;aeGbf a9L b;}+sf] a]nf rflxF 3/sf] cfsif{0f ;aeGbf alnof] x'GYof] .
@)@@ kl5 d w]/} 6f9f k'u]F . cyf{t\ ef/tsf] agf/;df k9\g eg]/ uPF .
o;kl5sf !%–!^ jif{ agf/;df g} lat]sf x'g\ . o; aLrdf dflxnf] sdn /
;flxFnf] uf]ljGb efOn] klg agf/; a;]/ pRr dfWolds tx k"/f u/]sf x'g\ .
@)@# b]lv emfkfsf] bdsdf xfd|f] 3/ ;/]sf] xf] . h'g 3/n] cfhsf
lbg;Dd dfGotf kfO/x]sf] 5 .
@)## kl5sf s]xL jif{ kTgL ;'wf / 5f]/f5f]/L;lxt agf/;df latfPsf] x'F .
Tolt 6f9f a;]sf a]nf klg udL{ labf cyjf b;}+ ltxf/ kj{sf a]nf ;;fgf
eN6\ofª e'N6'ª tLg hgf 5f]/f5f]/L lnP/ /]n / a;sf ljs6 ofqf ub}{
bds 3/ k'Ug] ul/GYof] .
k|foM b;}+sf] 36:yfkgfsf a]nf cyjf Ps b'O{ lbgcl3 3/ k'luGYof] .
;;fgf s]6fs]6L lnP/ olt nfdf] af6f] s;/L kf/ u/]/ 3/ cfOGYof] crDd
nfU5 .
@)$! kl5sf b;}+ rf8kj{x?df d sf7df8f}+af6 nfnfafnf;lxt k/b]zsf]
a;fO 5f]8]/ /flqa; ;]jfaf6 bds k'Uy]F . uf]ljGb wgs'6faf6 k'Uy] . b]j]Gb|,
vu]Gb| o; bdssf] gf/fo0f ;a} k/b]lzPsf lyP . t/ klg oL ;a} b;}+df
clgjfo{ ?kdf Tof] 3/ k'Ug] uy]{ .
b;}+sf] e]nf lktfhLsf] b]xfj;fg k"j{ @)%% sf] b;}+;Dd lg/Gt/ /lx/Xof] .
@)%^ c;f/ kGw|sf] b'bf{Gt 36gf cyf{t\ lktfhLsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 b;}+
e]nfsf] qmd s]xL e+u eof] . To;kl5 ;a}hgf e]nf x'g] l:ylt klg 36\t}
uof] . cGt/], cd]l/sf, hGt/] c:6]«lnof, clg sf7df8f}+ a:g]x?sf klg
cfkm\gf cfjf; 3/ ag]kl5 3/n] /f]Sg yfNof] .
t}klg cfdfn] bds 3/sf] rds agfO/x]sf sf/0f k|foM 3/ k'Ug] ul/of] .
cfdf / 3/ kl/k"/s alg/x]s} lyP . cfdf 3/, 3/ cfdf . b;}+ / c?
cj;/ kf/]/ klg k|foM 3/ k'Ug] qmd 6'6]sf] lyPg .
@)&% j}zfv @% ut] laxfg cf7 ah] bds 3/af6 cfkm\gf] emf]nf af]s]/
cfdfsf 5]pdf k'u]F . cfdfnfO{ 9f]u]/ labf dfUb} af6f nfu]/ cfFugsf] 5]pdf
k'lu;s]sf] lyPF .
æ;fdfg oxL Pp6f emf]nf dfq} xf] < hxfhdf c? s]xL ;fdfg nfg
kfOFb}g < s] c? ;fdfg n}hfFbf nfh x'G5 ls <Æ
æb; s]=hL=;Dd ;fdfg nfg kfOG5 . lsg / cfdf <Æ
æxl/of ds} 5, cfhsf] cfh} tfh} k'U5, s]6fs]6L tfhf xl/of ds} vfg
kfpF5g\ . cfFk l7Ss crf/ vfg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . n}hfcf] g . 3/af6
hfg]= = . h'g;'s} a]nf kfOg] s'/f xf]Ogg\ oL . P ;fOnL, bfh'nfO{ kGw|;f]x|
3f]uf ds} xflnb]= = . P vu]Gb|= = Tof] 3/cufl8sf] cfFk l6k]/ Ps emf]nf
xflnb] . oxfF b'O{j6f d]jfsf bfgf 5g\= = . o;f] k'¥ofOlbg] xf] eg] vfG5g\ lg
s]6fs]6Ln]= = .Æ
cfdfsf] Psfnfk ;'Gb}= = d}n] ds}, cfFk, d]jf;d]tsf] Pp6f 5'§} emf]nf tof/
kf/]/ km]l/ labf dfu]F .
æuf8L b'3{6gfsf va/ of] /]l8of]n] e6\ofO/xG5 . ;s];Dd hxfhsf] af6f]
dfq} cfpg] u/] x} afa' xf] . kmf]g ub}{ ug"{ . k'Ug] lalQs} va/ lbg" x}= = .Æ
cfdfsf] :j/ ;'Gb} ubf{ vu]Gb|sf] df]6/;fOsn £of/{ u¥of] . cyf{t\ efO
vu]Gb|;Fu af6f nfluof] .
@& ut] a]n'sf xl/of ds} / cfFksf] crf/ vfP/ cfdfnfO{ ;lDemFb} ;'t]sf]
lyPF . /flt ! ah] vu]Gb|n] kmf]g u/]— æbfh' ca cfdf /xg'ePg .Æ vu]Gb|n]
c? af]Ng ;s]gg\ . sfgdf ;'O/f] /f]lkPsf] h:tf] Hofb} s7f]/ zAb æbfh'
ca cfdf /xg'ePg .Æ w]/}a]/ lg:tAw ag]F .
km]l/ s]xL ;dokl5 c? kmf]g cfP== b]j]Gb|sf] kmf]g, dflxnfsf] kmf]g= = .
eljtJo csNkgLo lyof] . cjZoDefjL lyof] . pHofnf] ePkl5 xfdL
;flxnf], sfG5f], ;'wf, cGhgf, n'gf lagf;d]t ;a} Po/kf]6{df e]nf eP/
bds 3/ k'luof] . t/ of] xfd|f] 3/ k'ufOdf s'g} cfsif{0f lyPg . 3/ xf]
ls 3g3f]/ h+un, cGt/ lyPg . ;of}+ JolQmsf] lgzAb e]nfsf aLr, 3/sf]
bnfgdf cfdfsf] lgZr]i6 d"9f] z/L/ ;'tfOPsf] lyof] .
c7f/ jif{cl3 Pslbg o;/L g} ToxL 7fpFdf lktfhLsf] lgZr]i6 kfly{j z/L/
;'tfOPsf] / cfdf;d]t xfdL jl/kl/ 3]/f nfu]/ lgMzAb a;]sf] b[Zo
emnemnL cfof] . o; 3/sf] bnfgdf b'O{ lbJo z/L/ o;/L lgZr]i6 s]xL a]/
;'tfP/ ;bfsf nflu labf ul/;s]kl5 ca of] 3/ 3/ /Xof] . 3/ t ca
cGwsf/k"0f{ cf]8f/ dfq} /xFb} 5 . o:tf 3/ ca sxfFg]/ 5 t . cfdfsf]
kfly{j z/L/ 5]pdf a;]sf a]nf o:tf s'/f dgdf t/+lut ePsf lyP .
@)%^ h]7 #) ut] laxfg ;ft ah]lt/ la/fdL cj:yfdf ;'lt/xg'ePsf]
lktfhLnfO{ 9f]u]/ d cfk"m cfOk'u]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpFbf pxfFn] eGg'ePYof]—
æltdL cfOk'Uof} Û w]/} l9nf eof]= = cfP5f} eOuf], ç ç çÆ dw'/f] :j/df
lktfhLn] olt dfq} eGg'ePYof] . lktfhLsf] p7\g a:g g;Sg] cj:yf
eO;s]sf] /x]5 . Ps dlxgfcl3 lktfhLnfO{ e]6]/ sf7df8f}+ kmls{Psf] lyPF .
Tolta]nf lktfhLsf] cj:yf /fd|} lyof] .
o;kl5 eg] xfdL k|foM ;a} 5f]/f5f]/L lktfhLs} 5]p5fp /Xof}+ . lbglbg}
lktfhLsf] l:ylt u+eL/ x'Fb} uP/ cGTodf c;f/ !% ut] laxfg ( ah]
lktfhL b]jTjdf nLg x'g'ePYof] .
lktfhLn] of] kl5Nnf] 3/ olta]nfsf] @)%@ df dfq agfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
@)@$ otf o; 7fpFdf g} tLgj6f 3/ aGb} elTsFb} u/]/ kl5Nnf]kN6 rflxF
o; 7fpFdf g} 3/ agfOPsf] lyof] . lktfhL o;kl5 eg] lgs} ;Gt'i6
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . b'O{ tnfdf u/]/ b; P3f/ sf]7f ePsf] 3/ lgdf{0f ePsf]
xf] . klxn]sf] 3/ ;fgf] ePsf] eg]/ lktfhLdf lrGtf lyof] . ;a}hgf e]nf
x'Fbf /fd|/L c6fOPg eGg'x'GYof] . of] 3/ ag]kl5 lktfhLn] 3/sf sf]7fx?
b]vfpFb} eGg] ug'{x'GYof]— of] h]7fsf], dflxnf, ;flxFnfsf] c? 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]= = .
;a} hgfnfO{ k'Ug] 3/ aGof] . lktfhLsf] 3/ ljifosf] o; ;Gt'li6af6 xfdL
cfglGbt ag]sf lyof}+ .
o; kl5Nnf] 3/df lktfhL;Fu tLgj6f b;}+ pT;j dfq dgfpg kfOPYof] .
t/ tL b;}+x? cljid/0fLo /lx/x]sf 5g\ . log} ljutsf /d0fLo e]nf,
pT;jnfO{ dgdf ;fFr]/ /fVg'kg]{ / a]nfdf}sfdf ToxLFaf6 :d[ltk6df ptf/]/
x]g'{, ;f]Rg', ;lDemg' g} casf] lgolt ag]sf] 5 .
cfh oltv]/ cyf{t\ @)&% sf] b;}+ 6Lsfsf] lbg d efjljXjn eP/
ljutlt/ kmls{/x]sf] 5' .
lktfhLn] cfkm\g} lg/LIf0fdf cfkm\g} OlGhlgol/ªdf agfpg nufPsf] of] 7'nf]
3/ lktfhL cfkm"n] tLg jif{ dfq ef]Ug kfpg'eof] . lktfhLsf OR5f cfsf+Iff
olt 5f]6} cjlwdf ljnLg x'g k'u] . To;kl5 nfUof]— 3/ dfq 5— 3/sf]
zf]ef ;dfKt eof] . xfdL 3/ k'Ubf / 3/af6 kmls{Fbf æç ç ç, /fd|f];Fu
hfcf], ;';dfrf/ k7fpFb} u/, hxfF eP klg cfkm\gf] dfg k|lti7f agfP/
a; . ;w}+ pRr :yfg / ;'gfd rnfpg ;kmn ag . ;'oz km}nfP/ b]z /
;dfhdf cfkm\gf] :yfg agfpg ;kmn xf]pm .Æ
æd+und\ eujfg\= = lji0f'= = . tb]j nUg+ ;'lbg+ tb]j= .Æ xfdL 3/af6 lxF8\bf
o:tf cfzLj{rg ;'Gb} k/;Dd k'Ug] uYof}{+ . lktfhLsf] k/dkbkl5 o:tf
dxfjfSox?sf] >j0f ug{ kfOPg . ;bfsf nflu xfdL oL s'/faf6 7luPsf
lyof}+ . lktfhL;Fu} ;a} s'/fsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] . t/ klg lktfhLsf] k|yd
jflif{sLkl5 qmdzM cfdfsf] 5q5fofFdf xfdLn] hLjg cfwf/ k|fKt ub}{/Xof}+ .
3/ cfdfsf sf/0f 3/ lyof] . o;/L df]x /lx/x]sfn] 3/ k'Ug] OR5f
hflu/xGYof] . 3/ k'lu/lxGYof] .
cfdfsf] t]x| lbg] sfo{ ;s]/ s]xL lbgkl5 kmls{g] qmddf cfdf gePsf] z"Go
cfdf a:g] vf6nfO{ s]xL a]/ x]/]+ . æk'Ug] lalQs} kmf]g u/ x} . hlxn] tlxn]
uf8Ldf of] nfdf] af6f] glxF8\g" . d l7s} 5'= . a]nfa]nf kmf]g u/] x'G5 .Æ oL
s'/f ;'Gg] afgL k/]sf sfg s]xL a]/ klv{P . t/ st}af6 klg of] cfjfh
cfPg . kmgSs 6fpsf] kmsf{P/ af6f] nfluof] . z"Go— z"Go z"Go r/d z"Go
efj af]s]/ ultxLg, r]tgfxLg eP em}+ z/L/nfO{ l;6L l/S;fdf r9fPF . xfdL
;'wf / d s]xL gaf]nL Ps}rf]l6 bds rf]s cfOk'u]5f}+ .
lktfhLsf] cg'kl:yltdf klg s/La b'O{ bzs;Dd dftfhLn] 3/nfO{ e/kbf]{
cf]th:t} ;+rfng ul//xg'ePsf] xf] . ;a}n] 5xf/L cf]t kfO/Xof}+—
cfdfaf6 . To;}sf/0f t 3/ hfg], 3/ k'Ug] OR5f hflu/xGYof] . hf] hxfF
eP klg b]z, k/b]z htf a;]sf] eP klg ;do ;dodf 3/ k'lu/xGy] .
dgdf 3/ af]s]/ k/b]l;Psfx? km]l/ ;lDemP/ 3/ kmls{GYof}+ . Gof;|f] d]6\g
3/ k'UYof}+ . s]xL lbg 3/ a;]/ dgdf 3/ e/]/ cfkm\gf] uGtJo ;dfTYof}+ .
cfh b;}+sf] 6Lsf . d 3/ ;lDemP/ efjljXjn ag]sf] 5' . b;}+sf k'/fgf
;+:d/0fx? jt{dfgdf NofP/ e'Ng] k|oTg ub}{5' .
:d[lt eg]sf] dl:tissf] e08f/ xf] eGg] syg 5 . ;fFRr} g} d :d[lt
e08f/af6 s]xL ;Demgf lgsfNg vf]Hb}5' . æld7f] :d[lt eg]sf] ;'dw'/ ;+uLt
h:t} xf] . h;n] hLjgsf b'Mvb If0fdf s]xL a]/ cfgGb lbG5 . cyjf
b'Mv e'Ng ;xof]u u5{ .Æ s'g} bfz{lgssf] egfO xf] .
æh'g 3/df cfdf 5}gg\, bfh'efO lbbLalxgLsf aLr :g]x, k|]d / ;f}xfb{ 5}g,
To:tf] 3/df a:g' x'Fb}g .Æ rf0fSosf] egfO dgg ubf{ xfd|f] 3/df cfdf
x'gx''Gg t/ klg bfh'efO lbbLalxgLsf aLr :g]x / ;f}xfb{ efj rflxF 5 .
To;sf/0f 3/ 3/sf ?kdf /xnf ls eGg] cfzfsf] ;fgf] TofGb|f] afFsL 5 .
d klg 3/ eGb}5' . 3/ hfg] s'/f ub}{5' . 3/ lal;{Psf] 5}g . 3/n]
;lDemg] cfTdtÎj geP klg drflxF 3/ ;lDem/x]s} 5' .
;f9] b'O{ xhf/ jif{cl3 ox'bLx? 3/ljxLg x'g'k/]sf] syf cfh klg rlr{t
5 . s/Lj tLg bzscl3 3/ / b]z 5'6]sf e"6fgL g]kfnLsf] syfJoyf tfh}
5 . 3/ gx'g'sf] kL8f slt bb{gfs / eofjx x'G5, Tof] s'/f ef]Ug]x?nfO{
g} yfxf x'G5 .
To;f] t d]/f] 3/ 5, b]z klg 5 . 3/ 3/h:tf] nfUg', x'g' / 3/ dfq
x'g'df km/s 5 . slxn]sfxLF b]z klg b]zh:tf] geOlbFbfsf] gful/s kL8f
5'§} k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
d oxfF 3/ ;lDemFb} 3/sf] s'/f ub}{5' . 3/ yftynf] cyf{t\ h/f] lsnf];Fusf]
;DaGw k|fs[lts x'G5 . cfkm\gf] afNo, lszf]/, o'jf jo dftflktf;Fu h'g
ynf]df latfOG5 . kl5;Dd klg ToxL g} 3/ alg/xG5 . cfkm\gf] kf}/vn]
b]z ljb]zdf hlt;'s} 7'nf dxn agfP klg To;leq 3/ tÎj x'Fb}g . 3/sf]
cfgGb To:tf dxnx?df k|fKt x'Fb}g .
o;k6ssf] b;}+df cfdf klg x'g'x'Gg . cfdf u'dfPsf] jif{sf] b;}+ l6sf
k|;fb, cfzLjf{b gePsf] b;}+ . To;sf/0f 3/ hfg] eGg] x]Ssf klg /x]g .
3/ sxfF 5 < s]sf] 3/ < s;nfO{ e]6\g hfg], s;nfO{ 9f]Ug], sf];Fu
cfzLif lng] < 3/ 5}g ca . Tof] 3/ t ca cf]8f/h:t} ePsf] 5 . dgdf
o:tf t/+u v]nfO/x]F . ;f]lr/x]F . s] ca 3/ 6'+luPsf] xf] t Û
æ;Rrl/q ePsL gf/Låf/f 3/sf] /Iff x'G5 . clg 3/ eg]sf] klt–kTgL, k'q
kf}qflbsf] ;d"x xf] .Æ CUj]bsf] of] plQm ;lDemFb} s]xL a]/ 3f]l/PF .
xf] klg, CUj]bsf] of] plQm xfd|f] 3/sf lglDt cyjf o; 3/df ;fy{s
lyof] . lktf dftfsf xfdL Psbh{g k'qk'qL, Psbh{g a'xf/L / HjfO{Fx?,
s/La tLg bh{g kf}q kf}qLx?sf ;fy} k|kf}q k|kf}qLx?sf] ljzfn kl/jf/n]
of] 3/ u'Ghfodfg lyof] s'g}a]nf .
xfd|f] 3/— kl/jf/ / s'6'Daleq s'g} k|sf/sf] lju|x, cfu|x / b'/fu|x gePsf
sf/0f k|]d, ;b\efj Pj+ cfTdLotf el/k"0f{ /lx/x]s} xf] . ;DklQsf sf/0fx?
cfk;df pTkGg x'g] s'g} snx / å]if klg ef]Ug'k/]sf] 5}g . t;y{ 3/sf]
s]xL efu t cem klg 5 . xf]nf h:tf] klg nfu]sf] 5 .
æu[xklt st{Josf] aGwgaf6 afFlwPsf] x'G5 .Æ CUj]bn] eg]h:t} lktfhLn]
u[x:y hLjgdf klg Psk|sf/ …;Gof;LÚ jfgk|:yL h:tf] hLjg latfpg'ePsf]
xf] . lktfhL ;w}+ st{Jodf dfq nfUg'eof] . afx| hgf 5f]/f5f]/L x'sf{pg'
k9fpg' / ;dy{ agfpgsf lglDt lktfdftfn] st{Jo dfq k"/f ug'{eof] .
pxfFx?n] ;w}+ lbg' dfq eof] . Tofu dfq ug'{eof] . u[x:y hLjg kljq
xf] . æ;xgzLntf / ;+odefjn] ubf{ u[x:yL ;kmn x'G5Æ eGg] kb\dk'/f0fsf]
plQm xfd|f] lktf dftfdf ;fy{s lyof] . lktfhL eGg] ug'{x'GYof] æOdfGbf/ eP/
;bfrf/ hLjg latfpg' eg]sf] wd{kydf nfUg' xf] .Æ
æu[x:yf>d ;w}+ kl/k"0f{ /xg], slxNo} gfz gx'g] P]Zjo{ xf] . t;y{ x]
u[xkTgL Û ltdL cfkm\gf] u[x:yLdf a;]/ lk|o kltsf hLjg ;+3if{sf] ;fu/nfO{
kf/ nufpg ;fy b]pm .Æ cyj{j]bsf] of] plQm ;'g]/, a'em]/ xf] cyjf
cfTd1fgn] xf]— xfd|L dftfn] lktfhLsf] ;+3if{k"0f{ hLjgofqf?kL ;fu/nfO{
kf/ nufOlbg'ePsf] xf] .
3/ eg]sf] cfkm\gf] dftflktf;Fu a;]sf], x's]{, a9]sf] clg kl5 aflx/ cGoq
hxfF a;] klg dftflktf ;lDemP/ hfg] cfpg] a:g]— u/]sf] 7fpF xf] . cyjf
o:tf] 7fpF /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w sf7df8f}+df a:g yfn]kl5 cg'e"t ePsf]
xf] . x'g t sf7df8f}+df b'O{ bzscl3 g} Pp6f 3/ gfpsf] jf;:yfg
agfOPsf] 5 . o;}df a:t} klg 5' .
t/ d}n] o;nfO{ 3/ eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . eGg] klg s;/L < sf7df8f}+sfn]
;f]lw/xG5g\— tkfO{+sf] 3/ rflxF sxfF xf] < slxn]b]lv sf7df8f}+ x'g'x'G5 <
oxfF stflt/ a:g'x'G5 < af;:yfg sxfF agfOof] < cyf{t\ d]/f] sf7df8f}+sf]
3/ 3/ xf]Og . 3/ sf7df8f}+aflx/ st} 5 . s/La rf/ bzsb]lv
sf7df8f}+df 5' t/ d sf7df8f}+sf] afl;Gbf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sf7df8f}+sf
lglDt d aflxl/of x'F .
sf7df8f}+jfnf k|Zgstf{sf] cfzo a'em]/, cyjf s;}n] k|Zg ug'{cl3
elgxfN5'— æd]/f] 3/ emfkf bds xf] . olb d}n] cfkm\gf] 3/sf] 7]ufgf eGg
b]vfpg g;Sg] xf] eg] ls rflxF cfkm"nfO{ ;'s'Daf;L eGg'k¥of] .
o;k6sb]lv rflxF 3/nfO{ 3/h:tf] s;/L agfpg] eGg] lrGtf ylkPsf] 5 .
3/ 3/h:tf] agfpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfdf gePkl5 cyf{t\ cfdf;Fu} 3/ klg
uPsf] 5 . 3/sf] nIf0f eTs]sf] 5 . s]xL lbgcl3 ;flxFnL alxgLn] kmf]gdf
;'gfOg\— bfh' afx|} dlxgf kmNg] kfSg] dL7f] d]jfsf b'O{j6} af]6 d¥of] .
n6/Dd kmn]sf] sfutLsf] af]6 ;'Sof] . cdnf klg kmn]g . ?b|fIfsf] af]6
kx]nf] eP/ db}{5 . cfdfsf 5]pdf cfP/ rg]{, rf/f] l6Kg] 9's'/x? klg
b]lvg 5f]8]sf 5g\ .
o:t} o:tf s]xL s'nIf0f ;'gfOg\ alxgLn] . sltko u[lx0fL;Fu} u[xsf sltko
nIf0fx? klg hfG5g\, x/fpF5g\, eGg] s'/f n]lvPsf] ;'lgPsf] 5 . ;fFRr} g}
cfdfsf] b}lxs rf]nf p7];Fu} oL s]xL s'/fx? klg gfl;Psf x'g\ ls Û
alxgLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ o:t} s] s] ;f]Rt}5' .
o; k6s sf7df8f}+ /fhwfgLaf6 cfkm\gf 3/ lhNnflt/ ;f]/>f4b]lv b;}
6Lsfsf] lbg;Dd g} dflg;x? kmls{g] qmd /Xof] . s/Lj @$ nfv JolQmn]
o;/L b;}+df sf7df8f}+ 5f]8]/ cfkm\gf] 3/ 6]s] . ljZjsf ljsl;t d'n'sb]lv
vf8L d'n's, ef/tnufotsf nfvf}+ g]kfnL k'qk'qLx? g]kfnsf] 3/ ;lDemP/
6Lsfdf kmls{P . cfdfa'af / cfkm\gf hgx?nfO{ e]6\g] ;'cj;/ b;}+ kj{ g}
xf] eGg] a'em]sf 5g\— g]kfnLx?n] . o'uf}+b]lvsf] 7"nf] ;f+:s[lts kj{ xf]— b;}+
kj{ .
plxn] plxn] nfx'/], ef/tLo ;]gfdf sfd ug]{ jf ef/tLo sDkgLx?df
ePsfx?n] klg b;}+df labf kfpFy] . Ps jif{df kmls{g]n] !%–@) lbg / tLg
tLg jif{df kmls{g]n] @–# dlxgf;Ddsf] labf lnP/ cfkm\gf 3/ kmls{Gy] .
tfKn]h'ªdf 5Fbf b;}+df 3/ kmls{g] o:tf nfx'/]x?sf] km"lt{kmftL{ d}n] /fd|};Fu
yfxf kfPsf] x'F . w/fg cyjf ljhgaf/Llt/af6 3/lt/ cfpg] oL nfx'/]x?sf
;fydf Pshgf el/of klg x'GYof] . 3/ kl/jf/sf lglDt NofOPsf ;fdfgx?
9fs/leq e/]/ dflykl§ Pp6f l6gsf] afs; 6\ofªsf 8f]/Ln] s;]/
/flvPsf] x'GYof] . 3/ kl/jf/;Fu e]6 ug{ cft'/ oL nfx'/]x?dWo] sltkon]
Pp6f lkmlnK; gfd u/]sf] /]l8of] sfFwdf em'08ofP/ ahfpFb} cfpFy] . xfdL
s]6fs]6Lx? crDd dfg]/ s]xL a]/ ltgLx?sf kl5 /]l8of] ah]sf] ;'Gb} nfUg]
uYof}{+ .
sltko nfx'/]sf] To;/L cfkm"n] 3/ eg]sf] 7fpF 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf cyjf
eL/kfvf, vf]rlt/ x'GYof] . jif{el/ sfd u/]/ klg 5 dlxgf vfg gk'Ug]
cj:yf / ;fwf/0f 5fk|f] x'Gy] . t/ klg 3/ eg]/ o;/L k/b]zaf6
kmls{g]x? /dfpFb} cfpFy] .
otf 3/df ePsf j[4 afa' cfdf cyjf cfdf, kTgL 5f]/f5f]/L k/b]zL slxn]
cfpnf eg]/ lbg ug]/ a;]sf x'Gy] . k/b]zL 5f]/f], klt, afa', cfOk'Ubf To;
3/sf] /f}gs cs}{ x'GYof] . 3/ pNnf;k"0f{ aGbYof] .
s'g} klg 3/ 3/ x'g ToxfF pT;'stf;Fu klv{g] JolQm x'g'k5{ . clg 3/
;lDemP/ kmls{g] JolQmsf lglDt 3/ k'Ubf :g]x, k|]d / ;b\efjn] :jfut
u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . 3/ k'Ubfsf] ld7f] cfgGb log} s'/fdf cl8Psf] x'G5 . 3/df
klv{P/ a:g]x? / k/b]zaf6 Gofl;|P/ 3/ k'Ug] b'a} kIfaLr PsfTds
tfbfTDo efj ldNg ;Sof] eg] dfq 3/ /xG5 .
olta]nf d klg o:t} :g]x, ;b\efj, k|]d, dfof / ddtfn] el/Psf] 3/sf]
kl/sNkgfdf plePsf] 5' . s] km]l/ bdssf] of] xfd|f] 3/n] To:tf] ;'lbg
kmsf{pg ;Snf < cyjf xfdLn] To:tf] agfpg ;sf}+nf < Pp6f Hofb} hl6n
k|Zg af]s]/ d …3/Ú ;lDem/x]sf] 5' .
)))
k|b]z kfFr gDa/
 k|f=8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL
a'6jn ax'd'vL SofDk;, ?kGb]xL
/f]Nkf ?s'd ;Nofg bfª\ afFs] alb{of clg
u'NdL kfNkf ?kGb]xL c3f{ slkn 5g\ oxL+
kfNxLsf] klZrdL v08 k5{ kfFr k|b]zdf
uj{ nflu/x]sf] 5 dnfO{ a'4e"lddf .
leqL dw]zsf ;fy} t/fO{ klg pj{/

cUnf kxf8 xfF;] em}+ b]V5' d}n] otflt/
clt ;'Gb/ of] If]q k|b]z kfFr gDa/
efiff ;flxTosf] wf/f aU5 lgTo lg/Gt/ .
j}ofs/0fsf ;"q n]Vg] kfl0lgsf] :yn

k|;fb sf}d'bL n]Vg] ;]g zff;ssf] :yn
phL/l;+x yfkfsf] jL/tfsf] oxL :yn
w/0fLtndf o:tf] 5Fb}5}g s'g} :yn .
Zffnu|fdlznf;fy} 5g\ sfnLu08sL hxfF

/fhf e/y/LnfO{ l;l4 k|fKt eof] hxfF
b]jbQ / k|Dnf]rf /m/msf] k'0o wfddf
;f+;fl/s s'/f la;L{ a:5g\ dxlif{ Wofgdf .
k|1fkf/ldtf u|Gy lnlka4 eof] hxfF

ljrf/ /f]lkPsf 5g\ dxfTdf a'4sf hxfF
;fª\Vo bz{gsf ;fy} af}4 bz{gsf klg
ljåå/–ljb"ifL 5g\ k|jt{sx? oxL+ .
;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ hxfF /fdflky]s;

;Eotfsf] laxfgLsf ltg} x'g\ cflbdfgj
of] w/fel/ kfOG5 d[t;~hLjgL a'6L
5g\ dxfd'lgsf af; emf]k8L / u'kmf s'6L .
u'lGhPsf] oxL+af6 wf/f lgu'{0felQmsf]
ah]sf] Pstf/]df ufyf >L/fdelQmsf]
efg'sf u'/msf] Kof/f] ynf] xf] 5ljnfnsf]
kfFr gDa/ e"efu cfsif{s ljzfn xf] .
uj{ nfU5 dnfO{ t g]kfnL eGg kfpFbf

k|b]z kfFr xf] eGbf x'G5' ulj{t emg\ ;bf
a'4sf] hGde" Kof/f] of] w/fwfd n'lDagL
1fgsf] Hof]ltn] x'G5 pHofnf] hlxn] klg .
)))
gu/jf;Lx?df xflb{s cg'/f]w
à hGd btf{, ljjfx btf{, d[To' btf{, ;DaGw ljR5]b Pj+ a;fO;/fO h:tf JolQmut 36gf ;dod} btf{ u/f}+ .
à ;fj{hlgs :yn, gbL Pj+ vf]nf gfnfx?nfO{ kmf]xf]/ 9n lj;h{g :ynsf] ?kdf k|of]u gu/f}+ .
à 3/sf] gS;f kf; u/]/ dfq 3/ lgdf{0f u/f}+, ejg ;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/f}+ .
à ;8s cj/f]w x'g] u/L lgdf{0f ;fdu|L g/fvf}+ .
à cfkm\gf rf}kfof 5f8f g5f8f}+, b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0fdf ;xsfo{ u/f}+ .
à gu/kflnsfdf tf]lsPsf s/ z'Nsx? ;dod} a'emfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;lqmo ;xefuL agf}+ .
à ?v /f]kf}+, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/f}+, xl/ofnL a9fcf}+, :jR5 jftfj/0f agfcf}+ .
à v'Nnf :yfgdf lbzflk;fj gu/f}+, ;Eo gful/ssf] kl/ro lbpmF .
à Knfli6ssf emf]nfsf] k|of]unfO{ lg/mT;flxt u/f}+ .
à ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|fKt ug]{ nfeu|fxLx?n] cfkm\gf] gfd eQf kfpg] lni6df 5 5}g k|To]s jif{sf] ;fpg
dlxgfdf cf–cfkm\gf] j8f sfof{nodf uO{ a'emf}+ / 9'Ss agf}+ .
à kmf]xf]/ cJojl:yt ?kdf vfnL hUuf, ;fj{hlgs :yn, ;8s, gbL, gx/sf 5]pdf kmfNbf gu/ g} b'u{lGwt x'g]
ePsf]n] o;/L cJojl:yt ?kdf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] sfo{ tTsfn aGb u/L kmf]xf]/ pTkfbg txd}, :yfgLo 6f]n ;d'bfo
txd} Jojl:yt ug{, kmf]xf]/ ;+sng ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwg -6]S6/, l6Kk/ cflb_ df /fvL k7fO{ gu/ ;kmf /fVg]
cleofgdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g cg'/f]w 5 .
à kmf]xf]/ ;s];Dd sd pTkfbg ug{ / h}ljs ch}ljs pTkflbt kmf]xf]/nfO{ juL{s/0f u/L 3/d} sDkf]i6 dn agfpg]
tyf kmf]xf]/nfO{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ k|fyldstf lbpmF . kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z'Ns
;dodf g} lt/L ;Eo gful/ssf] kl/ro lbcf}+ .
à kmf]xf]/ hyfefjL ;8s, gfnL, s'nf, vf]nfgfnf, rf}/ st} klg kmfNg] JolQmnfO{, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf cj/f]w
ug]{nfO{ gu/kflnsfsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&% adf]lhd hl/jfgf tyf s}b ;hfo x'g] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf]
Aoxf]/f;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}+ .
à ;jf/L ;fwg hyfefjL ?kdf kfls{Ë gu/f}+ .
à k"j{ klZrd nf]sdfu{ tyf ;xfos dfu{x? ldrL ;8sdf ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L g/fvf}+ .
à cfkm\gf] 6f]nnfO{ xKtfsf] Ps lbg lgoldt ?kdf ;kmf ug]{ u/f}+ .
/];'·f gu/kflnsf
gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no, tD3f;, u'NdL
;ª\3Lotfdf ;+:s[t lzIff
 gj/fh kf08]o …rftsÚ
–;x–k|fWofks – g]=;+=lj=
k/dfgGb ;+:s[t u'/ms'n–ljBfkL7d\
b]j3f6wfd, tgx"F
!= k[i7e"ld
;a} /fi6«sf] cf–cfkm\gf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / klxrfg 5'6\6f5'6\6} x'G5 . h;df
/fli6«o :jfledfg df}nfPsf] x'G5 . /fli6«otf 3gLe"t x'G5 / /fi6«elQmsf]
efjgf h'd'{/fPsf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnL xf], h;n] xfd|f] uf}/jufyfnfO{ af]s]sf] 5 . ToxL g}
xfd|f] k|f0f xf], cfTdfsf] clek|fo JoQm ug]{ dfWod xf] . k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv
rlncfPsf] j}lbs k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t kl/kf6Ldf s]xL yk ljz]iftfn] ;'zf]let
;+:s[lt g} g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt xf] . g]kfnLkg xfd|f] klxrfg xf] . ;+;f/sf]
pRr jL/tf af]s]sf] Oltxf; / ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf xfd|f] ;fg
xf] .
hgs, a'4 / e[s'6L xfd|f cfbz{ x'g\ eg] sfnLu08sL, kz'kltgfy /
n'lDagLn] xfd|f] uf}/j ljZjdf dfly p7fPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL efiff xfd|f]
cl:tTjsf] k|tLs xf] . o;nfO{ ;an agfpg' g]kfnLdfqsf] st{Jo xf] .
cg]s 6'qmfdf lanf nfu]sf] g]kfnnfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ef}uf]lns /
/fhg}lts ?kdf PsLs/0f u/]/ g]kfnsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'gaf6 arfP eg]
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{nufotsf g]kfn hggLsf ;'k'qx?n] eflifs
PsLs/0f u/]/ g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ d2t u/] .
xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf] pb\ud ;|f]t klxnf] / >]i7 u|Gy j]b xf] eg] g]kfnL efiffsf]
pb\ud ;|f]t ;+:s[t xf], To;}n] ;+:s[t efiff g]kfnL efiffsf] hggL xf] .
@= ljifok|j]z
cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] pb\ud:yn g]kfn cfh cg]sf}+ o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gsf
km8\sf dfb}{ /fhg}lts ?kdf gofF Joj:yfcGtu{t ;ª\3Lotfsf] 9fFrfdf k|j]z
u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljleGg ljs[lt / lj;+ultn] sdhf]/ vfn]
dgnfO{ 9nkmNofpg] k|of; ub{5 . To;}n] o:tf] ;dj]bgzLn cj:yfdf
cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf / klxrfg?kL ckf/ lglw hf]ufO/fVg' xfdL ;a}sf]
st{Jo xf] .
g]kfn ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf uO;s]kl5 klg xfd|f] efiff–;+:s[lt / ;Eotfn]
d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd / lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Ddsf ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ Ps ;"qdf
afFw]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;f] geP /fi6« sdhf]/ x'G5, /fi6« g/x] /fHo / hgtfsf]
cl:tTj sNkgf ug'{ lg/y{s x'g hfG5 .
s;}nfO{ ;+;f/af6 gfd]6 ug'{ 5 eg] klxn] p;sf] wd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;dfKt
u/ clg p;sf] efiffnfO{, To;kl5 pm :jtM ;dfKt x'G5 eGg] tYofTds
egfOnfO{ x[boËd u/]/ /fi6«sf ljlwlgdf{tfn] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj arfpg
Psh'6 x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ b'ef{Uoj; cfh To;f] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
#= /fi6«nfO{ cfjZos lzIff
cfh /fi6«nfO{ g}ltsjfg\, rl/qjfg\, OdfGbf/ / ;Ifd JolQmsf] vfFrf] 5 .
g}ltsjfg\, rl/qjfg\ / OdfGbf/ aGgsf] nflu g}lts lzIffsf] cWoog
cfjZos kb{5 . xfd|f] b]z cfh lzIff If]qaf6 cufl8 a9\g] k|of; ub}{5, t/
sltko z}lIfs sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f xfd|f] wd{, ;+:s[ltsf k|lts"n s'/fn]
;dfhdf ljs[lt / lj;+ult lgDTofpg'sf ;fy} g}ltstfxLg, cfr/0fe|i6,
csd{0o hdft pTkfbg ug]{ ynf] ag]sf 5g\ lzIffnox? . eljiosf
s0ff{wf/ xfd|f afnaflnsfx?df cfkm\gf] df}lns ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf /
g}ltstfsf] 1fg x'g] lzIff gLlt b]zdf nfu" ug'{ h?/L 5 .
h'g lzIffn] ;';+:sf/ lbg ;Sb}g To:tf lzIffaf6 ;dfhdf pR5[ª\vntf,
p208tf, cg'zf;gxLgtf / cfTdljZjf;sf] cefj df}nfpF5 . ;Gtltn]
cfkm\gf afa'cfdfk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{, ;dfhdf s'g ?kn] k|:t't x'G5
eGg] s'/f p;sf] lzIffdf e/ kb{5 . lzIffsf] hu g} ;';+:sf/ xf], h;af6
cg'zfl;t, ;';+:s[t, eJo, ;Eo ;dfhsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . ;+:ff/nfO{ cfh
To:t} cg'zfl;t, ;Ifd / st{Jolgi7 JolQmx?sf] vfFrf] 5 .
cfh 3/o;L ;+:sf/ lalu|g'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs cg'zf;g / g}ltstfljxLg
lzIffn] ubf{ ljBfno, dxfljBfno / ljZjljBfnox?af6 pTkfbg eO/x]sf]
lzlIftju{ ;+:sf/xLg, g}ltstfxLg, cfTdljZjf;ljxLg / c;Ifd ePs} sf/0f
a]/f]huf/Lsf] l;sf/ eO{ hLljsf lgjf{xsf] nflu ljb]z knfog x'g afWo
ePsf] 5 . To;}n] b]zdf cfh ;+:sf/d"ns, 1fgd'vL / Jofj;flos lzIffsf]
cfjZostf a9]sf] 5 .
;dfhsf k|a'4ju{, ;d:t cleefjs, /fi6«sf gLlt lgdf{tf / lhDd]jf/L txdf
cf;Lg JolQmx?n] ;dod} lzIff k4ltsf] af/]df ljrf/ gug]{ xf] eg] xfd|f
afnaflnsfX?n] ;';+:sf/o'Qm cfTdan a9fpg] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff kfpg
;Sb}gg\ . kmntM g]kfn ljb]zsf] nflu dhb"/ pTkfbg ug]{ b]zsf] ?kdf
kl/0ft x'g ;Sg]5 . To;}n] cfkm\gf jl/kl/sf xfjf, kfgL, df6f], ;dfh /
jftfj/0fsf] af/]df 1fg x'g'sf] ;fy} cfxf/–ljxf/, :jf:Yo, s[lif, jg:klt,
e"ue{, vuf]n, e"uf]n cflb dfgjhLjg;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] ljifoj:t'sf] j}1flgs
cfwf/df cWoog x'g'kb{5 . cfWoflTds bz{gsf l;4fGt / ef}lts ljsf;sf
k|ljlwx?nfO{ ;Fu} cfTd;ft\ u/L 1fg / lj1fgsf] ;dGjo ePsf] lzIff
k4lt b]zdf nfu" eP z}lIfs a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of;d]t pTkGg x'g] lyPg .
$= ;ª\3Lotfdf lzIff
g]kfn /fhg}lts ?kn] ;ª\3Lotfdf cufl8 a9\b}5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf /fli6«o
/ k|fb]lzs lzIffgLlt Pp6} x'g'kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ /fhgLltsf] 3]/feGbf dfly
/fVg'kb{5 . lzIffdf /fhgLltsf] k|efj k¥of] eg] To;n] lzIff If]q g}
wldlnG5 / To:tf] lzIffsf] :t/Lotfk|lt k|Zg lrXg v8f x'G5 . kl/0ffddf
To:tf] lzIff ljZjdfGotfsf] s;Laf6 ku]{lng ;S5 .
%= ;ª\3Lotfdf ;+:s[t lzIff
ljZj dfglrqdf ef}uf]lns ?kdf cToGt ;fgf] /x]sf] g]kfn ;+:s[t lzIff /
k"jL{o ;+:s[ltsf] sf/0f c?eGbf >]i7, cfb/0fLo / dxfg\ dflgG5 .
g]kfnhggLsf] sfvdf hlGdPsf a'4n] wd{, ;+:s[ltsf] dfWodaf6 ljZjdf
a'4wd{sf] ?kdf gofF wd{ :yflkt u/]/ ljZjljVoft eP . cfh w]/} /fi6«
a'4wd{sf cg'ofoL 5g\ / g]kfnnfO{ a'4s} sf/0fn] tLy{ dfGb5g\ .
ljZjsf ;d:t lxGb"sf] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf s]Gb| j]b, k'/f0f, /fdfo0f,
dxfef/t cflb u|Gysf lj:tf/ Pj+ lgdf{0fstf{ j]bJof;sf] hGde"ld g]kfn,
ljZjsf] clt>]i7td ;+:s[t Jofs/0fsf lgdf{tf kfl0flgsf] tk:yn /
sd{:yn g]kfn, kz'kltgfysf] b]z g]kfn, ;u/dfyfsf] b]z g]kfn, e[s'6L,
hgs / ;Ltfsf] b]z g]kfn ;+:s[t lzIffaf6} cufl8 a9]sf] xf] . ;+:s[t
lzIffljgf oxfFsf] cl:tTj /xg ;Sb}g .
g]kfn ;ª\3Lotfdf kl/0ft eO;s]kl5 klg /fli6«o lzIff k4ltcg'?k
;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ cem k|f]T;fxg lbg'kb{5 .
æ;+:s[t+ gfd b}jLafuGjfVoftf dxlif{leM .Æ -sfJofbz{, b08L_ cyf{t\ ;+:s[t
b]jefiff xf] . To;sf] sf/0f xfdL klg b]jtfsf] sf]l6df k'Ug ;S5f}+ . olb
bfgj g} aGg' 5 / cwMktgsf] af6f]df nfUg'5 eg] t h] dg nfU5 ToxL
u/] eof] . hLjg / hut\nfO{ ;'Gb/ kfg'{5 eg] ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ cjnDag
ug'{kb{5 . /fi6«nfO{ ;Eo, eJo / ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu ;+:s[t lzIff
ckl/xfo{ 5.
^= jt{dfg lzIff k4ltaf6 pTkGg ;d:of
xfd|f] lzIff k4ltdf /x]sf] s]xL sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ /fi6« t kl5 k¥of] g}, hgtf
klg ;Ifd, hfu?s / :jfjnDaL aGg ;s]gg\ . cfh cfkm}df ljZjf; 5}g,
cfkm\gf] b]zdf e/f];f 5}g, /fi6«klt lhDd]jf/L / OdfGbf/L 5}g . /fi6«sf]
;lrj, k|fWofks h:tf] pRr cf]xbfdf /x]sf] JolQm cd]l/sfsf] l8eL k/]/
dSv 5 . ToxfF uP/ s}bLem}+ lg/Lx ag]/ a:g' kbf{ p;nfO{ nfh nfUb}g .
g]kfndf /x]sf] cfkm\gf] ;j{:j 5f8]/ ljb]zdf a:g dg k/fpF5 . cfkm\gf]
;DklQ ljb]zdf /fVg kfpFbf 9'Ss / ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; ub{5 . o;df
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] lzIff k4lt w]/} c+zdf sf/s ag]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg lzIff k4ltaf6 pTkGg ;d:ofx? a'Fbfut ?kdf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M–
!= g}ltstfxLg, cfrf/e|i6 hdftsf] lgdf{0f x'g',
@= /fi6«, /fli6«otf / b]zelQmsf] efjgf hfu[t gePsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f x'g',
#= cfTdljZjf; / st{Jo k/fo0ftf/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'g',
$= ;Lk / hfFu//lxt c;Ifd ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f x'g',
%= cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / Oltxf;k|lt cgle1 ;d"x lgdf{0f x'g',
^= lzlIft a]/f]huf/ ;+Vofsf] j[l4 x'g',
&= k/fjnDaL x'g'kg]{ afWotfsf] lzsf/ x'g', cflb .
&= cfjZos lzIffsf] :j?k
Jofjxfl/s, ;Lkd"ns / 1fgjw{s lzIffaf6 g} JolQmTj, ;dfh / b]zsf]
pGglt x'g ;Sb5 . k':tsLo 1fgdfq lzIff geP/ hLjgf]kof]uL Pj+
;dfhf]kof]uL lzIffsf] g} cfh cfjZostf 5 . cflTds ;'vsf] nflu g}lts
lzIff / ef}lts ;'vsf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff ;j{;'ne x'g'kb{5 . h;af6
JolQmTjsf] ljsf;, ;dfhsf] pTyfg / /fi6« ;an x'g ;Sb5 .
*= jt{dfg z}lIfs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
!= sIff tLgb]lv :gfts tx;Dd g}lts lzIffsf] clgjfo{ k7gkf7g
x'g'kb{5 .
@= g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff Pj+ clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] dft[efiff ePsf]
x'Fbf sIff ! b]lv :gfts;Dd clgjfo{ x'g'kb{5 .
#= g]kfnL efiff Pj+ ;+;f/sf clwsf+z efiffsf] hggL ;+:s[t efiff ePsf] /
ljZjsf] ;j{>]i7 jfª\don] ;d[4 tyf kl/k"0f{ ePsf] ;+:s[t efiff sIff
tLgb]lv :gfts tx;Dd Ps ljifo k7gkf7g x'g' clgjfo{ 5 .
$= z}lIfs ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLltsf] cv8f gagfO{ ljz'4 z}lIfs jftfj/0fdf
;Lkd"ns, cfod"ns, /f]huf/Ld"ns, k|fljlws ljifo cWoog ug{ ;a}nfO{
;xh x'g'kb{5 .
%= xfd|f] ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf / k/Dk/f j}lbs jfª\doaf6 pTkGg ePsf] x'Fbf
To;sf] ;+/If0f / cfTdklxrfgsf] nflu klg ;+:s[t jfª\dosf] cWoog
ug{ kfpg' ;a} g]kfnLsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo ePsf]n] tbg's"nsf] lzIff
k4lt nfu" x'g'kb{5 .
^= g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf / k/Dk/fsf] hu eTsfpg] s'rqm rf/}lt/af6
rln/x]sf] x'Fbf ;dod} ;r]t eO{ u'/ms'n lzIff / ;+=df=lj=nfO{ ljz]if
k|f]T;fxg lbg ;/sf/n] cfjZos sbd rfNg'kb{5 .
&= g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno, ;+:s[t u'/ms'n / ;+=df=lj=x?sf] aLrdf
kf/:kl/s z}lIfs ;DaGw :yfkgf u/L k7gkf7g / k/LIff k|0ffnL
r':tb'?:t x'g'kb{5 .
oL ;ft a'Fb] ;'emfjdf ;DalGwt pRr lgsfosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5' .
)))
ls/0f k':tsfno
tD3f;, u'NdLaf6
Ps bh{geGbf a9L k':tsx¿ k|sflzt
ePsf 5g\ . u'NdLaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ oL k':tsx¿ vf]hL vf]hL k9\g'xf];\ .
3/, 3f6 / dfG5]
 8f= slkn nfld5fg]
l;4fy{gu/, e}/xjf, ?kGb]xL
l5d]sLsf] b]xfGt ePsf] lyof] . pgLx? ;lqmo eO{ bfx;+:sf/ ;s]/ 3/tkm{{
kmls{b} lyP . hn]sf 7'6f d'9fx?sf] b[Zo / d;fg] uGwaf6 pgLx?
ps';d's'; eO;s]sf lyP . ToxfFaf6 ca eg] 6fl9Fb} lyP . Pp6f c;n
;fdflhs sfo{stf{nfO{ clGtd labfO ug'{kbf{ dg ef/L eO/x]sf] lyof] .
pgsf] k|z+;f ub}{ pgLx? af6f] sf6\g yfn] .
æpgL ;f/} c;n lyP . slxNo} s;};Fu pgsf] emu8f ePsf] yfxf 5}g .Æ
æpgn] slxNo} s;}sf] s'enf] lrtfpg;Dd klg lrtfPgg\ n .Æ
æpgn] lbn vf]n]/ ;a}nfO{ ;xof]u u/]y] . To:tf] kf] dfG5] ÛÆ
æToxL eP/ t d eG5', s] lnP/ cfPsf lyof}F clg s] lnP/ hfG5f}F .
sdfPsf] ;a} oxLF /xG5 . Psl5gsf] tF tF / d d dfq . = = laTyfdf ÛÆ
æs'/f 7Ls xf] . c;n sd{dfq ;fy hfG5g\ . b'lgofFn] a'em] kf] .Æ
æpgn] b]vfPsf] af6fdf lxF8\g' g} pgLk|lt ;Rrf >4f~hln x'g]5 .Æ
æ7Ls xf] . b'lgofFn] a'em] kf] .Æ
pgLx? l5d]sLsf ;Tsd{sf] rrf{ ub{} af6f] sf6\b} lyP .
cs:dft\ af6f]sf 5]pd} Pp6f emf]nf b]vfk¥of] . emf]nfdf PSsfl; b'a}sf
cfFvf lu4 em}F emlD6P . b'a} ldn]/ ToxLF 5]pdf 6'qm'Ss a;]/ Ps}l5gdf
emf]nfsf] km6fkm6 zNolqmof u/] . emf]nfdf df]afOn, s]xL gub, cf}F7L, l;qmL
/x]5g\ . pgLx?sf cFvfdf cs:dft\ v';L 5rlNsof] . pgLx?n] ;a}
kfO{kfO{ lx;fa u/]/ afF8] . yf]/} lrQ ga'em\bf egfeg klg eof], t/ Tof]
k/fnsf] cfuf] em}F t'?Gt} lglexfNof] . 5'l§g] a]nfdf pgLx?n] dgdg} eg],
æjf:tjd} pgL ;f/} c;n dflg; /x]5g\ .Æ
d[ts l5d]sLsf] c;nkgsf] pFrfO PSsfl; emg\ a9\of] . 7"nf] pknlAw
ePsf] dx;'; ub}{ pgLx? k|;GglrQ a]n}df 3/ k'u] .
)))
cfl:ts / gfl:ts M 5nkmn
 pQ/s'df/ k/fh'nL
c3f{vfFrL, xfn M sf7df8f}+
;+:s[t efiffdf cl:tsf] cy{ …5Ú, …xf]Ú x'G5 . ;f]emf] cy{df …5Ú eGg]x?
cfl:ts x'g\ . t/ s] s'/f …5Ú elgPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fn] ax; nDafrf}8f
aG5 . zAbsf]zn] cfl:tssf] cy{ o;/L u/]sf] 5— k/nf]ssf] cl:tTj
dfGg], k/nf]sdf >4f jf cf:yf /fVg], j]b, O{Zj/, k"j{hGd, k/hGd cflbdf
ljZjf; /fVg] O{Zj/jfbLnfO{ cfl:ts elgG5 .
cl:tsf cufl8kl§ g hf]l8P/ gfl:t zAb aG5 . To;}n] gfl:ts zAbsf]
cy{ O{Zj/, b]jtf, k/nf]s, k'gh{Gd cflb gdfGg], k/nf]s 5}g eGg], j}lbs
wd{df ljZjf; g/fVg], j]bnfO{ gdfGg] jf j]bsf] lgGbf ug]{, k/dfTdf jf
ljZjljwftfnfO{ gdfGg] elgPsf] 5 .
of] kl/efiff s;n] u¥of] < s'g lsQfdf -cfl:ts jf gfl:ts_ a;]/ u¥of] <
eGg] s'/f 5nkmnsf] ljifo x'g ;S5 . dflysf] kl/efiff egf}F jf lsQfsf6
egf}+ slt ts{;Ët 5 eGg] s'/f klg rrf{of]Uo ljifoj:t' aGg ;S5 . oxfF
cWofTdjfbL jf cfl:ts / ef}ltsjfbL jf gfl:tssf] 5f]6f] ax;sf] tf/tDo
ldnfOPsf] 5 .
cWofTdjfbL — …a|Xd ;To+ hulGdYofÚ a|Xd ;To xf] / hut\ jf ;+;f/
em"7f] xf] . of] xfd|f] cfbz{ xf] . ;To ;w} ;To g} x'g'k5{ . ;To ;w} pxL
x'g'k5{ . ;+;f/ kl/jt{gzLn 5 / ;f+;fl/s s'g} klg j:t' ;To x'g
;Qm}g . ;+;f/ dfof xf] . …dfÚ eg]sf] …xf]OgÚ eg]sf] xf] / …ofÚ eg]sf] …of]Ú
xf] . cyf{t\ dfofjL j:t' ;To x'g ;Qm}g eGg] s'/f cfkm}n] cYof{O/x]sf] 5 .
lxhf] gePsf] s'/f cfh x'g] / cfh ePsf] s'/f ef]ln gx'g]nfO{ s;/L ;To
eGg] < To;}n] lg/~hg -/Ë gePsf]_ / lg/fsf/ -cfsf/ gePsf]_ k/a|Xd
k/dfTdf g} Ps ;To xf] . /Ë gePsf]n] slxNo} lkmsf, uf9f x'g] s'/f
ePg . cfsf/ gePsf]n] ;fgf], 7"nf], rf/s'g], kfFrs'g], cUnf], xf]Frf] cflbsf]
;d:of klg /x]g . cyf{t\ kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of g} ePg . To;}n] ;To k/a|Xd
dfq} 5 .
ef}ltsjfbL — klxnf] s'/f t of] cfl:ts / gfl:tssf] kl/efiff 7Ls 5}g .
kl/efiff ug]{ JolQm t6:y x'g'k5{ . t/ dflysf] kl/efiff :j3f]lift cfl:tssf]
/Ë g;fg;fdf t/lËPsf JolQmn] agfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f 3fd h:t} 5n{Ë
5 . xfdLn] h] 5 ToxL ;To xf] eG5f}F . xfd|f 1fg]lGb|on] h] cg'ej u5f}{F
To;}nfO{ ;To eG5f}F . 1fg]lGb|o kx'Frkfl/sf] s'/f s;/L ;To x'g ;S5 <
s;/L l:jsfg{ ;lsG5 / < x'Fb} gePsf] O{Zj/nfO{ 5 eGg] / b]v], hfg]sf],
ef]u]sf] s'/fnfO{ x}g, 5}g, em"7f] xf] eGg] oL cWofTdjfbLsf s'/fnfO{ jf:tjd}
Ps af}n¶Lkgsf] k|df0f xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
cWofTdjfbL — ef}ltsjfbLn] elgg] ;To gfr3/sf] /Ëd~rdf km\oflsPsf]
/lËg k|sfzn] b]lvg] b[Zo h:Tf} xf] . s'zntfk"j{s km\oflsPsf] k|sfzn]
/Ëd~rdf h;/L ToxfFsf] jf:tljs, b[ZonfO{ b]Vg lbO/x]sf] x'Fb}g To;}u/L
jf:tljs cfTdfnfO{ klxrfg gu/L ef}ltstfdf ;To :yflkt ug{ vf]H5g\ oL
ef}ltsjfbLx?n] . Ifl0fs hfb"u/LnfO{ ;To dfGbf To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{
ufx|f] x'G5 . kfgLsf] kmf]sf] lt M lt M eGbfeGb} km'6\5 . x]g{ jf b]Vg
vf]Hg]n] vf]O vf]O eGbfeGb} km'6\5 / b]vfpg ;lsb}Fg . o:tf] If0feª\u'/
klg ;To x'G5 / < ;To t c6n, ch/, cd/ x'g'k5{ .
ef}ltsjfbL — Tof] b]Vg, ;'F£g, 5fDg, rfVg, ;'Gg g;lsg] ;ToeGbf
Ifl0fs ;To w]/} u'gf 7"nf] x'G5, dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . kl/jt{gzLn ;+;f/df
ckl/jt{gzLn ;To vf]Hg' Ps cgfjZos emd]nf dfq xf] . u'l8/x]sf],
pl8/x]sf] oftfoftsf ;fwgdf a;]/ l:y/ 5' eGg] e|d dfq} xf] . kfgLsf]
kmf]sf b]lvPsf] Ifl0fs ;To xf] / Ps}l5gkl5 ;f] kmf]sf gePsf] jf
cl:tTjxLg ePsf] plQs} ;To xf] . To;f] xf]Og eGg] xf] eg] JolQm c;To,
jQmf c;To, >f]tf c;To clg ;a} z'4 c;To} c;Tosf] hd36df 1fgftLt
;Tosf] ax; ug'{ :ofnsf] l;ªsf] ;Gbe{df ax; ug'{ h:t} xf] .
cWofTdjfbL — oL ef}ltsjfbLx? 1fgrIf'-1fgsf cfFvf_, k|1frIf'df
ljZjf; gu/L s]jn rd{rIf'sf b[Zosf] dfq} s'/f u5{g\ . of] g} pgLx?sf]
cNk1tf xf] . ha;Dd 1fgrIf' v'Nb}g ta;Dd JolQm v;]sf] kfth:t}
xfjfsf] nxnx}df stfstf a/flnG5 . p;df :jTj egf}F jf cfkm\gf]kg
x'Fb}g . 1fg]lGb|odf cg]s e|d x'G5g\ . sdnlkQsf] /f]uLn] ;+;f/ kx]Fnf]
b]Vb}df ;+;f/ ;a}n] kx]Fnf] b]Vb}gg\ . Hj/f]sf] la/fdLnfO{ vfgf dL7f] nfu]g
eGb}df vfgf jf:tjd} gdL7f] x'Fb}g, lkgf;sf la/fdLn] uGw yfxf gkfpFb}df
;a}sf] ;'F£g] zlQm x/fPsf] x'Fb}g, sfgdf sfg]s'hL el/Psfn] dw'/ cfjfh
;'g]g eGb}df ;a}sf] Tof] ;d:of x'Fb}g, kIf3ftn] :kz{ zlQm u'd]sf] cËn]
tftf] lr;f] yfxf kfPg eGb}df s'g} j:t'sf] tftf] lr;f]kg x/fpFb}g . o:tf
;d:of oL cfwf/e"t txsf] ef}ltsjfbLdf b]lvg] ;d:of x'g\ . t/
pRr:t/sf ef}ltsjfbLx?n] cg'e"lthGo 1fgrIf' -1fgsf cfFvf_ vf]n]/ s}of}F
l;f4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . kbfy{sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] 6'qmf k/df0f'nfO{
rd{rIf' -gfËf] cfFvf_ n] s;n] b]VGg ;S5 / < cem To;leqsf On]S6«f]g,
k|f]6f]g, Go"6«f]g t b]Vg ;lsg] s'/} ePg . tL On]S6«f]g klg ljleGg sIfdf
3'D5g\ eGg] s'/f cfFv}n] b]v]/ kTofPsf] sxfF xf] / < cfFvfn] b]lvg] k|sfz
(visible light) / cfFvfn] gb]lvg] k|sfz (Invisible light) eg]/
pgLx?n] g} JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . b]Vg, 5'g, 5fDg, ;'F£g, ;'Gg, rfVg
g;lsg] s'/fsf] klg t cl:tTj :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . oL s'/fn] ef}ltsjfbLx?sf]
of] cj:yf cfWofTdjfblt/ ;ª\qmd0f ug]{ Ps k|f/lDes kfOnf xf] eGg
;lsG5 .
ef}ltsjfbL — -s'/f] t ;fFRr} tl/sfn] kS8] t oL cWofTdjfbLx?n]_
jf:tjdf xfdL cfl:ts xf}F . cfl:ts zAb ;+:s[tsf] cl:t zAbjf6 ag]sf]
xf] . cl:tsf] cy{ x'G5 …5Ú jf …xf]Ú . gfl:tsf] cy{ x'G5 …xf]OgÚ jf …5}gÚ .
s'g} s'/f x'g' elgg'n] p;sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . xfdL ePsf] s'/fnfO{
5 eG5f}F . xfdL cl:tTjjfbL xf}F / t cfl:ts xf}F . cfzfjfbL xf}F .
cWofTdjfbLx? b]lvg], 5fldg] s'/fnfO{ em"7 c;To eG5g\ . xf]Og, 5}g
eG5g\ . To;}n] cWofTdjfbLx? jf:tjdf gfl:ts x'g\ . tL lg/fzfjfbL x'g\ .
cWofTdjfbL — -jf:tjdf s'/f] NofP t oL ef}ltsjfbLx?n]_ ef}ltsjfbLx?
O{Zj/ 5}g eG5g\ . of] g} pgLx?n] O{Zj/k|ltsf] cf:yf jf ljZjf; xf] .
cl:tTjdf gcfO{sg s'g} s'/fsf] cefj x'Fb}g . xfd|f] hfgsf/Ldf gcfPsf
y'k}| s'/f 5g\ . t/ tL s'/fsf] ;Gbe{ lnP/ 5}g eGb}gf}F . 5}g, xf]Og eGg'sf]
cy{ cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . To;}n] ef}ltsjfbLx?n] O{Zj/ 5}g eGg' /
O{Zj/ k/dfTdfnfO{ dflGbg eGg'n] g} cl:tTj :jLsf/]sf] 7x5{ . h:t} s7f]/
ef}ltsjfbLn] klg cfkm\gf] hGdbftf afcfdfnfO{ :jLsf5{ . xh'/af
xh'/cfdfnfO{ :jLsf5{ . of] p;n] k"j{h'gL :jLsf/]sf] xf] . To;}u/L 5f]/f
5f]/L gfltgfltgfnfO{ :jLsf5{ . of] p;n] k'gh{Gd :jLsf/]sf] xf] .
g:jLsfg]{n] plrt ts{ lbg ;Sg'k¥of] . /fd|f] sfd u/] cl3Nnf] hGd ;'w|G5,
csf]{ h'gL ;'w|G5 eg]sf] afcfdf, xh'/af, xh'/cfdf, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, gflt,
gfltgf ;'w|G5g\, pgLx?sf] OHht a9\5 eg]sf] xf] . o;df gdfGg' kg]{
gkTofpg' kg]{ s] s'/f 5 <
ef}ltsjfbL — -s'/f] t NofP x}_ cWofTdjfbLn] j]bnfO{ 1fgsf] d"n cfwf/
dfG5g\ / j]bsf] cfnf]rgf jf v08g ug]{nfO{ gfl:ts eG5g\ . …gfl:tsf] j]b
lgGbsÚ eGg] dGq agfPsf 5g\ cWofTdjfbLn] . j]b dfG5f}F eG5g\ . j]bn]
clUg, hn, ;"o{, rGb|df, jfo'nfO{ b]jtf dfg]sf] 5 . -clUg b]jtf jftf]
b]jtf ;"of]{ b]jtf rGb|df b]jtf j[x:klt b]jtf = = _ oL ;a} ef}lts s'/f x'g\ .
j}lbs dGq zflGt kf7df = = =gdf] a|Xd0f] gd:t] jfof], Tjd]j k|ToIf+ a|Xdfl;
Tjd]j k|ToIf+ a|Xd jflb;+ -a|Xd?k jfo'nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . ltdL k|ToIf a|Xd
xf} . ltdLnfO{ xfdL k|ToIf a|Xd eG5f}F = =_ eg]/ ef}lts j:t'nfO{ a|Xd dfg]sf]
5 . = = = Ct+ jflb;+ ;To+ jflb;+ -/Llt lyltcg';f/sf] ;To af]n"F, k|fs[t
;To af]n"F eg]/ ax';Tosf] s'/f ltg} zflGt kf7df k9\5g\ . t/ To;sf] cy{
dd{ a'‰b}gg\ . oL ;'uf /6'jfx? . cx+ a|Xdfl:d -d g} a|Xd x'F_ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ lgs} dxÎjsf ;fy asasfpF5g\ . Tof] …cx+Ú elgg] d klg t
ef}lts z/L/df cfwfl/t …dÚ xf] . z/L/ljgfsf] …dÚ b]vfpg ;S5g\ / <
cbfntdf klxn] ph'/ ug]{] jfbL x'G5 t/ Tof] kLl8t g} xf] eGg sxfF
;lsG5 / < To;f] eP t km};nfsf] nflu kIfljkIfsf] y'k}| ;'g'jfO lsg
ul//xg'kYof]{ / < oL cWofTdjfbLn] O{Zj/ dfGg] gdfGg]sf] d'2f klxNo} xfn]/
xfdLnfO{ gfl:tssf] laNnf le/fPsf dfq x'g\ . xfdLn] k|ltjfbL hjfkm
glbP/ pgLx?sf] PstkmL{ km};nf ePsf] xf] . ca pgLx?sf ts{ ;lsPsf
5g\ .
cWofTdjfbL — xf] t xfdL ltdLnfO{ -ef}ltsjfbLnfO{_ hLjge/ cNnf/]
a'l4df /dfpg] s'ts{jfbL eGg] uYof}{F . Tof] t xf]Og /x]5 . olQsf] ulx/f
ulx/f ts{ ug]{nfO{, j]b, zf:qsf] h/f], lhnf] s]nfpg]nfO{ s;/L cNnf/]
eGg] / <
ef}ltsjfbL — xf] t, xfdL klg ltdLx? -cWofTdjfbLx?_ nfO{
cGwk/Dk/fjfbL, cGweQm eGYof}F . Tof] t xf]Og /x]5 . olQsf] lj1fg;Ddt
ts{ ug]{nfO{ s;/L cGweQm eGg] / <
cWofTdjfbL / ef}ltsjfbL — nf} ca xfdL b'a} cfl:ts . ca xfdL aLr
s'g} ljjfb, kmf6f] /x]g . …jfb] jfb] hfot] tÎjaf]wÚ eg]sf] oxL xf] .
;+;f/sf s:t} ljjfb, o'4 klg cfk;L jftf{af6} 6'Ëf] nfU5 . ca xfd|f]
ljjfbsf] klg 6'Ëf] nfUof] .
)))
ls/0f k':tsfnoåf/f k|sflzt /fli6«o ;flxlTos

q}dfl;s klqsf ‘xfd|f] k'/miffy{’sf *! cÍ lg:s] .
tkfO{+n] slt cÍ k9\g'eof] < ;a} cÍx¿ ls/0f
k':tsfnodf k9\g ;lsG5 .
cfgGb /fdfo0f / jfNdLls /fdfo0f M
;+lIfKt cg'zLng
 – k|f=8f= Clif/fd kf]v/]n
;'Gb/Lhn g=kf=, sf7df8f}+
cfgGb /fdfo0fsf/ sf] x'g\

eg]/ v'6\ofpg d'l:sn} 5 .
jfNdLlsn] of] /rgf u/]sf],
elgG5, sf]6L–o't kB o:sf] ..!..
tyflk w]/} 36gfx?n],
jfNdLls /fdfo0f n]v] s}n] <
n]v] x'gg\ leGg s'/f b'a}df,
z°f x'g] b]Vb5' kf7s}df ..@..
ljåfg\x?n] ;a u|Gy vf]hL,
u/L oyfof]Uo k|df0f /f]hL .
:ki6\ofpg] sf]lz; ug'{k5{,
ljåfg\ :jo+n] olt a'em\g'k5{ ..#..
Tof] hGdsf] sf08 ;a} a'em]/,
ljnfIfsf] sf08 k9L ;s]/ .
xfF:b} g xfF:g] ls t lv:; xfF:g],
s;f] u/L Gofo lg;fkm ug]{ < ..$..
;Ltf kl/Tofu eof] s;f]/L,
xf] rfxgf jf kl/+aGb x]/L .
6'Ëf] lbg] sfd ge}lbPdf,
ljjfb b]lvG5 b'a} s'/fdf ..%..
Tof] tLy{ofqf clg cZjd]w,
k|;Ë cs}{ nj hGd e]b .
aGbL ag] nId0f jfo'k'q,
zq'3\g ;fy} e/tflb ;fy ..^..
;Ltf :jo+ aGwg d'Qm kfl5{g\,
5f]/f a'emfO{ dg zfGt kfl5{g\ .
:qLdfly, cGofo u/]/ /fd,
s;f]u/L aGg uP …x] /fd ÛÚ ..&..
x/]/ tL sf]zn – /fh sGof,
;fd'b|–u|fxf d'vdf lbPsf .
o:tf cg]sf}+ b'ljwf / z°f,
cfgGb /fdfo0f kf7 ubf{ ..*..
r}tGon] ;f]rL …a'af ÛÚ s;f]/L <
egL p7fP/ k|;Ë hf]/L .
…a'af ÛÚ k9] Wofg cjZo k'Unf,
of b]jsf]6f ;Fu ;f]Wg' knf{ ..(..
uh]Gb| ;'Aaf y/ b]jsf]6f,
s} k'q r}tGo uf]vf{nL s]6f .
5kfOPsf] :d[lt–k'ik x]bf{,
o:tf] eof] Tof] ;a ;f/ n]Vbf ..!)..
ho >L/fd ÛÛ
)))
sf7df8f}+ / a'6jnsf …xfd|f] k'/miffy{{Úsf :yfoL / cfhLjg

u|fxsx?n] lgDglnlvt k':ts k;naf6 cfkm\gf] kl/ro–
kq b]vfP/ ljj/0f n]vfO{ …xfd|f] k'/miffy{{Ú klqsf a'em]/
n}hfgsf nflu xfdL cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
e08f/L a'S; P08 :6]zg/Lh lxdfno a'S; xfp;
eQmk'/ a;:6k glhs} dl0fky, ldngrf]s, a'6jn–!!, ?kGb]xL
afuahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= )&!–%$!))(
kmf]g g+= $@$!$*%÷@^)()^
xfd|f] k'/miffy{ -q}dfl;s_

ls/0f k':tsfno, tD3f;, u'NdL
of] ;dodf æTof] ;dosf]Æ rrf{
 wg/fh lu/L
;f}/fxf, lrtjg
cN5L t xf]Og d k':ts k9\g, sd{ / wd{ g} ;/:jtLsf] dlGb/l;t

hf]l8Psfn] hLjgsf nueu %% j;Gt u|Gyx? rb}{df lat] . cfh oltv]/
j}zfv @( ut] cfOtaf/ rlr{t ljb'ifL zf/bf zdf{s[t æTof] ;doÆ k9]/ EofPF
/ To;dfly cfkm\gf] b[li6 k|If]k0f ub}{5' . aflx/af6 x]l/g] lhGbuL / JolQmn]
cfkm} ef]Ug] lhGbuLdf slt leGgtf x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'em]kl5, 5fd]kl5 dfq
yfxf x'G5 . h] b]lvG5 ToxL g} ;To xf]Og . b/af/ / dxnleq hLjg
slt lg:;fl;Psf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;a't @)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut] z'qmaf/
xf] . cem} klg s'g} s'g} !( ut] z'qmaf/ k/]df d eml:sG5' . æTof] ;doÆ
zLif{sn] g} ljutlt/ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . ;h{s zf/bf zdf{sf] hLjgsf] $
jif{sf] nueu b}lgsL xf] of] . zf/bf zdf{ o:tL ;h{s x'g\ hf];Dd k'¥ofpg]
sfd d]/L 7"nL 5f]/L clgtf lu/Ln] ul/g\ . d}n] pxfFsf ;a} lstfax? k9]sf]
5' . Pp6f k|;Ë M d rfxG5' lzIf0f k]zfdf k|ltefzfnL kfqx? cfpmg\ .
ha 3gZofd zdf{ kf}8\ofn, afa'/fd e§/fO{ / g/xl/ cfrfo{sf af/]df yfxf
kfPF, clg d]/f] dgn] eGof] æoL kfqx? t k|f]km];/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og / <Æ t/
rf0fSo gLlt ;lDembf 7Ls} ePh:tf] klg nfUof] . cem} klg of] b]zdf
/fhgLltdf nfu]sf ultnf dflg;x? k|efjxLg ePh:tf nfU5 . g]kfnL
sfFu|];leq g/xl/ cfrfo{ klg æeLNnsf] b]zdf dl0fÆ eg"Fem}+ nfUof] . æTof]
;doÆ leq zf/bfhLn] g/xl/ cfrfo{Ho"sf] /fhgLlts hLjgsf] oyf;Dej
;To s'/f aflx/ lgsfNg'ePsf] 5 . ædw'afnfb]lv x]df dflngL / /]vf;Dd,
P]Zjof{ /fo;DdÆ cfOk'Ubf d'DaO{ dfofgu/Ldf cg]s ls:;fx? ;'Gg
kfOG5g\ . cfOdfO{ /fd|L gx'g' ;d:of xf] eg] /fd|L x'g' emg\ 7"nf] ;d:of xf]
of] dfgj ;+;f/df . cfOdfO{ cg's"n 5}g of] ;+;f/ . ;To xf] of] s'/f .
gf/LjfbLx?sf] :j/ hfoh xf] . ckjfbnfO{ 5f8]/ /fd|L cfOdfO{sf] xsdf
eujfg\ t 8udufPsf 5g\ eg] hfaf] k'/mif Û lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / ;Gt
g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf af/]df zf/bfhLn] h'g lxDdtsf ;fy n]Vg'eof]
To;nfO{ x/]s dflg;n] cfkm\g} ;f]rfg';f/ cy{ nufpg]5g\ . "The world is
rounding around money and beautiful women" To;} elgPg .
a'9fx?sf] Odfg 8UdufPs} xf] . ;Gt a'9f klg dlxnfsf dfldnfdf 5f8f g}
lyP – ;'g]sf] . sf]O/fnf kl/jf/ of}gsf dfldnfdf clt pbf/ . Tof] t
zf/bf zdf{sf] abf{:t ug]{ Ifdtf lyof] / b'3{6gf ePg . oL rl/qx?
k9]kl5 d}n] cgf}7f] dflgg . of] olQ g} . d'xf/ k'l:tsfdf o;sf] ;f}Gbo{
dLdfD;f eO;s]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf] Pp6f ;b:o /fhgLltdf xf]ld+bf kl/jf/sf]
xfnt s] x'G5 Tof] ef]Ug] d]/f] kl/jf/ klg xf] . a}gL /flwsf k'/LnfO{ gflosf
agfP/ s'g} lbg of] bfOn] pkGof; n]v]5 eg] cgf}7f] gdfg] x'G5 . afa'/fd
k'/L lrtjgsf rlDsnf rf/tf/] . of] klg olQ g} . b'O{ 5f]/L ci6]]l« nof
k9\g, kltb]j /fhgLltdf :jod\;]js . oxL vfFrf]n] k'¥ofof] zf/bfhLnfO{
lbNnL . rf/ jif{ a8f] ;+3if{df latfpg'eof] / cfkm"leqsf] csL{ zf/bfnfO{
lrGg kfpg'eof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, æ;'v d] ;a ;fyL b'Mv d] g sf]O{Æ nfO{
klg a'em\g'eof] . æu0ftGqÆ NofP/ 7Ls eof] jf a]7Ls, /fhtGq kmfn]/ /fd|f]
eof] < oL pgs} æof] ;dodfÆ cg'Ql/t k|Zgx? x'g\ . em08} ækf}g] dfcf]jfbLÚ
aGg'ePsf g/xl/hLn] u0ftGqsf] klxnf] d'2f p7fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfl;t pxfF slt glhs x'g'eof] / slt 6f9f x'g'eof],
Tof] s'/f pxfFnfO{ g} yfxf 5 . t/ @)^* r}t @* sf] r'gfjdf O{Zj/
kf]v/]nsf] tfl/km kf6L{ ;efkltaf6 x'g' z'e ;+s]t lyPg g} . t/ g/xl/hL
xfg'{ePg . pxfFsf] Ph]08f kfl/t eof] . @)&@ ;fn df3 @^ ut]b]lv pxfF
lgliqmo x'g'x'G5 . of] klg olt g} . zf/bfhLn] 7fpF 7fpFdf hLjgsf] leqL
tx;Ddsf s'/fx? p7fpg'ePsf] 5 . Psflt/ æafafÆ k|lt pxfFleq c;Ld k|]d
b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ æof] dfG5]l;t s;/L d}n] #) jif{ latfPFÆ klg
eGg'x'G5 . æ6s/f/ / Kof/Æ ;Fu;Fu} uPem}+ nfU5 . cfkm\gf] c8fgdf kSsf –
b'a} dt dtfGt/ :jfefljs .Æ 3/leq} olt 7"nf] k|ltkIf ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5
;+;b\ t s]xL klg xf]OgÆ g/xl/hL pjfr . ;LtfhL / d klg 5QL;] /
rf}xQ/] ePsf 5f}+ . pgsf] ægf/Lx7Æ uHha . 3/leqsf] s'/f aflx/ NofPdf
5f]/f5f]/Ln] ufnL u5{g\ . gq eg] ;LtfhLn] d]/f] af/]df klg slt n]lVbx'g\ .
elG5g\, æs'g s'g cfOdfO{l;t af]Ng'x'G5, dl;t rflx+ dgsf] s'/f eGg]
xf]Og .Æ jf:tjdf kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf æc;Gt'ngleq g} ;Gt'ng vf]Hg] xf] .Æ
ztk|ltzt v';L ækltkTgLÆ pkGof;, syf / l;g]dfdf dfq xf] . ;'Gb/
;Demf}tf xf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg – jfd u7aGwg h:t} . æd'em] abf{:t gxL s/
kfjf]u]Æ eg]/ ;f;"cfdfn] eGbf cleg]tf ævfdf]zÆ pkm{ æzq'Æ n] hjfkm lbPsf
lyP – æcfk sL a]6L sf] tf] abf{Zt s/ lnof, cfk s\of x} <Æ 3/ 3/sL
sxfgL xf] of] . aflx/ cfpg] / gcfpg] cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf . 7"nL 5f]/L
cgfldsfsf] ljb|f]x klg lkmNdL g} 5 . æd j:t' x'F <Æ d]/f] hLjgsf] lg0f{o d
cfkm}n] ug{ gkfpg] < ;'e|fGtl;t d]/f] ljjfx x'g ;Sb}g eg] d cfhLjg lax]
g} ulb{g .Æ sqf] ljb|f]x . æ5f]/L 7"nL eO5]Æ eg]/ zf/bfhLn] lrQ
a'emfpg'ePsf] 5 . cflv/ cgfldsf cfkm\gf] hLjg ;fyL cfkm} 5fGg ;kmn
ePsL 5g\ . l;8\gLdf /fd|} hLjg latfO/x]5g\, oltv]/ . ;fgL 5f]/L
ckfhLtfsf] ;+3if{ klg p:t} 5 . pgL oltv]/ cd]l/sfdf .
;dli6df o; sfnv08sL æ;j{>]i7Æ ;h{s x'g\ zf/bf zdf{ . ljåfg\ lktf
dx]Zj/ zdf{sf] 5q5fofFdf x'ls{PsL oL ljb'ifL lg8/ l5g\ . nfu]sf] s'/f
n]Vg ;s\l5g\ . ;f]+r w]/} ;sf/fTds 5 . dnfO{ slxn] klg dg gk/]sf
kfq x'g\ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf . t/ ælu4 k'/mifÆ k|lt klg pxfF ;sf/fTds
x'g'x'G5 . n]vgL nf]enfUbf] 5 . tfk / sDk h:t} of] lstfa klg nf]slk|o
x'g]5 / w]/}eGbf w]/} kf7ssf] dfof kfpg]5 . 5fqfx?n] k9"g\ of] lstfa /
b]zsf] s'gf s'gf;Dd of] k':ts k'uf];\ . g/xl/ cfrfo{ h:tf
dflg;x? cf]em]ndf kbf{ cfh bn sxfF k'Uof] . x/]s rf/tf/]n] t of] lstfa
k9\g}k5{ . awfO{ zf/bfhL Û
)))
u'NdLs} uf}/j …ls/0f k':tsfnoåf/f k|sflzt …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Úsf]
lg/Gt/tf, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu d·ndo sfdgf k|s6
ub{5f}+ .
Go" z}nhf sdl;{on ;]G6/

tD3f;, u'NdL
yf]kf, yf]kf u/]/ ufu|L el/G5Ù tkfO{+n] yf]/} yf]/} hDdf ub}{ uP klg w]/} x'G5 .
lgoldt ?kdf art ug]{ afgL a;fnL ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kfg'{xf];\ .
n'lDagL art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=

/fddlGb/nfOg, a'6jn–^, ?kGb]xL
kmf]g M ±(&&–&!–%$@)&@, %$^^&@, km\ofS; g+= M ±(&&–&!–%%))&@
E-mail : lumbinis@yahoo.com, lumbinicop@gmail.com
Hof]ltifzf:qsf] j}1flgs cfwf/ tyf
b}lgs hLjgdf o; ljBfsf] pkof]lutf
 k|f= slkn c1ft
e/tk'/–!@, lrtjg
;jf{lws ;Ddflgt Pjd\ ;jf{lws lt/:s[t x'Fb} cfPsf] ;j{k|frLg zf:q xf] –
Hof]ltifzf:q . of] j]bsf] Ps cË xf] . j]bsf k|d'v if8fË 5g\ – lzIff,
sNk, Jofs/0f, lg?Qm, 5Gb / Hof]ltif . oL cËx?df Hof]ltifnfO{ g]q
elgG5 . cËx?df g]qsf] dxÎj clws 5 . g]qn] c?nfO{ dfq b]Vb}g,
cfkm}nfO{ klg b]Vb5 . To;}n] Hof]ltif kmnsygsf lglDt dfq xf]Og
cfTdd"Nof°g / cfTdbz{gsf lglDt klg xf] . of] j]bfËleq kg]{ Ps lj1fg
xf] .
…u|xfwLgd\ hut\;j{d\Ú Hof]ltifn] hLjghut\nfO{ b}jsf] cwLg atfpF5 .
To;}n] Hof]ltif b}jaf]ws jf sfnaf]ws zf:q xf] . b}j g} ljZj l;h{gfsf]
x]t' xf] . a|Xdfn] ;[li6 u5{g\, lji0f'n] kfng u5{g\, lzjn] ;+xf/ u5{g\ eGg]
zf:qLo dfGotf 5 . j}lbs sfnb]lv clxn];Dd Hof]ltifzf:qn]
nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Hof]ltifaf6} ul0ftsf] ljsf; ePsf]
xf], Hof]ltifaf6} jf:t'zf:qsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf], Hof]ltifaf6} cfo'j]{b cflbsf]
klg ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o:t} s}of}+ ljifo Hof]ltifaf6} ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ .
hLjghut\sf hlt ljifo 5g\, tL s'g} g s'g} ?kdf Hof]ltif;Fu hf]l8Psf
5g\ . oyfy{df Hof]ltif k|ToIf zf:q xf] . o;sf ;fIfL ;"o{ / rGb| 5g\ .
…oTa|Xdf08] tlTk08] olTk08] tTa|Xdf08]Ú hf] a|Xdf08df 5 Tof] z/L/df 5,
hf] z/L/df 5 Tof] a|Xdf08df 5 . xfd|f] z/L/ k~rdxfe"t tÎj cyf{t\ k[YjL,
hn, t]h, jfo', cfsfz ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . j}lbs Hof]ltifcg';f/ klg xfd|f]
;f/f hLjghut\ gju|x ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . gju|xdf ;ftu|x b[Zo jf d"t{ 5g\
b'O{ /fx' / s]t' cb[Zo jf cd"t{ 5g\ . dflg;sf ;d:t ultljlw pmhf{
;+/r/0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . pmhf{ b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ – -!_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ / -@_
ljleGg u|xsf u'?TjLo pmhf{ . ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] k|wfg u|x ;"o{ xf] . ;"o{
;d:t r/fr/sf] clwi7ftf xf] . k[YjLdf hlt klg ultljlw, 36gf,
kl/36gfx? 3l6t x'G5g\ tL ;a}sf] cfwf/ ;"o{ xf] . b}lgs hLjgdf ;"o{sf]
k|efj ;j{dfGo 5 . cGo u|xx? ;"o{s} cË x'g\ . tL ;a}sf] u'?TjLo pmhf{
xfd|f] z/L/df k5{ / xfd|f] z/L/ ;f]xL ?kn] ;~rflnt x'G5 .
;"o{, rGb|df, k[YjL, d+un, j[x:klt cyf{t\ ;f/f ;f}o{d08n k|s[lt xf] . k|s[lt
k"/} lgoda4 5 . ToxL lgodsf] cWoog Hof]ltifzf:qdf x'G5 . cfw'lgs
lj1fg / Hof]ltifzf:qdf s] leGgtf 5 eg] Ps k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /x]/ s'g}
ljifosf] eljiojf0fL u5{ eg] csf]{ u|xultsf ljifosf] u0fgfdf cfwfl/t
/x]/ eljiojf0fL u5{ .
Hof]ltifsf klg d'Vo b'O{ zfvf 5g\ – ul0ft / kmlnt . To;f] t Hof]ltifsf
tLg :sGw 5g\ M l;4fGt, ;+lxtf / xf]/f . t/ oxfF b'O{ eGg' ;dLrLg
b]lvG5 . u0fgfåf/f x'g] Hof]ltif l;4fGt Hof]ltif xf] . Tof] sfnsf] u0fgf
ug]{ k"0f{tof lj1fg xf] . To;df s'g} ljjfb 5}g lsGt' h'g kmlnt 5 To;df
lgs} ljjfb 5 . ljjfbsf sf/0f klg :jfefljs 5g\ lsgeg] To;df lgs}
dtdtfGt/x? /x]sf 5g\ . ljjfb klg w]/} 5g\, lj/f]wfef; klg w]/} 5g\ .
hlt ljjfb / lj/f]wfef;x?sf] l:ylt /x] klg of] ts{;Ddt / lj1fg;Ddt
5 . u|xultl:ylts} cfwf/df ul/g] eljio syg x'gfn] of] lj1fg xf] .
Hof]ltif cg]s 5g\ M x:t–Hof]ltif, c°–Hof]ltif, :jKg–Hof]ltif, zs'g–Hof]ltif,
ju{–Hof]ltif, nIf0f–Hof]ltif cflb t/ of] u|xHof]ltif cGoh:tf] xf]Og . o;sf
cfkm\g} df}lns nIf0f / ljz]iftf 5g\ . o;df cGwljZjf;sf s'/f ;fd]n
gu/fpg] xf] / u|xs} u'0fwd{, k|s[ltcg';f/ kmn Joj:yf x'g] xf] eg] o;sf]
k|efjf]Tkfbstfdf klg cjZo j[l4 x'g]5 / Hof]ltifsf] uf}/j ul/df a9\g]5 .
ljZjljVoft ts{zf:qL /hgLzn] klg Hof]ltifnfO{ cå}t lj1fg dfg]sf 5g\ .
pgn] cg]s pbfx/0f / b[i6fGt lbP/ Hof]ltifsf] j}1flgstf l;4 u/]sf
5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ – æ;ft ;f} jif{sf] nfdf] Oltxf;df ;"o{df hlxn]
b'3{6gf 36\5 ta k[YjLdf klg b'3{6gf 36\b5 . ha ;"o{nfO{ u|x0f nfU5
ta hËnsf kz'k+IfL klg ;hu aGb5g\ . tL rf}aL; 306f klxn]b]lv g}
uLt ufpg jf :j/u'n ug{ aGb ub{5g\ . afFb/x? j[IfnfO{ 5f]8]/ hldgdf
cfpF5g\ . dflg;sf] z/L/df ^% k|ltzt kfgL 5 . g"g / kfgLsf] ld>0fsf]
cg'kft h'g ;fu/df 5 ToxL cg'kft dflg;sf] z/L/df klg 5 . k"l0f{dfdf
;fu/sf] kfgL clws k|efljt x'G5 eg] dflg;sf] z/L/leq klg kfgL /x]sfn]
dflg; lsg k|efljt x'g ;Sb}g < cjZo klg k|efljt x'G5 . ;"o{df slxn]
:kf6\; -wAaf_ a9\5g\, slxn] 36\5g\ . ha ;"o{sf :kf6\; a9\5g\ ta
k[YjLsf dflg; la/fdL k5{g\, ha ;"o{sf :kf6\; sd x'G5g\ ta dflg; sd
la/fdL k5{g\ . o; tYonfO{ cfw'lgs lrlsT;sn] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
x/]s !! jif{df ;"o{df ha lj:kmf]6 / pTkft x'G5 ta k[YjLdf klg o'4 /
pTkft a9\5g\ . ;"o{af6 k[YjL hlGdof], k[YjLaf6} xfdL hlGdof}+ . xfdL
;"o{af6 cnu 5}gf}+ . xfdL ;"o{af6} b"/;Dd km}lnPsf kft xf}+ . ;d:t
;[li6hut\sf] d"n ;"o{ xf] . xfdL To;}sf km}lnPsf nx/f xf}+ . oL ;a}
tYox?af6 ;fljt x'G5 Hof]ltif ax't} j}1flgs lrGtg xf], vf]h xf], k|flKt
xf] . Hof]ltifsf b[li6df eljio e"taf6} ag]/ cfPsf] x'G5, ef]ln s] x'G5 eGg]
tYo lxhf]af6} hf]l8P/ cfPsf] x'G5 . ctM of] ctLtaf6} lgl:sPsf] kl/0ffd
atfpg] 1fg xf] .
lj1fgsf] k|f/De kbfy{hut\af6 ePsf] 5 . dflg;n] s]xL lgod hfGof],
To;nfO{ af/af/ k/LIf0f u¥of] . gjLg kl/0ffd lg:s]kl5 To;nfO{ dfGotf
k|bfg u¥of] . lj1fgsf ;a} k|of]u h8\hut\;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ lsGt' Hof]ltif
r]tghut\;uF ;DalGwt 5 . ;+;f/df u|x, gIfq, hLjhGt', h8\r]tg hlt
klg tÎj 5g\ tL ;a} Ps} kl/jf/sf ;b:o 5g\ . k/:k/ Ps–csf{df
k|efljt x'g' g} kl/jf/sf] nIf0f xf] . r]tghut\df :y"n z/L/sf ;fy} ;"Id
z/L/ klg 5 . dg, a'l4 cflb ;"Id tÎj x'g\ . :y"n tÎjeGbf ;"Id tÎj
g} clws anzfnL / j]uzfnL x'G5 . Ps} hGdrqm eP/ klg ljleGg
hftsdf Ps?ktf gePs} sf/0f Hof]ltifnfO{ cj}1flgs 3f]lift ug{
vf]lhPsf] xf] t/ of] cj}1flgs 5}g . pNn" jf nf6f]sf];]/f]n] lbgdf b]Vb}g,
rd]/fn] klg lbgdf b]Vb}g eg]/ ;"o{sf] k|sfz g} 5}g eGg ldNb}g . of]
cb\e't 1fg xf] . o;df lbJotf 5, /x:odotf 5 . o;sf] lrGtgdf cGo
ljifosf] em}+ k/Dk/fut lg/Gt/tf / uDeL/tf Pjd\ zf]wvf]hsf] cIf'00ftf
g/x]sfn] o;df sdL–sdhf]/Lx? klg k|z:t g/x]sf xf]Ogg\ t/ o;k|lt
cf:yf /fvL o;sf] ;xL pkof]u x'g] xf] eg] of] j]bsf] g]qdfq xf]Og o;
nf]ss} klg g]q xf] . ju{ jf ;d"xsf] dfq g]q geO{ k|To]s JolQmsf] lglDt
;d]t cGtg]{q xf] .
;"o{sf] dfq xf]Og ;"o{;Da4 cGo u|x, gIfqx?sf] ljlzi6 ultljlwsf] k|efj
k[YjLsf k|f0fLx?df kb{5 . of] s]jn ljZjf;sf] dfq ljifo g/x]/
zf]wvf]hsf] g} ljifo ePsf] 5 . Pshgf dgf]j}1flgsn] rGb|dfsf snf;Fu
dgf]/f]uLsf] cWoog u/] . cWoog ubf{ ltgn] s] yfxf kfP eg] – æha
k"l0f{df cfpg, yfN5 ta tL dgf]/f]uLdf tgfj, j]r}gL / kfunkg j[l4 x'g
yfN5 . ha k"l0f{df s6]/ cdfjZo cfpg yfN5 ta Tof] 36\g yfNb5 .Æ
rGb|df lj/f6\ k'/mifsf] dgaf6 hlGdPsfn] j]bdf …rGb|df dg;f]hftMÚ elgPsf]
5 . o; b[li6n] rGb|df dgsf] b]jtf xf] . To:t} lj/f6\ k'/mifsf] rIf'af6
hlGdPsf] ;"o{nfO{ cfTdf jf k|f0fsf] b]jtf dflgG5 . To:t} j[x:kltnfO{
ljj]s jf 1fgsf], a'wnfO{ jf0fL jf :j/sf], z'qmnfO{ ljifo;'v jf sfdsf],
zlgnfO{ j}/fUosf] b]jtf tyf d+unnfO{ pT;fx, ;fx; jf k/fqmdsf] b]jtf
dflgG5 .
ltly, af/, gIfq, s/0f / of]unfO{ k~rfË elgG5 . l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
k~rfËsf pkof]lutfdf klg ljjfbsf] s'g} k|Zg 5}g . cfhsf] af/, cfhsf]
ltly s] xf], cf}+;L slxn] k5{, k"l0f{df slxn] cfpF5, d;flGt cfpg slt
lbg 5, ;+qmflGt s'g af/ k5{ . xfd|f nflu oL ;a} u0fgLo 1fg b}lgs
;/f]sf/sf ljifo x'g\ . x'g t ;fdfGo ldlt, af/ hgfpg] Sofn]08/afx]s
k~rfË jf kfqf]sf] s'g} k|of]hg 5}g eGg]x? klg 5g\ . slta]nf pHofnf]
x'G5, slta]nf ;fFem k5{, xfd|f b}lgs ultljlw Hof]ltifs} 1fgaf6 lqmoflGjt
x'G5g\ t/ oxfF Ps 68\sf/f] k|Zg 5, l;4fGt tYok/s 5, u0fgf ljlwaf6
lgof]lht 5 t/ kmlntsf] oxfF s] k|of]hg < xfd|f] b}lgs hLjg,
sfnljwfgdf cfwfl/t 5 / ;dosf] ;"Id1fg ul0ftd} ;lGglxt 5 . Hof]ltif
eg]s} u|x, gIfqs} ;ª\u[xLt ljj/0ffTds 1fg xf] . s'g d'x"t{df s] sfd
ugf{n] s] kmn k|fKt x'G5 < Hof]ltifzf:q dfq atfpF5 . xfd|f ;f/f rf8kj{,
wd{, ;+:sf/ o;}af6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ . xfd|f] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf qmo–ljqmosf
;f/f d'x"t{ klg o;}df lglZrt 5g\ . xn;f/f] ug]{, r'NnL lgdf{0f ug]{, lapm
5g]{, /f]kfOF ug]{, GjfOF vfg], d'7L lng], bfOF ug]{, esf/L eg]{, 3/ 5fpg]b]lv
lnP/ gª sf6\g], bfx|L sf6\g], skfn vf}/g], j:qwf/0f ug]{;Ddsf cg]sf}+
d'x"t{ lgwf{l/t 5g\ . hLjgsf oL ;f/f lemgfdl;gf of]hgf / sfd d'x"t{ x]/]/}
ug'{k5{ egL of] h8Tjsf] cEof; u/ eGg] n]vssf] p2]Zo klg xf]Og .
kmlnt ;Gbe{df n]vsn] b}lgs /flzkmn x]/]/} cfkm\gf ultljlwx?
rnfpg'k5{ eGg vf]h]sf] klg xf]Og . o'4, ofqf, d'2f, ljjfb cflb ljz]if
k|of]hgafx]s To;sf] vf; k|of]hg klg 5}g . dgf]T;fx / cfTdljZjf;n]
s'g} sfd u/] Tolta]n} klg u|xn] ;fy lbG5g\ eGg] k|fjwfg klg Hof]ltifd}
5 . ljz]if k|of]hgdf ltly, ldlt / nIf0f ljrf/ u/]/ rNbf /fd|f] x'G5 eGg]
tYo cfkm}df dxÎjk"0f{ 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf ultljlw / uGtJodf cfTdljZjf;,
pT;fx / dgf]an dxÎjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ t/ ha b'ljwf / cGof}nsf] l:ylt
cfOk5{, cg]sf}+ emd]nf / lj£g–afwfx? cfOk5{g\ ta Hof]ltifn] Ps k|]/0ff /
lgsf; lbG5, cfTdan / cfTdljZjf; hufpF5 . o;}sf lglDt klg Hof]ltif
k/fdz{sf] dxÎjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . zf:qn] pkfox? bzf{pF5 . To;nfO{
kl/l:ylt x]/L ljj]sk"j{s k|of]u ug'{ dflg;sf] wd{ / st{Jo xf] . ljz]if
k|of]hgdf cfTd;dLIff;lxt cl3 a9\gsf lglDt b}lgs hLjgd} o;sf] lgs}
pkof]lutf / dxÎj /x]sf] Aoxf]/f pko'Qm tYoaf6 a'em\g ;lsG5 .
kmlnt zf:qn] kmnsyg u5{ . oL ;a} Jojxf/df 3l6t x'G5g\ eGg
;lsGg . o;sf] klg Ps ;Ldf 5 . h:tf] – /f]u lgbfgdf pkrf/sf] klg
Ps ;Ldf 5, h:t} M j}Bn] /f]usf nIf0fx? ljrf/ u/]/ lgbfg x]t' pkrf/
u5{ To:t} Hof]ltifn] klg u|xbzfsf ultl:yltx?af6 36gfx?sf] k"jf{g'dfg
ub{5 . Hof]ltifn] k"jf{g'dfg t ub{5 t/ Tof] 3l6t g} x'G5 eg]/ :ki6tf;Fu
bfjf ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} s'/f bfjfsf ;fy ls6]/ jf 7f]s]/ eGg ;lsg]
k|fjwfg Hof]ltifdf ax't} sd 5 t/ lrlsT;fdf Tof] bfjf Hof]ltifsf] t'ngfdf
clws x'g ;S5 . cf}iflw k|of]u ub}{ u/]sf hDd} /f]uLx? lgsf] gx'g
;S5g\ . To:t} Hof]ltifn] k"jf{g'dfg u/]sf ;a} s'/f hDd} 3l6t gx'g
;S5g\ . Tof] k|of]ustf{sf] b[li6 1fg / k|of]udf klg lge{/ ub{5 . o;k|sf/
x/]ssf cf–cfkm\g} ;Ldf 5g\ . s'g zf:q slt uxg / Jofks 5 eGg] tYo
cWoog / vf]hn] atfpF5 . hlt ljjfb / ckjfbx? /x] klg Hof]ltif,
j}1flgs lrGtg / zf]wvf]hdf lglxt /x]sfn] of] ;fdfGo zf:q xf]Og .
ljz]if k|of]hgdf cfTd;dLIff;lxt cl3 a9\gsf lglDt b}lgs hLjgd}+ klg
o;sf] lgs} dxÎj / pkof]lutf 5 .
eljiosf] of]hgf / lrGtf ;a}df 5 . x/sf]xL cfkm\gf] eljioaf/] lh1f;'
/xG5 . of] dflg;sf] :jfefljs j[lQ xf] . dflg;n] k|s[lt / kl/l:yltsf]
h]–h:tf] Joj:yf lnP/ cfPsf] 5 pm To;}sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ub5 . Hof]ltif s'g}
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ vf]Hbf–vf]Hb} ha cg]s lj£gafwfx? cfOk5{g\
Pskl5 csf]{ c;kmntf a]xf]b}{ hfg'k5{ ta lgsf; s;/L kfOPnf eGgsf
lglDt hfts Hof]ltifsxfF k/fdz{ ug{ k'Ub5 . sd{ g} gu/L efUon] g}
;ayf]s lbG5 eGg] s'/f Hof]ltifn] slxNo} ub}{g . hlt;'s} cxf]efUo xft
nfUg] eP klg Tof] sd{s} af6f] eP/ cfpF5 . t;y{ sd{ ug{ 5f]8\g x'Fb}g /
hlta]nf u|xk|lts"n x'G5g\ Tolta]nf ;hu xf]pm, ef/L of]hgf gagfpm, 7"nf]
nufgL gu/, hlt a]nf u|x cg's"n 5g\, nfesf] of]u k/]sf] 5 Tof] a]nf
cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy sd{ u/ . Hof]ltifn] lbg] k/fdz{ oxL xf] / o:t} xf] .
kmnsygdf c;Totf a9]/} Hof]ltifk|ltsf] ljZjf; 36]sf] xf] . kmnsyg ubf{
xtf/ gu/L :j:y lrQ / dg lnP/ zf:qLo u|Gyx?sf] cfwf/df kmnsyg
ul/g'k5{ . Ps s'08nLnfO{ Ps k4ltaf6 dfq xf]Og b]z, sfn /
kl/l:ylt;lxt cg]s sf]0faf6 x]g'{k5{ . ta Tof] syg lj:t'/ hfFb}g . s'g
ljlw tYok/s / k|efjf]Tkfbs 5 To;}sf] cg'z/0f ug'{k5{ . clxn] Hof]ltif
;km\6j]o/x? lgdf{0f ePsf] / k|ljlwn] klg ;fy lbO/x]sf] a]nf kmnsygdf
;6Lstf / k|fdl0fstfsf ;fy} k|efjf]Tkfbstf /xg] tYo ;j{ljlbt} 5 .
s'08nLsf k/LIf0f ljlw
s'08nL ljrf/ ug]{ ljleGg ljlw 5g\ . zf]wvf]h ug]{ qmddf ljleGg ljlwx?
ljsl;t ePsf x'g\ . s'g} ToxL ljlwcGtu{t /xL gjLg ljlw ljsl;t ePsf
5g\, h:t}M nUgaf6 gjf+z, b|]isf0f, ;Ktdf+z cflb . s'g} leGg ?kaf6
ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . ljleGg ljlwx? h:t}M kf/fz/Lo–k4lt, h}ldlg–k4lt,
ci6sju{–k4lt, e[u'–k4lt, uf]r/–k4lt, lbgbzf–k4lt cflb . h'g ljlw
jf k4lt l56f]5l/tf] / k|efjf]Tkfbs x'g'sf ;fy} ;6Ls / k|fdfl0fs x'G5
ToxL k4lt ckgfpg' a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .
clxn]sf k|d'v ;d:of jf ljifo eg]sf -!_ sd{, -@_ ljBf, -#_ wg, -$_
ljjfx, -%_ ;Gtfg / -^_ ljb]z x'g\ .
!= sd{ M bzd efjl;t ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . hflu/ kfOG5 ls kfOb}g .
kfOof] eg] s:tf] kfOG5 < hflu/ gkfP Jofkf/ ug{ s;f] x'G5 . s'g
j:t'n] dnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpF5 cyf{t\ s'g j:t' dnfO{ kmfKb5 < oL
sd{hlgt k|Zg x'g\ .
@= ljBf M ljBfljxLg dflg; kz';dfg x'G5 . ljBfn] cnª\s[t x'g'
dflg; ;Eo / ;';+:s[t x'g'sf] kl/rfos xf] . ljBf jf 1fgsf] ;Ldf
5}g . cfhLljsfsf] lglDt k|fKt ul/g] lzIffnfO{ g} oxfF elgPsf] xf] .
1fg, ;Lk / hfFu/ ePsf] dflg; sxL+ ef]sf] a:g'kb}{g . dflg;
slt;Dd k9\5, s:tf] ljifo lnP/ k9\5 jf slt;Dd of]Uo / bIf aG5
. o; ;Gbe{df cfpg] lh1f;fx? o:t} x'G5g\ .
#= wg M wg ;a}sf] k|of]hgdf cfpg] k|d'v ;fwg xf] . b|Jo]if' ;j]{ jzfM
;a} wgs} jzdf 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] pkof]u u/]/ afFRg'
;a}sf lglDt cfjZos 5 . To;}n] wg sdfpg' ;a}sf] Wo]o x'G5 . wg
sd{;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfPsf] j:t' xf] . hLjgdf slt;Dd nfe / ;~ro
x'G5 . o;;DaGwL ;a}sf] lh1f;f /xG5 .
$= ljjfxM ljjfx sxL+–s;}sf] klg klxNo}b]lv to ePsf] x'Fb}g . pd]/,
cj:yf k'u]kl5 sxL+ s;};Fu ;Demf}tf ul/G5 . pd]/ k'u]sf o'jf–o'jtLn]
ljjfx slxn] xf]nf, sxfF–stf xf]nf < eg]/ ;f]Wg] dxÎjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] .
o;df b]z, sfn, kl/l:yltcg';f/ ljrf/ ul/G5 .
%= ;Gtfg M ;Gtfg ;'vsf] cfwf/ xf] / ;xf/f klg xf] . hlt;'s}
>L;DklQ eP/ klg ;Gtfg ePg eg] ;+;f/} cFWof/f]h:tf] nfU5 . ljjfx
ePsf] nfdf] ;do u'lh|Pkl5 ljjflxt hf]8Ln] ;f]Wg] dxÎjk"0f{ k|Zg
;Gtfg xf] .
^= ljb]z M g]kfn w]/} s'/fdf k/lge{/ jf k/fjnlDat 5 . g]kfn ljkGg
b]z ePsf] / /f]huf/sf] kof{Kt cj;/ klg gePsfn] xft–kfv'/f bx|f]
u/L rnfpg ;Sg] a]nf cfP klg cfo;|f]tsf lglDt ljb]zsf] rfxgf
x'G5 . d]/f nflu ljb]zsf] of]u s:tf] 5 < clxn]sf clwsf+z
g]kfnLsf] k|Zg xf] of] . :jb]zleq} /fd|/L l6Sg] jf 6]Sg] cfwf/
gePkl5 clwsf+zdf ljb]zs} df]x hfu]sf] 5 . clxn] o;;DaGwL
lh1f;f Hof]ltifL;dIf a9L cfpg] u5{g\ .
Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf oL ;a} k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ s'g ljlw ckgfpbf /fd|f] x'G5
Tof] Hof]ltifL :jod\n] cfkm\gf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df to ug]{ s'/f xf] .
sxL+ Ps} ljlwn] klg k|Zgsf] /fd|f] pQ/ kfpg ;lsG5 . sxL+ Ps} ljifosf
lglDt ljljw kIf, sf]0f / k4ltaf6 x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL k4lt / ltgsf]
k|of]u o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= ci6sju{ k4lt M ljjfx, k'qk|flKt jf ;Gtfg slxn] x'G5 eGg] k|Zgsf
;Gbe{df of] ljlw clws sfdofj b]lvG5 . ljjfx jf ;Gtfgsf
;'vsf/s j[x:klt x'g\ . o; ;Gbe{df j[x:klts} ;jf{lws z'e/]vf
x]g'{k5{ . uf]r/df j[x:klt ha ;DalGwt efj ljjfxsf] k|Zg eP ;Ktd
/ nUg, ;Gtfgsf] k|Zg eP k~rd / gjd tyf To:t} cg's"n efjdf
cfpFbf k|fKt x'G5 eGg ;lsG5 .
– d slxn] r'gfjdf p7\g /fd|f] xf]nf eGg] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ;"of{i6s
ju{df h'gdf ;jf{lws /]vf 5 / uf]r/df ;"o{ jf /fhof]usf/s u|x
To; efjdf k'U5 ha /fd|f] x'G5 eGg ;lsG5 .
– slxn]b]lv Jofkf/ cf/De ug{ /fd|f] xf]nf eGg] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df
j[x:klt g} k|d'v cfwf/ xf] lsgls d"Nok|bfos / wgbfos u|x
j[x:klt g} xf] . To;}n] j[x:klts} ;jf{lws /]vf x]g'{ cfjZos
x'G5 . hxfF ;jf{lws /]vf b]lvG5 To;} ;dob]lv Jofkf/ jf pBf]u
;'? ug{ egL k/fdz{ lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
– ;f+;fl/s ;'v, ;Gtfgsf] sf/s j[x:klt xf] eg] ;+f;fl/s lj£g–
afwf, ljklQ / si6sf] sf/s zlg xf] . o; ;Gbe{df zlg /]vfxLg
l:yltdf 5 jf /]vf eP klg Ps–b'O{ dfq 5g\ eg] To; ;do 7"nf]
ljklQ cfOkg{ ;S5 eGg ;lsG5 .
@= kf/fz/Lo k4lt M /fhof]usf] kl/0ffd / lj+zf]Q/L bzfsf] k|efj x]g{sf
nflu kf/fz/Lo–k4lt ;a}eGbf pko'Qm k4lt xf] . s]Gb|lqsf]0fsf]
kfk/lxt ;DaGw g} /fhof]usf] cfwf/ xf] . JolQmsf] pGglt nUg]zs}
kfnfdf x'G5 / hftssf] JolQmTj slt ljsl;t x'G5, p;n] hLjgdf
s]–s:tf] dfg–kbjL jf ;Ddfg–k|lti7f k|fKt u5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df /fhof]u
g} Ps dxÎjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . s'g} of]usf/s u|x s]Gb|lqsf]0fsf]
:jfdL;Fu kfk/lxt e} anL eP/ l:yt 5 eg] pm kSs} k|ltli7t kbdf
k'Ub5 .
#= h}ldlg–k4lt M u|xsf c+zdf cfwfl/t k4lt g} h}ldlg–k4lt . of]
kf/fz/Lo–k4lteGbf leGg kf/fz/L k4lts} Ps d'Vo zfvf xf] .
u|xsf] an a'em\g] of] ;/ntd k4lt klg xf] . o;df ;jf{lws c+zjfnf
u|x cfTdsf/s x'G5 . cfTdsf/s u|x s'08nLsf] ;jf{lws anL u|x
xf] . cfTdk/s c:tËt jf gLr ge}sg z'e:yfgsf] :jfdL eP/ a;]sf]
5 / To;};Fu To;kl5sf] c+z ePsf] cdfTosf/s ;fydf l:yt 5 eg]
To; hftsn] hLjgdf lgs} t/SsL u5{ . c+zsf] qmlds
cj/f]wcg';f/ ;ft sf/s x'G5g\ – cfTdsf/s, cdfTosf/s,
e|ft[sf/s, dft[sf/s, k'qsf/s, 1fltsf/s / ;jf{lws sd c+zsf]
bf/fsf/s jf :qLsf/s . o; ljlwaf6 cGo w]/} s'/f x]g{ hl6n /
emGeml6nf] eP klg u|xsf] an a'em\g / d'Vo s'/f x]g{ cToGt ;xh
x'g] ePsfn] ljz]if s'/fdf o; ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ r'Sg'x'Fb}g .
$= uf]r/–k4lt M k|foM Hof]ltifLx? of]lugLbzf / lj+zf]Q/Lbzf t x]5{g\ t/
uf]r/–k4ltsf] Tolt Vofn ub}{gg\ . olb pgLx?n] o:tf] u/] eg]
kmnsygdf g/fd|/L r'Sb5g\ eGg] 8f= ;'/]zrGb| ld>sf] syg /x]sf]
5 . b}lgs lbg, bzf, ;f9];ftL / j]w cflb o;} ljlwaf6 x]l/g] ljifo
x'g\ . ljz]iftM sGofsf] ljjfx h'/], gh'/]sf] x]g{ uf]r/–k4lt ljz]if
pkof]udf cfpF5 . uf]r/df j[x:klt sxfF l:yt 5 To;}sf] cfwf/df
lg0f{o lng] ul/G5 .
s'08nL kmnsygsf cGo klg k4lt gePsf xf]Ogg\ tfklg k|rlnt k|d'v
k4lt log} x'g\ . cr]n s[i0ffd"lt{ k4ltsf] klg pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
o;n] /flz:jfdLeGbf gIfq:jfdLnfO{ clws dxÎj lbG5 . e'lQmgfysf]
bzfjif{sf] cfwf/df gIfqf+znfO{ gf} efu nufP/ s'gsf] bzf cfpF5 ToxL
kmn 3l6t x'G5 . :y"ntfaf6 ;"Idtftkm{ hfg] qmddf g} cg]s k4ltx?
lgld{t ePsf x'g\ . kf/fz/Lo k4ltdf gjf+z ljlw klg ;"Idtf / :ki6tfs}
lglDt ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . ha;Dd gjf+z x]l/b}g kmndf :ki6tf cfpFb}g
lsgls nUg s'08nLdf pRr ePsf] u|x gjf+zdf gLr 5 eg] ljk/Lt kmn
x'G5 . To:t} nUgdf gLr ePsf] u|x gjf+zdf pRr 5 eg] pRrtfs} kmn
k|fKt x'G5 . ;"Id :ki6 / ;6Ls kmn s'g ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . of] ;a}eGbf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f xf] .
-ldlt @)&% ebf} !^ ut] zlgaf/, Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0fsf/L k|lti7fg g]kfnåf/f
cfof]lht sfo{qmddf jflrt sfo{kq ._
)))
k':tsfnolj1fgsf] l;4fGt
 k':s/ cys /]UdL
cWoIf
;flxTo tyf :jf:Yo k|lti7fg, kfNkf
8f= P;=cf/= /+ugfygn] ;g\ !(@* df Five Laws of Library Science
k':ts k|sfzg u/L k':tsfno lj1fgsf] kfFr d"ne"t l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
u/] . h;nfO{ k':tsfno Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf k~rzLnsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
h'g l;4fGtnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!= klxnf] l;4fGt
k':ts pkof]usf nflu (Books are for use):
o; l;4fGtn] k':tsfnodf k':ts ;+u|x u/L /fVg] xf]Og, k':ts a9LeGbf
a9L cWoogsf nflu k|of]udf cfpg' eg]sf] 5 . k':tssf] cTolws pkof]u
ug{ lgDg sfo{df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
à plrt pko'Qm :yfgdf k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ug{]
à k':tsfno ;~rfng ;do lgwf{/0f ug{]
à k':tsfnodf pko'Qm sd{rf/L Joj:yf ug{]
à ;/n / Jofjxfl/s k':tsfno lgod agfpg]
à kf7ssf] rfxgfcg';f/ k':ts 5gf}6 ug{]
à k':tsfnosf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg]
à k':tsfno ah]6sf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{]
@= bf];|f] l;4fGt
k|To]s kf7ssf nflu k':ts (Every Reader his Books):
o; l;4fGtn] k|To]s kf7sn] vf]h]sf] k':ts k':tsfnodf x'g'kb{5 eGg]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k':tsfnodf ;a} kf7ssf nflu ;a} lsl;dsf
k':tsx? x'g'kb{5 . o; l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] k':tsfno Joj:yfkgsf]
If]qdf sfof{Gjog ug{ lgDg sfo{df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
à k':tsfnodf kf7ssf] /mlr, rfxgf / dfuc'g;f/sf] k':ts x'g'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno Close Access Systemsf] geO{ Open Access System
sf] x'g'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno sd{rf/Ln] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{'kb{5 .
à ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL tyf ;r]tgf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
à clwsf/ ;DkGg lqmofzLn k':tsfno ;ldlt lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 .
#= t];|f] l;4fGt
k|To]s k':tssf] nflu kf7s (Every Books its Reader):
o; l;4fGtn] k|To]s k':tssf cf–cfkm\g} kf7s eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 .
k':tsfnodf k':tssf] ;+Vof a9fP/ dfq xF'b}g, k':tsx? cfkm\gf kf7s
;dIf k'Ug'kb{5 . o; l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ lgDg sfo{ ug{'kb{5 M–
à k':tsfno d'Qmk|j]z Joj:yf (Open Access System)df cfwfl/t
x'g'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno ;"rL cBfjlws (Up to date) agfpg'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno kmns (Shelf) Joj:yfkg x'g'kb{5 .
à ;"rL k|ljli6, ;Gbe{ ;]jf, k|rf/ ljlw, k|;f/ ;]jf, k':ts k|bz{g /
k':tsrogsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
$= rf}yf] l;4fGt
kf7ssf] ;do arfpg(Save the time of the Reader)
o; l;4fGtn] d'Vo u/L k':tsfnon] kf7ssf] ;donfO{ art u/fO{
l56f]eGbf l56f] tl/sfn] ;"rgf tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . k':tsfnosf sd{rf/Ln] kf7ssf] ;do art ug{] sfo{sf nflu
lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M–
à k':tsfnod'Qm k|j]z k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
à cfjZos ;Gbe{;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
à ljleGg zfvfdf ;ª\u|xuf/ k|bz{s (Stock Room Guide) /fVg'kb{5 .
à n]gb]g k|0ffnL ;lhnf] / ;fwf/0f agfpg'kb{5 .
à kmns Joj:yfkg / juL{s/0f Jojl:yt ug{'kb{5 .
à User Awareness/Library Orientation nufotsf sfo{ ;do
;dodf ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 .
%= kfFrf}+ l;4fGt
k':tsfno ;+jw{gzLn ;+:yf (Library is a grow organism):
o; l;4fGtn] d'Vo u/L k':tsfnosf] tLg tÎj k':ts, kf7s / sd{rf/Lsf]
;+jw{gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k':tsfnosf] ;+u7g, of]hgf / sfo{x?nfO{ a9L
k|fyldstf lbbf k':tsfno ;d[4 aGb5 elgPsf] 5 . k':tsfnonfO{
;+jw{gzLn agfpgsf] nflu lgDgsfo{ ug{'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno lgdf{0f, Joj:yfkg / sfof{Gjogdf plrt of]hgf
agfpg'kb{5 .
à k':tsfno ejg agfpFbf ;a} lbzftkm{ a9fpg ldNg] u/L agfpg'kb{5 .
à k'/fgf, sfd gnfUg] ;fdu|Lx? x6fpFb} k':tsfnonfO{ ;b}j gjLgtd
?kdf /fVg'kb{5 .
à k':ts, kf7s / sd{rf/Lsf] >Lj[l4sf] nflu k':tsfno Joj:yfkg
;b}j nflukg{' kb{5 .
;|f]t M cg';Gwfg l;4fGt -@)&!M !*(–!()_
)))
k|To]s jif{ efb| !% ut]

g]kfndf k':tsfno lbj;
dgfpg] u/f}+ .
– ls/0f k':tsfno
tD3f;, u'NdL
…k5al/of 6f]nÚ syfdf ;LdfGtLotf
 lzjz/0f 1jfnL
pkk|fWofks–wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;
afUn'ª
;f/f+z
;LdfGtLotf g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] gjLg cjwf/0ff xf] . o;n] s]Gb|af6 k/
/x]sf lgd'vf, ul/a, klxrfgxLgx?sf] cj:yfsf] vf]hL ug]{ sfd ub{5 . of]
cfn]vdf Clif/fh a/fnsf] …k5al/of 6f]nÚ syfsf] ljifoj:t', kl/j]z,
kfqx?sf] pkl:ylt / e"ldsf, efiff, hfltotf, cfly{s cj:yf cflbh:tf
s'/fx?sf] vf]hL ;LdfGtLo dfGotfaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] ef]uf}lns lx;fan]
klg k5fl8 k/]sf, hftLo / /fhgLlts lx;fan] klg lk5l8Psf, ul/a
dflg;x?sf] syf xf], hxfF zlQmzfnL ju{n] sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ j:t';/x
lsga]r ub{5g\ / cfkm\gf] cg's"n k|of]u ub{5g\ . kmf]x/L /fhgLlt s]Gb|df
/x]sf] ;Gbe{df hgtfx? jf:tjdf ;LdfGtdf k'Ub5g\ eGg] s'/f of] syfdf
kfOG5 . n]vsLo kIfw/tf lgd'vf jf ;j{xf/fk|lt 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf
;LdfGtx?k|lt syfdf ;xfg'e"lt /flvPsf] 5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf g]tfx?n] ul/a
tyf lgd'vfx?nfO{ s;/L zf]if0f ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;hLj t:jL/ oxfF
ptfl/Psf] 5 . of] cfn]v tof/ ubf{ k':tsfnoLo sfo{sf dfWodaf6
k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
s= ljifk|j]z
Clif/fh a/fn-@))(_sf] …k5al/of 6f]nÚ syf jgdfG5]sf] syf -@)%$_
syf;ª\u|xdf ;°lnt 5 . t/ of] cfn]vdf cWoogsf nflu g]kfnL
;flxlTos /rgfaf6 pQm syf lnOPsf] xf] .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf a/fn g]kfnL ;flxTosf ax'd'vL k|ltefsf
syfsf/ x'g\ . pgsf pkGof;, syf / ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltx? k|sflzt
5g\ . pgsf] /fhgLlts JolQmTj klg lgs} pRr 5 . pgsf efjgf -@)#$_,
sd/]8 x't/fhsf] /fhwfgL k|:yfg -@)$*_ pkGof;sf cltl/Qm ufpFsf] syf
eG5' x} t -@)$@_, eUgfjz]if -@)$$_, aofg -@)%@_, jgdfG5]sf] syf
-@)%$_ h:tf syf;ª\u|x? k|sflzt 5g\ . o:t} ;dfnf]rgfdf k|ultjfb /
g]kfnL pkGof;, k|ultjfb, dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgstf cflb /rgfx?
k|sflzt 5g\ . pgL d"ntM k|ultjfbL sf]0faf6 ;flxTo / ;dfnf]rgfsf]
l;h{gf ub{5g\ . dfS;{jfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] kIfw/tf pgsf] ;dfnf]rsLo
ljz]iftf xf] . ;flxTodf klg pgL oxL k|j[ltnfO{ cFufNb5g\ . To;sf/0f
pgsf h'g;'s} /rgf klg dfS;{jfbL hLjgb[li6k|lt k|lta4 /x]sf] kfOG5 .
Clif/fh a/fnsf] k5al/of 6f]n syfsf] ljifoj:t' /fhgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . /fhgLltn] s;/L ul/ax?sf] zf]if0f ub{5 eGg] s'/f syfdf d"n
ljifoj:t' eP/ cfPsf] 5 . ef]6sf] /fhgLltdf ul/a dflg;x?sf] zf]if0fsf]
syf o;df slxPsf] 5 . slyt k|hftGqdf /fhgLlts bn / g]tfx? cfkm}
wfdL / cfkm} af]S;L aGb5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;hLj t:jL/ syfdf ptfl/Psf]f
5 . ef]6sf nflu ;fd, bfd, b08, e]bh:tf ;a} pkfox? ckgfpg] sfd
ul/Psf] s'/f syfdf cfPsf] 5 . syf k|ultjfbdf cfwfl/t 5 . zf]if0f,
cGofo, cTofrf/sf lj?4 s}nfzjf, wgkt h:tf kfqx? ;ª\3if{/t /x]sf
5g\ . syf nfn em08fsf] kIfw/ ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . oxL d"n syfj:t'
k5al/of 6f]ndf /x]sf] 5 . of] n]vdf of] syfsf] ;LdfGtLo ljZn]if0f ug]{
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
v= ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld
g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf cª\u|]hLsf] …;afN6g{Ú zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAbsf
?kdf …;LdfGtLoÚ zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . g]kfnL efiffs} If]qdf gjLg zAbsf
?kdf /x]sf] of] zAbnfO{ ;dfnf]rsx?n] cnu cnu gfd lbPsf] kfOG5 .
s'df/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] -@)&!_ pNn]v u/]cg';f/ uf}td -@)%(_, ;'j]bL
-@)&)_ / >]i7 -@)^*_ n] cª\u|]hL zAbsf] g]kfnLs/0f u/L …;afN6g{Ú zAb
g} k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ eg] pk|]tL -@)^*_ n] ;LdfGts[t / lgd'vf zAb k|of]u
u/]sf 5g\ . df]xg/fh zdf{ -@)&)_n] ;LdfGtLo zAbsf nflu cj/hg
zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . of] n]vdf ;afN6g{ zAbsf] ;dfgfyL{ zAbsf
?kdf ;LdfGtLo zAbs} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
;LdfGtLosf] Oltxf; dfS;{jfbaf6} ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 lsgsL dfS;{n] klg
;j{xf/f ju{sf] s'/f u/]sf lyP . t/ cfh xfdL ;flxTodf h'g ;LdfGtLo
zAbsf] k|of]u ub{5f}F, Tof] zAbsf] k|of]usf] eg] Tolt nfdf] Oltxf; 5}g .
cfhsf] ;LdfGtLo zAbsf] k|of]usf] Oltxf; pQ/cfw'lgstfsf]
pQ/cf}klgj]zjfb;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . t;y{ of] zAb g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf
If]qdf dfq geP/ ljZj ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf ;d]t gofF cjwf/0ff
xf] .
;LdfGtLo -;afN6g{_ zAb O6fn]nL dfS;]{nL :jtGq lrGts PlG6lgof]
u|fDrLaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . pgnfO{ O6fnLsf] d';f]lngL ;/sf/n] h]ndf aGbL
agfPsf] lyof] . aGbL agfP klg pgnfO{ k9\g], n]Vg] sfo{sf nflu cfjZos
;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . ToxfF pgn] n]v]sf n]vx?sf] ;Fufnf]
lb lk|hg gf]6a'S; M ;]n]S;g -!(&#_ k|sflzt 5 . h]nsf] sl7g kl/j]zdf
pgn] ju{nfO{ a'emfpgsf nflu To;sf] ;§fdf ;afN6g{ zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf]
Oltxf; 5 . kl5 ToxL ;afN6g{ zAb Oltxf; / ;flxTosf] cWoog
ug]{x?n] k|of]u u/] / ToxL zAbn] Jofkstf kfpFb} uof] . pgn] Oltxf;sf]
cWoog ug]{ ;Gbe{df of] zAbsf] k|of]u u/] . pgL …;afN6g{sf] cWoog ug]{n]
ljlzi6, pk]lIft Oltxf;sf v08x?nfO{ cWoog ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVby]
-;'j]bL, @)&)M #$%_.Ú ;LdfGtjfbLx?n] u|fDrLaf6 ToxL zAb e]6] / To;nfO{
Oltxf;, ;flxTonufotsf ljljw If]qdf k|of]u ug{ yfn] .
;LdfGtLosf] zflAbs kl/efiff vf]Hg] xf] eg] zAbsf]zdf k'Ug}kg]{ x'G5 .
;LdfGt zAbsf] cy{ g]kfnL zAb;fu/df ;Ldfsf] cflv/df /x]sf] 7fpF -zDdf{,
@)^@M !#@%_ eg]/ nufOPsf] 5 . df]xg/fh zdf{ -@)&)_ df pNn]v u/]
cg';f/ cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g/Ln] of] zAbsf] cfudg ;f]/f}F ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{lt/
ePsf] atfPsf] 5 . …== Nofl6gsf] Sublalternus af6 c+u|]hLsf] Subaltern
ePsf] = =Nofl6gdf o;sf] Jo'TklQ / cy{ Sub'next below'+alternus
'every others' eGg] ul/G5 . ÉJo'TklQcg';f/ of] zAbsf] cy{ …c?
;a}eGbf tNnf]Ú eGg]Ú nfUb5 -zdf{, @)&)M#!^_. o;/L zflAbs lx;fan] x]bf{
s]Gb|af6 lgs} k/ ;Ldfdf ;Lldt÷c? ;a}eGbf tNnf]nfO{ of] zAbn] a'emfpF5
eGg] cy{ nufpg ;lsG5 .
u|fDrLn] ;LdfGtLo zAbsf af/]df u/]sf] kl/efiffsf] zlSt, ;|i6f / ;afN6g{
k':tssf n]vs tf/fnfn >]i7n] u/]sf] g]kfnL cg'jfbnfO{ df]xg/fh zdf{
-@)&)_ n] p4[t u/]sf 5g\ . ToxfF p4[t u/]cg';f/ …;afN6g{ eGgfn]
u}/zf;sLo / cx}sdjfbL ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpF5 hf] ;w} cwLg:y,
k/fwLg x'G5g\ / pgLx? zf;ssf] k|of]usf j:t' klg aGg ;S5g\ .Ú zdf{n]
oxfF /x]sf ljleGg kb jf kbfjnLsf] cy{ nufPsf 5g\ . ju{ jf ;d'bfosf]
cy{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf tNnf] tKsf jf bhf{sf JolQm, ;d"x jf ;d'bfo,
u}/zf;sLo / cx}sdjfbLsf] cy{ zfl;tx?sf] ;d"x jf ;d'bfo, cwLg:y /
k/fwLgsf] cy{ k|e'TjzfnL ju{sf] cwLgdf /x]sf], slxNo} :jfwLg / :jtGq
x'g g;s]sf]= =slhg] ju{ eg]/ nufPsf 5g\ . of] slxn]sfxL+ k|e'TjzfnL
ju{sf] lxtdf lgsflng] h'n';, k|bz{g= =ljkIfLsf lj?4 e8\sfP/ lj/]fw
cflbdf k|of]u x'g;Sg] ju{ eg]/ nufPsf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ ;a}eGbf tNnf]
ju{sf] JolQm jf ;d'bfo hf] ;w} zf;sx?sf] cwLg:y eO{ pgLx? nflu
slhg] / k|of]u x'g] ju{sf ?kdf ;LdfGtLox?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
u|fDrLkl5 o;sf] k|of]u o'/f]k x'Fb} blIf0f Pl;oflt/ ;/]sf] b]lvG5 . P8jf8{
;Obn] o'/f]ks]Gb|jfbsf] lj/f]w k"jL{o jfª\dojfbdf u/] . To;kl5 o;sf]
Oltxf; a]nfotsf] pklgj]z aGg k'u]sf] ef/tlt/ ;¥of] . ToxfF ef/tLo
ljåfg\x?sf] Ps ;d"xn] ;g\ !(*@ df ;LdfGtLo cWoog ;d"x lgdf{0f
u/]sf lyP . Tof] ;d"xdf bLk]z rqmjtL{, kfy{ r6hL{, /lGht u'xf, ufoqL
rqmjtL{nufotsf /x]sf lyP . pgLx?n] dfgs Oltxf; n]vgdfly r'gf}tL
v8f ug]{ u/L cfkm\gf ljrf/x? k|:t't u/] . pgLx?n] jf:tljs Oltxf;sf]
vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] bldt Oltxf;sf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ . d"nwf/sf] Oltxf;df
bldt, vl08t Oltxf;x? cfPsf] x'Fb}g . ;;fgf ljb|f]xsf cfjfhx?
cfPsf x'Fb}gg\ . ltgLx?nfO{ vf]Hg] xf] eg] Oltxf;sf vl08t k|df0fleq
hfg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;f/] . pgLx? Oltxf;nfO{ v08v08 u/]/
;;fgf jfrfn Oltxf;sf] vf]hL ub{y]-;'j]bL, @)&)M #$$_ . ef/tdf
;LdfGtjfbLx?n] Oltxf; n]vg ubf{ dflyaf6 geP/ tnaf6 n]lvg'k5{
lsgls s'g} klg Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0fdf tNnf] ju{sf] klg of]ubfg /x]sf] x'G5
eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;f/] . Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf qmddf ePsf ljb|f]xx?df
;;fgf jfrfn Oltxf; klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx?sf] klg vf]hL ul/g'k5{
eGg] dfGotf pgLx?sf] lyof] . o:tf] dfGotf /fVg]df /lGht u'xfsf] gfd
:d/0fLo 5 . pgn] ;;fg} :j/df eP klg ;LdfGtx?n] cfjfh p7fPsf
x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/] .
To;kl5 ToxL cWoog ;d"xsL ;b:o ufoqL rqmjtL{ l:kefsn] s] ;afN6g{
af]Ng ;S5g\ < eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;fl/g\ . pgsf] dfGotfn] ;LdfGtLo
cWoogdf klg ulx/f] k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] dlxnfsf ;Gbe{df of]
k|Zg p7fOg\ . o;sf] hjfkmdf ;LdfGtLo jf lsgf/Ls[tx? af]Ng g;Sg]
x'Fbf pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj n]vs jf kfqn] ul/lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cl3
;fl/g\ . pgn] ;LdfGtLox?nfO{ cfjfhljxLgsf ?kdf lnb} pgLx?sf]
cfjfhsf] k|ltlglwTj c?n] ul/lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;fl/g\ . t;y{
s[lt jf /rgfdf ;LdfGtLox?sf] k|ltlglwTj ljljw lsl;dn] n]vsn]
u/fpg'kg]{ s'/f cufl8 cfof] .
s[ltdf ;LdfGtLotfsf] vf]hL s;/L ug]{ < …;LdfGtLo kfqsf] pkl:ylt,
tNnf] bhf{sf kfqx?df ePsf ;LdfGtLo kfqx?, ;LdfGtLo kfqsf
rfl/lqs clenIf0f, pgLx?sf] sfo{Jofkf/ / e"ldsf, ;LdfGtLo kfqsf] af]nL,
pgLx?sf] :jtGqtf jf cwLg:ytf / ljb|f]x ug{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] cj:yf,
pgLx?sf kIfdf af]Ng] kfqx?, n]vsLo kIfw/tf cflbsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f
ug'{kb{5 . -zdf{, @)&)M #@#_ . o;y{ ;flxTodf s]Gb|eGbf aflx/sf]
ljifoj:t', kfq, kl/j]z, dfGotf, n]vsLo kIfw/tf cflbsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/
;LdfGtLotfsf] vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;/L x]bf{ ;LdfGtLotfn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ef}uf]lns, km/s
Ifdtf jf s';ª\s]tg cflb ljljw sf/0fn] kl5 kfl/Psf ju{x?nfO{
a'emfpF5 . pgLx? cfkm\gf] cfjfh cfkm} p7fpg ;Sg] klg x'g;S5g\ g;Sg]
klg x'g;S5g\ . To:tf kfqx?sf] cfjfh c?n] p7fOlbg'kg]{ klg
x'g;S5 . s[ltdf To:t} ;LdfGtLo kfqx?sf] cj:yf, kl/j]z, e"ldsf
cflbsf] vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 . /rgfdf o:tf s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{ g} ;LdfGtLo
cWoog xf] . lgisif{df Oltxf; n]vgaf6 ;'? ePsf] of] dfGotf kl5 uP/
;flxTo cflb If]qdf klg k|o'Qm eof] . o;n] ;LdfGtdf kfl/Psf] ljifoj:t',
kfq, kl/j]z, dfGotf cflbsf] vf]hL ug{ yfNof] .
u= …k5al/of 6f]nÚ syfdf ;LdfGtLotf
;LdfGtn] s]Gb|eGbf k/nfO{ a'emfpF5 eGg] s'/f dflysf] l;4fGtaf6 k|i6
eO;s]sf] 5 . lgd'vf dflg;x? klg s]Gb|eGbf k/ x'G5g\, pgLx? a:g]
ufpF klg ;LdfGtd} x'G5 . cfly{s lx;fan] klg pgLx? ul/a x'G5g\ .
/fhgLlts lx;fan] klg pgLx? sdhf]/ x'G5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ wgLx?n]
ljleGg lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . …k5al/of 6f]nÚ syfdf o:t} o:t}
;LdfGtLotf e]l6G5g\ . To;sf/0f of] syfnfO{ ef}uf]lns, klxrfg tyf
hfltut, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;dout, kfqut, n]vsLo kIfw/tf cflbsf]
sf]0faf6 ;LdfGtLo ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
k5al/of 6f]n syfsf] kl/j]z t/fO{sf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df
t/fO{ cfkm}df ;LdfGtdf 5 . s]Gb|df kxfl8of ;flxTo 5 . Psfw /rgfdfq}
t/fO{sf cfpF5g\ geP afFsL ;flxTon] kxfl8of kl/j]z, hghLjg, rfnrng
efiffefifLnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] kfOG5 . t/fO{sf] efiff klg ;LdfGtdf 5 .
s]Gb|df g]kfnL efiff 5 . of] syfdf d}lynL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
To;sf/0f of] ;LdfGtLo kl/j]zsf] syf xf] . ef}uf]lns lx;fan] klg
;LdfGtLo 7fpFsf] syf xf] . ;LdfGtLo kl/j]znfO{ syfsf/n] s]Gb|df Nofpg]
k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ .
k5al/of 6f]nsf] gfd 5}g . klxrfg klg 5}g . g]tfx?nfO{ h] dg nfU5,
ToxL gfd /flvlbG5g\ . d';x/x? w]/} ePsfn] s;}n] o;nfO{ d';x/ 6f]n
eG5g\, k~rfot sfndf k|wfgk~r /fdb]j d08nn] k~rfot 6f]n /flvlbPsf
lyP . ljsf;] g]tfn] /fdnId0f 6f]n /fv] . /fdnId0f 6f]n /fv]kl5
wg;/Ln] cfklQ hgfpFb} eg]sL lyO{, …coF u] g] Pto /fd n5'dgs d"lt{
5O, g] xg'dfgs, g] Pto /fd dLgf xf]O5O, t cO 6f]ns gfd /fd n5'dg
6f]n sf]gf e]nO -$^_.Ú t/ pm Pp6f ;LdfGtLo kfq xf] . To;sf/0f p;sf]
cfjfh g]tfx?n] ;'Gg] s'/} ePg . g]tfx?n] 6f]nsf] gfd g} cfkm" cg's"n
kl/jt{g ul/lbP/ ToxfFsf hgtfsf] klxrfg g} d]l6lbPsf lyP . s;}n] of]
gofF 6f]n ePsfn] dfG5]x?n] o;nfO{ gofF 6f]n eGb5g\ . To;f] t of] 6f]n
cfkm}df d"n 6f]neGbf ;LdfGtd} 5 . …d"n 6f]neGbf klZrdlt/ ePsfn]
sltn] o;nfO{ k5al/of 6f]nÚ -P]hg_ eGg'n] klg of] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 .
To;sf/0f k5al/of 6f]n lk5l8Psf], ul/a, klxrfgxLgx?sf] aGg k'u]sf]
5 . d"n 6f]neGbf klZrdlt/ ePsfn] of] 6f]n ef}uf]lns lx;fan] klg
;LdfGtdf g} 5 . 6f]nsf] h:t} oxfFsf dflg;x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k"/f gfd;d]t
yfxf 5}g . To;sf/0f logLx? klxrfgljxLg 5g\ .
of] 6f]ndf a:g] dflg;x? ofbj, >]i7, cG;f/L, ttdf, rf}w/Lx? 5g\ .
hfltut lx;fan] logLx? s]Gb|df ePsf hfltx? xf]Ogg\ . logLx?sf]
/fhgLlts txdf klg kx'Fr 5}g . If]qLo / /fli6«o bnsf g]tf;Fu gfd
ldNg uof] eg] Tof] Pp6f ;+of]u dfq} xf] . /fhgLltsf] kx'Frdf oL hfltx?
syfdf cfPsf] b]lvb}g . pkNnf hfltx? zfob d"n 6f]ndf a:5g\ /
;LdfGtLox? of] 6f]ndf a:5g\ . t;y{ hfltut lx;fan] klg k5al/of
6f]nsf] ;d'bfo ;LdfGtLo g} aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .
k5al/of 6f]ndf a:g] dflg;x? ul/a 5g\ . of] xl/sª\ufn / tGgdx?sf]
a:tL xf] eGg'n] klg oxfF a:g] dflg;x? r/d ul/aLaf6 u|:t 5g\ eGg]
a'lemG5 . …hubLzjfsf] tLg s7\7f hldg 5–sfuhdfÚ -$&_ . hUuf
hubLzjfsf] sfuhdf dfq} xf], jf:tljstfdf pm;Fu hUuf 5}g . t}klg Tof]
hUuf klg vfN8f] 5, k6'jf uf8\g dfq} sfd nfU5 . To;df c? s'g}
pTkfbg x'Fb}g . ls:gaxfb'/ ;fx"sf]df lgDg juL{o rf}sLbf/Lsf] sfd u5{ .
of] 6f]ndf hDdf kfFr ;o PsfpGg ef]6 5g\ . tL ef]6x? vl/blaqmL
x'G5g\ . Ps ef]6sf nflu Ps ;o ?k}ofF lbOG5 . 5fk g+=!, @, # g} ef]6
vl/bd} cEo:t 5g\ . oL ltg} ul/ax?sf] ef]6 lsGg ;lsg]df 9'Ss 5g\ .
ef]6 ul/a / ;LdfGtLox?sf] dfq} vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 . wgL dflg;x?
:jfwLg cyf{t\ :jtGq x'G5g\ . …cgj/ cVt/n] sl6xf/af6 gfrkf6L dufpg]
3f]if0ff ;'gfPsf] 5 ufpFdf . vfgf k|mL, gfr k|mL -P]hg_Ú eGg'n] klg of]
ufpFsf] cfly{s / /fhgLlts ul/aL k|i6 x'G5 . ef]6sf nflu s;}n] hUuf t
s;}n] k};fsf] nf]e b]vfpF5g\ . t/ afx| jif{;Dd a;]sf] hUuf btf{ 5}g .
o;af6 s] a'lemG5 eg] of] ufpFdf ul/ax? a:5g\ / pgLx?dfly ljleGg
k|sf/sf zf]if0fx? rln/x]sf 5g\ . logLx? ef]6sf nflu dfq} pkof]u
x'G5g\ .
…k5al/of 6f]n Tolt ;Grf]n] lsg lgbfpg kfpFYof]= =xfjfdf x'/x'/ aNg yfNof]Ú
-$(_. 6f]ndf cfunfuL u/fOof] . r'gfjL if8\oGqcGtu{t g} cfuf] nufOof] /
ul/ax?nfO{ ck/fwL s/f/ ug]{ sf]l;; eof] . lzjz/0fsf aRrf hn] .
ljb|f]xL wg;]/LnfO{ cfuf]df hnfP/ xTof ul/of] . k'ln; k|zf;gn] ul/a
dflg;x?nfO{ ;dft]/ ck/fwL s/f/ ug]{ sf]l;; u¥of] . cGttM k5jl/of
6f]ndf pu|jfbLåf/f cfuhgL ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] clg dGqLåf/f /fxt
afF8\g] 3f]if0ff klg eof] . o;af6 s] a'lemG5 eg] Tof] 6f]ndf cfuf] nufpg]
klg pg} x'g\, hf] /fxt afF8\gsf nflu tof/ ePsf 5g\ . /fxt afF8\g] /
kf6L{x? rnfpg] sfd klg ;Fu;Fu} ePsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f of] 6f]ndf
g]tfx? s]Gb|df 5g\ eg] hgtfx? ;LdfGtdf 5g\ . g]tfx? ;a} k|sf/sf
pkfo ckgfP/ ef]6 k|fKt ug{sf nflu k|oTgzLn 5g\\ . o;af6 s] a'lemG5
eg] of] 6f]n cfly{s / /fhgLlts b'a} lx;fan] klg ;LdfGtLo 5 .
/fhgLlts lx;fan] klg oL ul/ax? c?sf nflu k|of]u x'G5g\ . g]tfx?n]
ef]6sf nflu pgLx?dfly ;fd, bfd, b08, e]bsf] gLlt nfu" u/]sf 5g\ .
ToxfFsf] k'ln; k|zf;g klg g]tfx?s} uf]6L ag]sf 5g\ . cgj/ cVt/ /
ef]nf rf}w/Lh:tf sfo{stf{x? g]tfsf uf]6L x'g\ . pgLx? b'a} cfkm\gf] g]tfsf]
k|jQmf ag]/ ufpFsf dflg;x?dfly cGofo u/]sf 5g\ / lt/:s[t ePsf
5g\ . ;LdfGtx? ;Qfdf a:g]x?sf k|of]u x'G5g\ eGg] pbfx/0f oL b'O{
kfqx?af6 kfpg ;lsG5 . ls:gaxfb'/ / hubLzjfn] klg qmdzM 5fk !
/ @ 5f8]sf] s'/fn] pgLx? klg /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfx?af6 k|of]u
ePsf lyP eGg] a'lemG5 . o;kfln ef]6 gxfNg] eGbf pgLx?nfO{
alxisf/jfbLsf] cf/f]k nfU5 . ef]6 gxfNg]x?nfO{ d;fnsf] cf/f]k
nufOG5 . of] lx;fan] x]bf{ of] 6f]nsf dflg;x?nfO{ g]tfx?n] cfkm"
cg's"nsf nflu k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . k'ln; ul/anfO{ ck/fwL s/f/ ug{
Jo:t 5 . kxfl8of kxfl8of / dw]zL dw]zLsf aLrdf cfGtl/s n8fO{+
u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|x/L klg /fhgLlts g]tfs} kIfdf 5 . cfuhgLsf]
bf]if clGtddf pu|jfbLdfly yf]kl/of] / /fxt afF8\g] gf6s d~rg eof] .
o;af6 g]tfx? / wgL dflg;x? s]Gb|df 5g\ eg] ul/a hgtfx? ;LdfGtdf
5g\ eGg] a'lemG5 .
syfsf ;LdfGtLo kfqx? cfjfhljxLg t 5}gg\ . pgLx? cfjfh t
p7fpF5g\ t/ pgLx?sf] cfjfh g k'ln; k|zf;gn] ;'G5 g t g]tfx?n] g}
;'G5g\ . 6f]nsf] gfd /fdnId0f 6f]n /fVbf wg];/Ln] lj/f]w ub{5] . t/
kl5 ljb|f]xL wg];/LnfO{ 89fP/ dfl/G5 . lzjz/0fsf aRrfx? dfl/G5g\ .
;LdfGt dflg;x?, …cfuf] nufpg]sf] e:d v/fgL xf];\Ú -%@_ eg]/ ufnL
u5{g\ . bnsf] sfo{stf{ ef]nf rf}w/L To:tf] ljklQs} a]nf klg …cfh
/flt== gfrkf6L, ;a k|mL, l6s6 k|mL== gfdL kf6L== rf]nLs] lk5]= =Ú -P]hg_ eg]/
3f]if0ff ub{5 . p;sf] k|ltjfb wgkt]n] u5{ . …y'Ss s's'/ Û ufpFdf o:tf]
5 tnfO{ rf]nL s]= =Ú /fltsf] n8fO{+df k/]/ 3fOt] ePsf] wgkt]n] ;sLg;sL
yK5, …/] ;f/ tF cfbdL 5} ls hgfj/ .Ú cem} p;sf] l/; zfGt x'Fb}g /
eG5 …y'Ss ÛÚ tfklg pgLx?sf] cfjfh ;'lgb}g . t/ klg s}nfzjf /
wgktn] ;ª\3if{ ug{ 5f8\b}gg\ . s}nfzjf …sfsf d lx8]Ú eGb} /ftf] sk8f
lnP/ k5al/of 6f]nlt/ bu'{5 . ux|f}+ dgn] wgkt pm uPlt/ x]b{5 .
lgi7fsf] /fhgLt oxfF ;LdfGtdf 5 . s}nfzjf / wgkt ;LdfGtd} eP klg
cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ pgLx?n] p7fPsf] cfjfhnfO{ ljleGg em'6f
cfZjf;gåf/f bafP/ ;LdfGtdf kfg]{ sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .
;dout lx;fan] klg k5al/of 6f]n ;LdfGtdf 5 . cGo a]nf of] 6f]nsf
af/]df s'g} klg g]tfn] lrGtgdgg ub}{gg\ eGg] s'/f ls:gaxfb'/sf] of]
egfOn] k'li6 x'G5, …afx| jif{ eof] oxfF a;]sf] . xfdL a;]sf] hUuf btf{df
5}g . r'gfjsf] a]nf ;a}n] o;f] eG5g\, p;f] eG5g\ -$*_.Ú g]tfx? k};fn]
dfq} gk'u]/ cfZjf;g klg afF8\5g\ . t/ tL s'g} klg k"/f x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{ of]
6f]n r'gfjsf a]nfdfq} rrf{df cfpF5 . r'gfjdf oxfFsf dflg;x?sf] dt
lngsf nflu dfq} g]tfx? cfpF5g\ . cGo a]nf oxfFsf dflg;x? cefj /
a]/f]huf/Ldf lklN;g afWo 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;d:ofsf] ;'g'jfO{ sxLF st}af6
x'Fb}g .
eflifs lx;fan] klg k5al/of 6f]n syfdf d}lynL efiffsf] 7fpF7fpFdf k|of]u
5 . d}lynL efiff s]Gb|sf] efiff xf]Og, ;LdfGtsf] efiff xf] . wg];/Lsf] efiff
5, …coF u] g] Pto /fd n5'dgs d"lt{ 5O, g] xg'dfgs, g] Pto /fd dLgf
xf]O5O, t cO 6f]ns gfd /fd n5'dg 6f]n sf]gf e]nO, xF tf] sf]gf
e]nO .Ú -$^_ ef]6 alxisf/sf ;Gbe{df s}nfzjfn] klg ToxL efiff k|of]u
ub{5, …x] ca xd' ta s]s/f] ef]6 gxLF b]j .Ú ljGb]Zj/L df:6/ eG5, …Ps/
dtna e]nO alxisf/ -$*_ .Ú cGo 7fpFdf klg eflifs ljljwtfsf k|z:t
pbfx/0fx? syfdf kfOG5g\ . To;sf/0f of] syfdf ;LdfGtLo efiffsf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 .
of] syfdf n]vssf] ;xfg'e"lt ;LdfGtLo kfqx?k|lt 5 . ;+;bLo
/fhgLltdf x'g] ef]6 vl/b laqmLk|lt n]vssf] cfqmf]z 5 . pgn] ;+;bLo
kmf]x/L /fhgLltsf ljs[ltx?nfO{ syfdfkm{t k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . s;/L
OdfGbf/ / ;f]emf dflg;x?sf] zf]if0f ul/G5 eGg] s'/f syfdfkm{t syfsf/
a/fnn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . To:tf] /fhgLltsf lj?4 klg wgkt / s}nfzjf
;+3if{/t 5g\ . pgLx? s]Gb|df geP klg lg/fz 5}gg\ . t;y{ of] syfdf
syfsf/sf] ;xfg'e"lt ul/a, lgd'vf ju{ cyf{t\ ;LdfGtLo ju{k|lt /x]sf] 5
eGg ;lsG5 . csf]{ s'/f vf;} s;}sf] gh/df gk/]sf] 7fpFsf] ljifoj:t',
t/fO{sf] d}lynL efiffnfO{ syfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf/0fn] ubf{ klg
of] syfdf n]vsLo kIfw/tf ;LdfGtx?;Fu} /x]sf] kfOG5 .
log} ;LdfGtLo cfwf/df syfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
3= lgisif{
;LdfGtLo cjwf/0ff g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qsf] Ps gjLg cjwf/0ff
xf] . of] pQ/cf}klgj]lzs cjwf/0ff;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . O6fn]nL PlG6of]
u|fDrLaf6 ;'? ePsf] of] cjwf/0ffn] o'/f]k / ef/t x'Fb} la:tf/ x'g] cj;/
kfPsf] 5 . s]Gb|af6 k/ ws]lnPsf lgd'vf, ul/a, zf]lift kLl8tx?nfO{
/rgfdf 7fpF lbOPsf] 5 of 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL of] cjwf/0ffn] ub{5 .
o:tf ul/ax? af]Ng g;Sg] ePsfn] logLx?nfO{ cfjfh lbg'kg]{ x'g;S5
eGg] dfGotf ;LdfGtjfbLx?sf] 5 . s'g} klg /rgfdf k|o'Qm ljifoj:t'df
;LdfGtx?sf] pkl:ylt, pgLx?sf] e"ldsf, pgLx?sf] cj:yf, :yfg,
n]vsLo kIfw/tf s] s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL of] dfGotfn] ub{5 .
Clif/fh a/fnsf] k5al/of 6f]n syf ljifoj:t'ut, kfqut, hfltut,
/fhgLlts, ef}uf]lns cflb b[li6sf]0fn] ;LdfGtLox?sf] syf xf] . of]
syfsf] s]Gb|df kmf]x/L /fhgLlt g} 5 / ;LdfGtx?nfO{ ljleGg k|nf]egdf
vl/blaqmL ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 tfklg ;LdfGtLox? cfjfhljxLg 5}gg\,
pgLx? ;+3if{/t g} /x]sf 5g\ . of] klxrfgxLgx?sf] syf xf] . pgLx?
hfltut / eflifs ?kdf klg ;LdfGtdf 5g\ . cfly{s lx;fan] klg pgLx?
ul/a 5g\ . /fhgLlts g]tfx?n] pgLx?nfO{ j:t';/x lsga]r / k|of]u
u/]sf] kfOG5 . syfdf d}lynL efiffsf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . of] efiff
cfkm}df ;LdfGtsf] efiff xf] . n]vs ;LdfGtx?k|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVb5g\ .
t;y{ n]vdf klxrfgut, hfltut, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, eflifs, n]vsLo
kIfw/tfsf sf]0faf6 ;LdfGtx?sf] pkl:yltsf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|L ;"rL
sf]O/fnf, s'df/axfb'/ -@)&!_, æaL=kL=sf syfdf ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] cfjfhÆ,
…xfd|f] k'/miffy{Ú, tD3f; M ls/0f k':tsfno -k[=!@)–!@^_.
Clif/fh, a/fn -@)&)_, æk5al/of 6f]nÆ, g]kfnL ;flxlTos /rgf,
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, -k[=$^–%@_.
zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)&)_, æcj/hg cWoog / ;flxToÆ, e[s'6L .
;'j]bL, cle -@)&)_, ;flxTo / cfdj[t, sf7df8f}F M db/ klAns];g .
)))
dgsfdgfdf eLeLcfO{kL ;f:tL
 ljgf]b g]kfn
kf]v/fyf]s, kfNkf, xfn M sf7df8f}+
nfdf] ;do ePsf] lyof] sf7df8f}af6 glhs}sf] k|lz4 lty{:yn dgsfdgf
guPsf] . lrtjgdf /xFbf @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;Dd Ps bzssf] cjlwdf
k|To]s jif{ sDtLdf Psk6s k'luGYof] . To;kl5 lgs} nfdf] cGt/fnkZrft\
@)&% kmfu'g @@ ut] dfq dgsfdgf k'Ug] cj;/ h'¥of] .
laxfgsf] vfgfkl5 jg:ynL x'+b} sn+sL k'Ubf ;'ljwfhgs ;fj{hlgs a;df
ofqf ug]{ df}sf ldNof] . jftfg's"lnt pQm a;n] lrtjgsf] s]j'nsf/;Ddsf]
ef8f k|lt JolQm ?= #)).– lnof] . xfd|f /flhv'zLn] pQm ofq' a;df r9L
cfkm\gf cf;g lnof}+ . ;+of]u g} egf}+, xfdL r9\gf;fy a; cufl8 a9\of] .
uf8Lleq dflg;x?sf vNofªdNofª lyP . sf]xL df]jfOndf d:t lyP,
sf]xL rflx+ k/:k/ s'/fsfgLdf . ;a} cfcfkm\g} tfn, tf}/tl/sf / 9+usf
s'/fsfgLdf . ;fj{hlgs :yn xf];\ jf oftfoft g} xfd|f] cfkm\g} kf/f x'G5 .
c?sf] cK7]/f] jf c?nfO{ k'Ug;Sg] afwfk|lt xfdLnfO{ s'g} dtnj x'+b}g .
df]jfOn kmf]gdf x'g] ;jfnhjfkm / s'/fsfgLsf] no cfkm\g} vfnsf] x'G5 .
tL ;'Gb} ofqf ug'{sf] cfk\mg} dhf x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ t o:tf klg ofq'
e]l6G5g\ h;sf df]jfOn s'/fsfgL ofqf cjlwe/ g} rln/x]sf x'G5g\ .
vf]O{, ltgsf] sfd g} x'G5 jf s] b]vfpg vf]H5g\ s'GgL tL, c?nfO{ k'Ug
;Sg] afwfsf] Vofn} g/fvL . cem, rsf{ :j/df s'/f ug]{x? x'G5g\ slt
t . s;}sf] 3/ Jojxf/, s;}sf] aGb Jofkf/ ;a} s'/f df]jfOnaf6} rN5
lx+hf]cfh . cem /dfOnf] t Toltv]/ nfU5, hltv]/ sxfF 5f} eg]/ ;f]Wg]nfO{
d 3/}df 5',sfof{nodf 5' jf cGoq st} atfO/x]sf] ;'lgG5, ofqfdf 5',
oxfFg]/ k'u]+ geg]/ . slxn]sfxL+ t olt;Dd x'G5 ls …lj:tf/} af]Ng';\Ú egf}+
egf}+ g} nfU5 t/ eGg g;lsg] cj:yf x'G5 . To;f] eGbf …s;}sf s'/f
g;'Gg t sf/df lx+8\g'k5{Ú eGg] hjfkm kfOg] eon] klg o;f] ug{ ;ls+b}g,
lsgls af]Ng] s'/fdf xfdL Ps ;] Ps xflh/ hjfkm 5f}+,;a} :jtGq 5f}+ /
xfd|f] h:tf] :jtGqtf / clwsf/ ;DejtM b'lgofFdf st} 5}g .
b'O{ ah] s]jnsf/sf] …a]; :6]zgÚ …r]/];Ú k'luof] . d"n åf/af6 :6]zgtkm{
cf]n{g] ;8s bfofFafofF /fd|f] km"naf/L t klxn] g} lyof], clxn] cfsif{s
d'lt{x? / dlGb/ g} :yfkgf ul/Psf /x]5g\ . x]b}{ / ToxfFsf] ;'Gb/tf;Fu
/dfpFb} xfdL l6s6 sf6\g] :yfgdf k'Uof}+ .
eL8ef8 / nfd 5}g . sfp06/ xf]nf] 5 . ca dflylt/ hfg] eg]sf] /ft
a:g]x? dfq} x'g\ . o;}n] o;f] ePsf] xf] . ptfaf6 kms{g]sf] eg] rfk 5 .
kms]{sfx? ljleGg xfpefpdf t:jL/ ln+b}5g\ . Psl5g ltg} b[Zo x]/]kl5
xfdL l6s6 sf6\5f}+ . k|lt jo:s JolQmsf nflu b'O{tkmL{ l6s6 b/ ?=
^$).–/x]5 . Ho]i7 gful/s, ljBfyL{ / lglZrt pd]/ / prfOeGbf sdsf
nflu ;x'lnot klg /x]5 . ca xfdL sf/ r9\g] :yfgtkm{ nfU5f}+ . ToxfF
klg nfdf] nfd 5}g . s]xL a]/d} sf/df r9\g kfpF5f}+ . ofq'sf] rfk
gePsfn] Pp6f l8Aafdf xfdL b'O{ hgf cyf{t\ ;'ldqf / d dfq} eof}+ .
t:jL/ ln+b} / j/k/sf b[Zo x]b}{ em08} !) ldg6df xfdL dgsfdgf k'Uof}+ .
/ft af; a:g] of]hgf ePsfn] xfdL lj:tf/} dflylt/ nfU5f}+ . emf]nf la;fpg]
/ 3'Dg] of]hgf 5 xfd|f] . xfdL cufl8 nDs+b}5f}+ . otf k"hf ;fdu|L a]Rg]x?
xfdLtkm{ x]/]/ af]nfpFb}5g\, k"hf ;fdu|L lslglbg cfu|x ub}{5g\, ptf
xf]6njfnfx? vfhf gf:tfsf] nflu cfu|x ub}{5g\\ . cfjf;sf] ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] xf]6nx? /fd|f], ;:tf] sf]7f, tftf] kfgL, jfO{kmfO{ cflb ;'ljwf
pknAw ePsf] eGb} af]nfpFb}5g\ . xfdL eg] tL cfu|xx?nfO{ ;'g] klg
g;'g]em}+ ub}{ cufl8 a9\5f}+ . lsgls xfdLn] dlGb/sf] glhs} sf]7f vf]Hg]
nIo lnPsf 5f}+ . dlGb/ glhs a:bf ef]ln laxfg p7\g] lalQs} nfd nfUg
/ ;lhn} tyf l56} k"hf ug{ kfOg] ePsfn] xfdL glhs} a:g rfx]sf xf}+ .
dlGb/ 5]p k'u]kl5 b'O{j6f xf]6ndf k'Ubf ltgsf ;~rfnssf] Jojxf/ tyf
z}nL dg kb}{g xfdLnfO{ . t];|f] xf]6ndf k'u]kl5 ToxfF eg] s'/f ldN5 .
Go"gtd ;'ljwf t rflxG5 g}, cltly ;Tsf/ vf]H5 . Jojxf/ 7"nf] s'/f xf] .
xfdLnfO{ ;fx'gLsf] Jojxf/ dg k5{ . sf]7f x]5f}+{ . sf]7f ;f+u'/f] 5 . t/
klg xfdL …Ps /ft ;'Tg] g xf]Ú eGb} sf]7fdf emf]nfx? /fV5f}+, clg 3'Dg
lg:sG5f}+ .
dlGb/ cfsif{s b]lvPsf] 5 . ev{/} ;'gsf] df]nDaf nufOPsf] dlGb/sf] 5fgf]
/ uh"/ 6nSs 6lNsPsf 5g\ . kl/;/ ;kmf g} 5 t/ cem} ;/;kmfO
x'Fb}5 . dflg;x? ;/;Nnfx ul//x]sf 5g\ . ptf pQ/tkm{ l9:sf]dfly
:jfutåf/ / 5]pdf d~r agfpg] tof/L 5 .
xfdLdf v'Nb'nL hfU5 s] sf] tof/L xf]nf of] < ;f]Wbf yfxf x'G5 ef]ln
lbpF;f] /fi6«kltsf] cfudg x'Fb} /x]5 . /fi6«klt kf]v/f ljGBjfl;gL dlGb/
k'uL ToxfFsf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO{ dgsfdgf cfpg] of]hgf /x]5 .
dgsfdgf dlGb/ k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ePsf] cj;/df ;f] lbg dlGb/ kl/;/df
cfof]lht sfo{qmddf /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/L ;xefuL x'g] sfo{qmd /x]5 .
ca xfdL lgdf{0ffwLg :jfutåf/ x'+b} psfnf] nfU5f}+ . cUnfcUnf kSsL
ejgx? ag]sf /x]5g\ cr]n otf, hxfF klxn] ;;fgf sRrL 3/ dfq lyP .
cufl8 a9\bf b]V5f}+ dfly ;}lgs SofDksf] j/ x]lnKof8;Dd ;/;kmfOsf]
sfd x'Fb}5 . ;}lgs hjfg / :yfgLo ;j{;fwf/0f;d]t ;l/s 5g\ To;df .
xfdL nvg yfkf ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ @ sf] sfof{no x'+b} yfgL dlGb/
k'U5f}+ . yfgL dlGb/af6 k/k/;Ddsf b[Zo x]5f}+{ . htf;'s} ;8s vlgPsf
5g\ . cr]n lqz"nLkfl/ s]a'nsf/ :6]zgg]/af6 dgsfdgf x'Fb} ;fgf ;jf/L
;fwg rNbf/x]5g\ . ptf cfFa'v}/]gL tkm{af6 klg uf8L cfpFbf/x]5g\ . t/,
sRrL tyf ;fFu'/f] ;8s ePsfn] b'a}tkm{sf] ofqf hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf]
:yfgLoaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .
ca xfdL k'gM dlGb/tkm{ kms{G5f}+ . plxn] k}bn} cfpg] af6f]tkm{ nfU5f}+ .
cln tn;Dd cf]n{+bf of] af6f] ;'g;fg nfU5 . To:tf] rxnkxn x'g] 7fpF
ptfkl§af6 s]j'nsf/ cfPkl5 /f}gs 36]sf] / ;'g;fg ePsf] xf] .
cfFa'v}/]gL tkm{af6 lx+8]/ cfpFbf o; e]usf] a]Un} cfsif{0f lyof] . ahf/sf]
of] e]u nvg yfkf ufpFkflnsfsf] # gDa/ j8fdf kg]{ ToxfF l:yt j8f
sfof{nosf] gfdkf6Laf6 a'lemof] .
em08} 8]9 bzskl5 k'u]sf] dgsfdgf If]q pltv]/ eGbf w]/} km/s nfUof] .
vf;u/L ;;fgf 3/x?nfO{ 7"nf 3/x?n] lj:yflkt u/]sf] / ltgdf
xf]6n,nh cflb ;~rfng ePsf b]lvof] eg] gofFgofF ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0fsf]
qmddf /x]sf] klg b]lvof] .
dflyb]lv tn;Dd ahf/ cjnf]sg ul/;s]sf xfdL ca psfnf] dlGb/tkm{
cfpg'eGbf t];f]{ nfu]/ ahf/ If]qsf] kl/qmdf ;fy} s]j'nsf/sf] :6]zgdf k'uL
t:jL/ lng] ljrf/ u5f}+{ .
:6]zgdf k'Ubf cf]n{g]x?sf] nfd 5 t/ pSng]x? kmf6\6km'6\6 dfq} 5g\ .
kfFr aHg nfu]sf]n] cfhsf] ;]jf ca s]xL l5gd} aGb x'g] ;'/IffsdL{n]
atfpF5g\ . xfdL pgs} ;xof]udf xfd|f] t:jL/ lnG5f}+ / s]xL ;do latfO{
k'gM dlGb/tkm{ nfU5f}+ . dlGb/ kl/;/ emg} /fd|f], ;kmf / cfsif{s b]lvof] .
xfdLn] dlGb/ kl/;/d} s]xL ;do latfpg] lg0f{o lnof}+ . dlGb/sf] dd{tsf
af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L lng] k|of; u¥of}+ .
k|fKt hfgsf/Lcg';f/ @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkn] k"0f{?kdf Iflt k'¥ofPsf] k|l;4
wfld{s :yn dgsfdgf dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ k'/ftÎj
ljefudfkm{t ?= rf/ s/f]8 / eQmhgaf6 ;xof]u:j?k k|fKt ePsf] ;d]t
s"n ?= !$ s/f]8 ^$ nfv vr{ ePsf] /x]5 . o;dWo] ;a}eGbf w/} vr{
;'gdf ePsf] /x]5 . dlGb/sf] 5fgf, uh"/, em\ofn–9f]sfnufotdf ;'gsf]
df]nDaf nufpg !* s]=hL= ;'gsf] vr{ ePsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfof] .
sl/a #)) jif{ cl3 lgdf{0f ePsf] dgsfdgf dlGb/ lj;+ !(()sf] e"sDkn]
blIf0f klZrdtkm{ em08} ^ OGr 9lNsPsf] lyof] . @)^* ;fndf dlGb/
hL0ff]{4f/sf nflu 5nkmn rn] klg sfd cl3 a9\g ;s]g . o;}aLr lj=;+=
@)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkn] dlGb/df Iflt k'Uof] . To;kl5 hL0ff]{4f/ ;ldlt u7g
u/L k'gM lgdf{0f yflnof] . lj;+ @)&@ h]7 @% ut] z'e;fOt kf/L dlGb/sf]
uh"/ lemlsPsf]df ;f]xL jif{ ;fpg ^ ut] hu k"hf u/L dlGb/ k'gM
lgdf{0fsf] sfd cl3 a9fOPsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf hL0ff]{4f/sf nflu
?=cf7 s/f]8 $* nfv nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] eP klg lgdf{0fsf qmddf
ljleGg sf/0fn] nfut a9]sf] xf] . dlGb/ k'glg{df{0f sfo{ @)&$ r}t
d;fGtleq} ;DkGg ug]{ nIo lyof] . t/ e"sDkkl5 gfsfaGbL,dlGb/nfO{
rflxg] cfsf/sf] sf7sf] cefjnufot ;d:ofsf sf/0f lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf
em08} cf7 dlxgfkl5 dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .
;ldltn] k'/ftÎj ljefun] tf]s]sf] dfkb08cg';f/ dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
atfPsf] 5 . o;cl3 dlGb/sf] 5fgfdf tfdfsf] hnk nufOPsf]df clxn]
dlGb/sf] uh"/, 5fgf, d"n9f]sf cflbdf ;'gsf] hnk nufP/ cfsif{s
agfOPsf] 5 . dlGb/sf] 5fgfdf ;'gsf] hnk nufp+bf cr]n gfOl6«s Pl;8
k|of]u u/]/ nufpg] u/]sf] eP klg cfkm"x?n] ;'gsf] hnk nufpFbf k'/fg}
k|ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] hL0ff]{4f/ ;ldltsf] bfaL 5 . h;cg';f/ o;sf nflu
r's, g'g, cldnf] / O+{6fsf] 9'6f] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
To;kl5 xf]6n kmsL{ vfgf vfO{ lj>fd lnof}+ .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg g'xfOw'jfO{ u/L ;f9] kfFr ah] g} dlGb/df nfd nfUg
k'Uof}+ . nfdf] nfd lyPg . o;}n] cfwf 306fleq} bz{g / k"hf ;lsof] .
pHofnf] x'Fb} ubf{ t:jLx? lnOof] . /fi6«kltsf] :jfutsf nflu ;'/Iff
Joj:yf / afFsL ;hfj6;d]tsf tof/L x'Fb} ubf{ xfdL eg]kl5 eL8 x'g ;Sg]
ePsfn] s]j'nsf/ v'Ngf;fy cf]n{g] lg0f{odf k'Uof}+ . ;f]xLcg';f/ xf]6ndf
kmsL{ uf;af;sf] b:t'/ e'QmfgL u/L s]j'nsf/ :6]zgtkm{ nfUof}+ .
;+of]u,kms{+bf klg ofq'sf] rfk gePsfn] Pp6f l8Aafdf xfdL hf]8L dfq
eof}+ .
s]j'nsf/af6 cf]nL{ uf8L r9\g] 7fpF;Dd;Dd k}bn} cfpg] qmddf 7fpF7fpFdf
st} cfkm} / st} cGo ofq'sf] ;xof]udf t:jL/ lnOof] . o;} qmddf tnlt/
cf]n{+b} u/]sf Ps o'jf glhs} cfP/ lzi6tfk"j{s …tkfO{+nfO{ st} b]v]b]v]
h:tf] nfUof]Ú eg] . d}n] …xf] / < dnfO{ t ofb ePgÚ eg]+ . pgn] …;f]n'
hfg' ePsf] lyof] x}g <Ú eGg] lh1f;f /fv] . d}n] …xf], d ;Nn]/L k'u]sf]
lyP+, s]xL 306fsf] nfluÚ eg+] . pgn] …xf], To;f] eP ToxL+ b]v]sf] x'+ d}n]Ú
eGbf d cfZro{rlst ePF .
clg …oxfFsf] 3/ ToxL+ g} xf] ls <… eGg] d]/f] lh1f;fdf pgn] 3/ …g]n]Ú eP
klg ptf hfg] cfpg] u/]sf] atfP . zfob s'g} sfd ljz]ifn] Toltv]/
;Nn]/L k'u]sf jf ToxL+ st}, s'g} k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]5g\ ls < d}n] pgL;+u
yk k|Zg ul/g . …P xf]nf, d}n] t ofb ul/g5'Ú eGb} xft ldnfO{ xfdL
cfcfkm\gf] af6f] nfUof}+ .
t/, w]/} eL8ef8 gx'g] 7fpFdf dflg;x? gf}nf cg'xf/ ofb ubf{ /x]5g\,
aflx/af6 k'Ug] dflg;x?nfO{ ;Dem+bf /x]5g\ eGg] k|i6 eof] / uha klg
nfUof] . jf:tjdf d ut @)&% ;fnsf] h]7 dlxgfsf] clGtd ;ftf
;f]n'v'Da" lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;Nn]/L k'Ubf sl/a rf/ 306f dfq ToxfF
latfPsf] lyPF . sfof{nosf] sfdafx]s ahf/sf] e|d0f tyf kmfKn"
ljdfg:ynsf] cjnf]sg u/L kms]{sf xfdLn] To;df nueu b'O{ 306f vlr{of}+
xf]nf . ;f] cjlwdf Pp6f k;n / vfgfsf] nflu Pp6f xf]6ndf dfq xfdL
k;]sf lyof}+ . zfob pgL ltg}dWo] sxL+ x'Fbf x'g\ .
xfdL ;8sdf lgl:s+bf ;+of]un] dgsfdgf hfg] ofq'sf] ;+Vof w]/} ePsf] a;
cfOk'Uof] . ofq'x? cf]ln{Pkl5 ;f]xL a;df r9L xfdL lbp+;f] ! ah] ;'lj:tf
;fy sf7df8f} cfOk'Uof}+ .
;f+em t ;dfrf/x?df cfOxfNof] /fi6«klt cfudgsf] sf/0f dgsfdgfdf
bz{gfyL{x?n] lbp+;f] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|tLIff ug'{k/]5 . o;n] sltkonfO{
cK7]/f] k/]sf] u'gf;f] klg cfof] . Pp6L j[4fn] t nfdf] ;do k|tLIff u/]/
klg dgsfdgf dfO{sf] bz{g / k"hf;d]t ug{ gkfO{ kms{g'k/]sf] ;dfrf/ klg
cfof] . nfUof] u0ftGq / ;+3Lotfn] xfdLsxfF …eLcfOkLÚ / …eLeLcfO{kLÚsf]
;+Vof a9fOlbPsf] 5 . tL hxfF klg cfkm\gf] cg'xf/ b]vfpg vf]H5g\ .
;;fgf sfo{qmddf klg k'Ug nfnflot x'G5g\ . rflxg]eGbf a9L tfdemfd
vf]H5g\ . clg ltgsf nflu cfd ;j{;fwf/0fn] /fhtGqsfneGbf a9L ;f:tL
em]Ng' kl//x]sf] 5 / cfufdL lbgdf o:tf] ;f:tL cem} a9L Aoxf]g'{kg]{5 .
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kB / uB sljtf n]vg k/Dk/fsf]
b[i6fGt
 g]qgf/fo0f zdf{
gjnk/f;L
ljifo k|j]z
;flxTosf ljeGg ljwfx?sf] /rgfdf kB jf uB z}nLsf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . ;flxTodf sf]dn kbfjnLx?sf] cfj/0fdf s[ltx? /rgf ug]{ k4ltnfO{
pRr dflgG5 . j0ff{g'qmdfg';f/ …kBÚ sf] zflAAbs ;+/rgf uBsf] t'ngfdf
kl5 kb{5 . t/ k||of]u / cEof;sf] t'ngfdf o;sf] Oltxf; lgs} nfdf] 5 .
uB /rgf j0ff{g'qmdfg';f/ cl3 k/] klg /rgf ljwfgsf b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf]
z}nL xf] . 5f]6s/Ldf kB zAbsf] ;+/rgf o:tf] x'G5 M kb\±o -ot\_ o;sf]
cy{ x'G5 –Znf]sa4 /rgf÷Znf]sdf cfa4 ul/Psf] /rgf . To:t} uBsf]
;+/rgf ub\±o-ot\_ -n'OF6]n M @)%*M$%÷!!(_ 5Gb/lxt cyjf u]ofTds
u'0fsf b[li6n] sdhf]/ /rgf dflgG5 . crDd t s] 5 eg] oL b'a} z}nLdf
kB ljz]if0f kbfjnL xf] eg] uB gfd kbfjnL xf] . efiffnfO{ s;/L
ld7f;k"0f{ tl/sfn] ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] cleJolQmsf qmddf kB /
uBz}nLsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] a'lemG5 . 5Gbsf] ;}4flGts :j?ksf] rrf{ ub}{
b]jL g]kfn …5Gb k/fuÚ s[ltdf JoQm u5{g\ – nout Ps?ktf jf 5Gbut
dof{bfdf afFlwPsf /rgf cyf{t\ lgoldt noa4 sljtfTds /rgfnfO{
kBsfJo elgG5 . To:t} nout Ps?ktf jf 5Gbut dof{bfdf gafFlwPsf
t/ sfJofTds nlnt zAbo'Qm /rgfnfO{ uBsfJo elgG5 . -g]kfnM@)^@M!_
To:t} pQm s[ltdf kBsfJo / 5GbsfJodf ;dfgtf /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5 .
dflg;n] /fufTds cleJolQm lbg'kbf{ kBz}nLnfO{ ckgfpg] k/Dk/f lgs}
k||frLg sfnsf] xf] . k"jL{o ;flxTo lrGtgn] j}lbs ;flxTonfO{ 5Gbsf] p7fg
ljGb' dfg]sf] 5 . kBz}nLsf] pTklQ b}jL 1fg;Fu klg ;Da4 u/L rrf{
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . -P]hg_ o; z}nLsf] 1fg ;j{k|yd eujfg\\ lzjnfO{ k||fKt
ePsf] lyof] . o; qmddf lzjaf6 lji0f',lji0f'af6, OGb|n], OGb|af6 a[x:kltn],
a[x:kltaf6, df08Jon], df08Joaf6 ;}tjn], ;}tjaf6 of:s / of:saf6
lkª\\un d'lgn] 5Gbsf] 1fg k||fKt u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . -P]hg_
uBz}nLsf] k|of]uut Jofjxfl/s dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf Ps lbg dxli{f
jfNdLls cfkm\gf lziox?sf ;fy td;f gbLdf :gfg u/]/ kmls{b} ubf{
af6fdf crfgs k||]dfnfkdf dUg ePsf qmf}~rbDktLdWo] PsnfO{ Jofwfn]
af0fn] xfg]/ dfl/lbof] . cfkm\gf] efn] d/]kl5sf] kf]yLsf] lrTsf/n] dxlif{nfO{
;d]t ljXjn agfof] / pgsf] d'vf/j[Gbaf6 crfgs o:tf] Znf]s lg:Sof] .
Dff lgiffbk|lti7f+TjdudM zfZjtLM;dfM.
oTqmf}~rldy'gfb]sdjwLMsfddf]lxtd\ ..
cyf{t\ x] rf08fn Jofwf t}Fn] sfddf]lxt oL kG5Lsf hf]8Ldf Pp6fnfO{
dfl/;\\, o;af6 t}Fn] slxNo} k||lti7f / ;'v k||fKt ug{ g;s];\ . jfNdLlsnfO{
jfuflwi7fqL ;/:jtLsf cg'sDkfn] ubf{ o:tf] Znf]s /rgf x'g k'u]sf] /
lognfO{ ca …/fdfo0fÚ h:tf] a[xt\ u||Gy tof/ kfg{ j/bfg ldn]sf] rrf{ klg
kfOG5 . -P]hgM@,#_ kjL{o ;j{k|frLg u||Gy …CUj]bÚ df kBnosf] k||of]u u/L
o;sf Crfx?sf] /rgf ePsf] 5 . To:t} nf}lss ;flxTosf dxfef/t ,
/fdfo0f h:tf pTs[i6 u||Gydf klg o; z}nLsf] k||of]u ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL
efiffsf] dfp ;+:s[t efiffdf o; k|sf/sf] kB z}nLsf] k||of]u b]vf k/]kl5
clwsf+z tb\\ej / tT;d zAbsf] afx'No /x]sf] g]kfnL efiffdf klg o;sf]
k||efj kg]{ g} eof] . ;flxTodf kB z}nLnfO{ k"jL{o efiffzf:qLo b]g dflgPsf]
5 . t/ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTodf oL b'a} z}nLsf] k||of]u ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf kB / uB z}nL
g]kfnL efiffdf ;flxTo /rgf x'g yfn]sf] w]/} ;do ePsf] 5}g . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsfnLg /rgfnfO{ ;flxTo /rgfsf] p7fg ljGb'sf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
o; ;dosf sljx?df sfJo kBdf dfq /rgf x'G5 eGg] k"jL{o ;flxTo
lrGtgsf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] g]kfnL efiffsf klxnf slj cyf{t\
k[YjLgf/fo0fsf ;dsfnLg slj ;'jfgGb bf;n] k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] jL/tfsf]
sb/ ub}{ kB z}nLdf g} sljtf n]v]sf lyP . To:t} o; ;dosf
zlQmjNne cHof{nsf sljtfdf klg o; z}nLsf] k||of]u ePsf] lyof] .
eLd;]g yfkfsfnLg slj ob'gfy kf]v/]nn] klg pxL z}nLdf sljtf /rgf
u/]sf lyP . Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
uf/g 8/fO{sg lr7L n]Vof],
g]kfnsf jL/ l;kfxL b]Vof] .
To:t} pgsf] …g]kfnsf jL/ l;kfxL b]Vof]Ú zLif{ss} csf]{ sljtf+z x]/f}F –
lkm/ª\uL x6fO{ n'6Llk6L rfF8f], k'uL cfh u+uf kiffNg' 5 vfF8f], To;kl5
cflbslj efg'eQmsf] …/fdfo0fÚ s[ltdf o; z}nLnfO{ x'–ax' ptfg]{ k|of;
ul/of] . To:t} o; ;dosf /3'gfyn] klg pQm z}nLnfO{ g} k5\ofPsf
lyP . g]kfnL ;flxTo /rgfdf dfWolds o'udf klg o; z}nLnfO{
ckgfOof] . df]tL/d e6\6n] o;sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf pb"{ ;flxTosf] z}nL
cyf{t\ …ax/Úsf] k|of]u u/L s[ltx? /rgf u/] . o; ;dosf /rgfsf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ …;"lQml;Gw'Ú sljtf–;ª\\u|xdf cfa4 ePsf sljtf s[ltx?
;a} g} kBz}nLnfO{ g} ckgfO{ n]lvPsf] 5 . o; ;dosf s[ltx?dWo]sf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
ltdL d]/L ltd|f] d eGy]F cufl8
Efo]+ sd{n] wd{ 5f8\g] k5fl8
ePsf] 5' d o;n] kfun ;dfg
ljof]un] hnL t}klg hfGg Hofg
– zDe'k|;fb 9'u]+n -;'j]bLM;Dkf=@)^@
To:t} cfw'lgssfnLg ;flxTo /rgfdf ;d]t o; z}nLnfO{ ckgfOPsf] 5 .
sfJo ljwfafx]s gf6\o ljwfdf klg o;sf] k|efj k/]sf] pQm s[ltaf6 k|i6
x'G5 . o; ljwfnfO{ sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfyn] klg lz/f]wfo{ u/]sf s'/f pgsf]
nflnTo efu b'O{df e]l6Psf o; k|sf/sf Znf]sn] k|i6 kfb{5g\ .
yf]/} cufl8 d'6'leq To:sf]
kof]{ / b}jL ult ?k r:sf]
ljts{df v"a t/ª\\lub} uf]
dl:tis p:sf] ;a /lªb} uf]
To:t}M bfgL 5 /fd elg gfd ;'g]/ cfof}
x] ljk|jo{ t/ s]jn b'Mv kfof} .
df}sf uof], kl5 eof} , ca cfh xfo
ltd|f] u?F d s;/L wgn] ;xfo <-kf}8\ofnM@)$!_
ca nfuf}+ uB /rgftkm{
dfly g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 ls ;flxTodf uB z}nL klZrd]nL b]g xf] .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf o; z}nLsf] k|of]u cfw'lgs sfndf b]vf k/Øf] . g]kfnsf]
/f0ffzf;s lj?4 s7f]/tf;fYf snd rnfpg], n]vgdf qmflGt emNsfpg]
slj x'g\ – uf]kfnk||;fb l/dfn . logn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf uB z}nLsf] klg
k||of]u ug{ ;lsg] / To:tf /rgfdf klg pTs[i6tf /xg] u'0f sfod /xg]
lrgf]sf] ?kdf …cfdfsf] ;kgfÚ sljtf–;ª\u|x /rgf u/] . of] sljtf–;ª\u|x
cToGt rlr{t sfJo aGof] . kBdf /rgf ug{ g;lsg] cf8 e/f];f v]lk/x]sf
sljx?n] ca eg] uB z}nLsf] k||of]u u/L sljtf /rgf ug{ k'u] .
cfdf Û Tof] cfpF5 < xf] afa' Tof] cfpF5,
pynk'yn ;alt/ x]/km]/ NofpF5 .
em§ x]bf{ kBfTds c+z xf]Ù eGg] nfUg] o;df uB z}nLs} k||of]u ePsf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ qmflGtk'/mifsf] sNkgf u/L hgtfn] kl/jt{g rfx]sf] rf]l6nf] k|xf/
uBdf klg /rgf x'g ;Sbf] /x]5 eGg] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/] . To:t} csf{
rlr{t slj e"lk z]/rgn] klg uB z}nLsf] ;kmn k|of]u u/L sljtf /rgf
ug{ k'u] . logsf] …3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5]Ú -z]/rg M @)^@_ sljtf–;ª\u|x
klxnf] k6s k|sflzt eO{ dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt s[lt xf] . o; ;ª\u|xdf
k|of]u ePsf s]xL uBf+z x]/f}F M
lbgel/
;'s]sf] afF; em}F
cfkm\gf] vf]qmf]kgdfly
pmF3]/,
k5'tfP/
lbgel/
/f]uL dn]jf em}F
To:t}M xftdf kmf]x/ nfu]sf
afFb/ ;bf / ;j{q
b'u{Gwn] kLl8t x'G5
;'Gtnfsf] 3f/Ldf pm
o; k|sf/sf /rgfx?kl5 sfJodf uB z}nLnfO{ ckgfO{ sljtf /rgf ug]{
;flxTosf/x? k|z:t b]lvP .
lgisif{
;flxTo cleJolQmsf] dfWod efiff xf] . o;nfO{ k||:t't ubf{ ckgfOg] z}nL
x'g\ M kB / uB, kB z}nLsf] cefjdf efjgfx? kf]Vg c;dy{ x'G5 slj
eGg] cj:yf ca /xFb}g eg] kB z}nLsf dfq sljtfdf efj v'Ng], cfsif{s,
/fufTds x'g] wf/0ff klg ca vl08t ePsf] 5 . ;flxTo aGgnfO{ efj,
/fusf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] / dgf]/~hgd"ns x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff 5 . o:tf] uB
/rgfdf klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eg] kBdf klg kfOG5 . u]ofTds u'0fsf
b[li6n] kB/rgfnfO{ ;DkGg dflgP klg nosf] dl;gf] emª\\sf/ uBdf klg
kfOG5 . h:t} M
sf]xL klZrdsf,
sf]xL kxf8 sfF7sf,
sf]xL dw]z kmfF6sf sf]xL ef/tsf sf]xL ef]6sf,
t/ ;a oxfF e]nf ePsf 5g\ .
dflysf] Znf]sdf sf÷sf j0f{df nosf] emª\\s[t :j/ kfOG5 . cfw'lgs o'jf
k':tfdf klg kBsf] cg'zfl;t aGwgeGbf uB z}nLdf sljtf /rgf ug]{
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|LM
– g]kfn, b]jL, 5Gb k/fu, sf7df8f}+ M e"F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg- @)^@ _ k[=!
– P]hg,
– P]hg,
– P]hgMk[=@,#
– kf}8\ofn, n]vgfy nflnTo efu @ ,5}6f}F ;+=,nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg
-@)^@_
– n'O6]n,vu]Gb| -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL k|s[lt k|Too sf]z bf]=;+= sf7df8f}+ M
ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ -@)%*_k[=$%,!!(
– z]/rg, e"lk 3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5], P3f/f}+ ;+= ,nlntk'/M;femf
k|sfzg - @)^@_
– ;'j]bL, /fh]Gb| -:fDkf=_ ;"lQml;Gw', -km]l/_ hdn, sf7df8f}+ M lx;L
ckm;]6 lk|G6;{ -@)^@_.
)))
u'NdLaf6 k|sflzt ;Dk"0f{ k':ts tyf kq–

klqsfx? Pp6f klg g5f]8L ls/0f k':tsfnodf
;xof]u:j?k lbg] u/f}+ . o; k':tsfnonfO{
u'Nd]nL k|sfzgx?sf] pTs[i6 ;ª\u|x:ynsf]
?kdf ljsf; u/f}+ .
nfnl6gsf] pHofnf]df s[ltleqsf
pHofnf ls/0fx?
 6+sk|;fb kGy
tfg;]g, kfNkf
!= ljifo k|j]z
cfTdsyf dfgjLo hLjg ef]ufO / ;ª\3if{sf] ;fIffTf\ cleJolQm xf]] . JolQm
cfkm"n] ef]u]sf, b]v]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/fnfO{ oyfy{sf] w/ftndf pFleP/
cleJolQm lbg] sfd cfTdsyfdf x'G5 . of] JolQmsf] hLjgsf] jfof]u|fkmL klg
xf] . x'g t cfTdsyfdf ;a}n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfnfO{ aflx/
gNofpg klg ;S5g\ cyjf k|:t'ltsf qmddf s]xL s'/fx? 5f]lkPsf klg x'g
;S5g\ . t/ cfTdsyfdf cfTdfn] ef]u]sf pHofnf–cFWof/f ;Dk"0f{ kf6fx?nfO{
k|ltlalDat u/fpg' cfTdsyf n]vssf] wd{ xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf s'/f ubf{
/fhgLlts If]qsf g]tf JolQmTjx?, ;fdflhs hLjgsf cleoGtfx?,
;flxlTos hut\sf ;|i6fx?, cGo If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmx? /
;fdfGo hLjg ef]u]sf JolQmx?n] cfTdsyf jf hLjgLj[Q n]Vg] k/Dk/f
/x]sf] 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf hLjgdf cys ;ª\3if{, k|lts"ntf, cefj, e"ldut
/fhgLlts kl/j]zdf >Ldfg\ / :jod\ hLjg;d]t hf]lvddf /x]sf] ;dodf
lgeL{s ?kdf /fhgLlt / ;dfh ;]jfdf nfUg] Pp6L ;fx;L dlxnfsf]
cfTdsyf xf]–nfnl6gsf] pHofnf]df . ufpF7fpFdf ljBdfg /x]sf cGwljZjf;,
c1fgtf / 5f]/Lk|ltsf] lje]bnfO{ x6fpg 5fqf egf{ cleofg ;~rfng u/L
1fgsf] k|sfz 5g]{ Ps ;dlk{t lzlIfsfsf] cfTdsyf xf] of] . b]zsf] ;fdGtL
zf;g;QfnfO{ abn]/ hgtfsf] zf;g :yflkt ug{ /fhgLltdf xf]ldPsf
>Ldfg\sf sfuhkq k|x/Laf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu n'sfpg vf]Hbf ln:gf]n]
k]6sf] aRrfnfO{ Rofk]/ cfhLjg dl:tiscf3ftsf] kL8f af]s]sL caf]w /
ckfª\u 5f]/LsL Ps ddtfdoL cfdfsf] cfTdsyf xf] . ;f;"–;;'/f / 3/
;dfhsf a'xft{g ;x]/ cfkm\gf] ceLi6 p2]Zodf cufl8 a9\g] clg cfkm\gf
>Ldfg\sf] /fhgLlts k|ultdf ;b}j pT;fx eg]{ Ps s'zn u[lx0fLsf]
cfTdsyf xf] . o:t} kb, k|lti7f / :jfy{sf] k5fl8 gnfuL ;fwf hLjg pRr
ljrf/sf] cfbz{df afFRg] Ps cfbz{ gf/Lsf] cfTdsyf xf]– nfnl6gsf]
pHofnf]df . w]/} g]kfnL gf/Lx?sf] ;ª\3if{, dfg–lje]b, cGofok"0f{ lgoltsf]
;femf cjfh af]s]sf] s[ltsf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
@= nfnl6gsf] pHofnf]df
@=!=;+/rgf
d"n efu b'O{ ;o rjfnL; k[i7df lgld{t o; s[ltsf] e"ldsf v08df ;ft
k[i7 /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;/L s'n b'O{ ;o PsfpGg k[i7df of] s[lt
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . of] s[ltsf] k|sfzssf ?kdf cIf/ lqmP;g g]kfn /x]sf]
5 . o; s[ltdf …t:jL/x?df hLjg ofqfÚ ;lxt hDdf pgGtL;j6f kfOnf,
5fn, ems, cWofo jf emfFsL /x]sf 5g\ . …kqsf/sf] rf}yf] cfFvfÚ zLif{ssf]
n]v hDdf tLg k[i7df ;+/lrt b]lvG5 eg] …d]/f] klxnf] ljb]z ofqfÚ ;a}eGbf
nfdf] kGw| k[i7df ;+/lrt 5 . cGo ;a} zLif{ssf n]vx? rf/b]lv rf}w
k[i7df ;+/lrt 5g\ . cfTdsyfsf] k|:t'lt ePsf c¶fO{;j6f zLif{snfO{ x]bf{
5'§f5'§} ;Gbe{sf emnsx? eP klg ;|i6f ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] hLjgsf
36gfqmdsf] z[ª\vnfut ofqf ;d]l6P/ cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . cfj/0f
k[i7df clª\st cfsif{s / cd"t{ lrqsf] ;+of]hgn] s[ltsf] ljifut dd{nfO{
cleJol~ht u/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ sfnb]lvsf t:jL/sf emnsx?n]
cfTdsyfsf] ljifoj:t'ut dd{ / n]vsLo hLjgsf] oyfy{nfO{ cleJoQm ug{
d2t u/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
@=@= ljifo k|:t'ltsf] ljGof;
Kf|:t't s[ltsf] d"ne"t ljifo n]vs ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] hLjg ufyf / To;sf
k[i7e"lddf hf]l8g cfpg] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{, Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf
emns, u|fdL0f ;fdflhs hLjgsf ljZjf;–cGwljZjf;, JolQm ;/:jtLn]
ef]u]sf tLtf–dL7f cg'e"lt, k|lts"n hLjg afFRb} kl/jf/ / >Ldfg\sf]
cfbz{nfO{ dnhn ug{sf nflu u/]sf] Tofuk"0f{ ;ª\3if{sf] syfnfO{
ljifoj:t'sf ?kdf d'vl/t ePsf] efje"lddf k|:t't s[lt lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
…d}n] nfnl6g afn]FÚ eGg] zLif{saf6 ;'? ePsf] k|:t't cfTdsyf n]vssf]
afNosfnsf ;Gbe{, dfjnLdf nf8Kof/df x'ls{Psf] cj:yf, rf}w jif{sf]
pd]/df ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf] s'/f, ;ª\3if{ / cefjsf aLrdf k|j]lzsf;Dd
k9]sf] cj:yfnfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;dodf e"ldut /fhgLlts
kl/j]zdf g]=s=kf= dfn];Fu ;Da4 ePsf] s'/f, lzIf0f k];fk|ltsf] ;Ddfgefj /
cfkm" lzIfs aGg] of]hgf, e"ldut g]tfk|ltsf] >4f, zlz;Fusf] ljjfx k|:tfj
/ e]6, 3/df a'af–cfdfaf6 ljjfx ug{ bafa, uxgf / sk8fsf] k|nf]eg
b]vfpg]x? ljjfx k|:tfj lnP/ cfPsf] / ltgLx?k|lt leq}b]lv 3[0ff hfu]/
cfPsf] cfTd:jLs[lt oxfF kfOG5 . zlz;Fu k|ultzLn ljjfx ;DkGg, Ps
dlxgf;Dd e]6;Dd gx'Fbf dgdf plAhPsf] ;Gb]x / dfgl;s kL8fsf]
cleJolQm klg oxfF kfOG5 . zlz;Fu sd{3/ u'NdL k|:yfgsf qmddf
ef]luPsf clj:d/0fLo If0f, a'xft{g ef]Ub} lzIffsf] pHofnf] 5g{sf nflu
u/]sf cys k|of; / ljb|f]xL cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ klg
oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 3/sf] sfdwGbf, lzIf0f, /fhgLlts r]tgf hfu[t
u/fpg v]n]sf] e"ldsf, 5f]/L ue{df x'Fbf /fhgLlts b:tfj]h /
sfuhkqx?sf] ;+/If0fsf qmddf ln:gf] 9n]/ k]6df ahfl/g uO{ To;sf]
k|xf/sf sf/0f ckfª\u 5f]/L hlGdPsf] 36gfnfO{ sf?l0fs ?kdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ;'Nemfpg hflu/sf nflu cfkm\g}
ufpF, c3f{vfFrL, gjnk/f;Lsf] b'DsLjf;, af;fa;fO{, ?kGb]xLsf] a'6jn;Dd
ef]u]sf ltQmtfk"0f{ Jojxf/, 3ftk|lt3ft nf~5fgf / ;ª\3if{nfO{ em]Nb} afx|
jif{df P3f/j6f hflu/df ef}tfl/g' kbf{sf] ljjztfnfO{ dfld{s ?kdf cleJoQm
ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L c3f{vfFrLdf e"ldut ;dodf ;+u7g lgdf{0fdf nfUbf
;]N6/jfnf alxgLn] wf]sf lbPsf sf/0f /ftsf] cFWof/f]df ckl/rt 7fpFsf]
hª\undf af6f] la/fP/ /fh'sf sfF8fx? em]Nb} ca]/ /flt uGtJodf k'u]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ b]Vbf kf7sdf klg ;xfg'e"lt efj k}bf x'G5 . af3;Fusf] hDsf
e]6, lhNnf c:ktfndf 5f]/fnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ n}hfFbf 8fS6/n] b]vfPsf]
5'b|tfk"0f{ Jojxf/, o:t} b'DsLjf;df lj/lStP/ cfTdxTof ug{ egL /ftdf
vf]nfsf] lsgf/lt/ uPsf] cj:yf, af;fa;fO{df x'Fbf uf8L b'3{6gfdf k/L
;+of]un] Hofg afFr]sf] 36gf, a'6jndf u|fdL0f ljsf; a}Fsdf ;fgf] hflu/
vfFbf klg w]/} dflg;x?n] h; lng vf]h]sf] cj:yf, Pdfn] km'6]sf] ;dodf
dfn] kIfsf JolQmx?n] k|bLk 1jfnLnfO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L cfqmd0f u/]sf]
qf;bLo 36gf, sf7df8f}Fdf 8]/fdf a:bfsf k|lts"ntf, xfjfn] 3/sf] l6gsf]
5fgf p8fOlbP/ 8]/fdf ;g'{kbf{sf] cj:yf cflb 36gfx? n]vssf] hLjgsf
k|lts"n tyf ;ª\3if{ / r'gf}tLsf ?kdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;'?df >Ldfg\ /
>LdtL b'a} /fhgLltdf xf]ldPsf] t/ kl5 3/kl/jf/, ckfª\u 5f]/L,
5f]/fx?sf] ;+/If0f, >Ldfg\sf] /fhgLlts ofqfsf] ;xhtfsf nflu ;a}
s'/fnfO{ Tofu]/ u[lx0fLsf ?kdf ;dlk{t ePsf];Ddsf 36gfx? ljifoa4
?kdf ;d]l6Psf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
@=# kl/j]z lrq0f
n]vs ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] hLjgsf ptf/–r9fj / ;ª\3if{sf ;]/f]km]/f]df
36gfsf] ljsf; / ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf ljr/0f u/]sf 7fpF tyf kl/j]z oxfF
;d]l6P/ cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . :yfgut lx;fan] x]bf{{ dbgkf]v/f,
aGbLkf]v/f, tfg;]g, u'NdLsf] rf}tf/f, /fgLjf;, an]6S;f/, tD3f; / cGo
7fpFx?, c3f{vfFrLsf] ;lGwvs{, kfnL, lvlbd, lrlbsfnufotsf 7fpFx?,
b'DsLjf;, af;fa;fO{ / e"tfxf;Ddsf] :ynut kl/j]z, a'6jn If]q, sf7df8f}F
pkTosf, dGqL lgjf; tyf ljb]z ofqfsf qmddf cl:6«]lnof;Ddsf :yfgut
kl/j]zsf emnsx? oxfF ;d]l6P/ cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;do jf sfnut
kl/j]zsf] s'/f ubf{ @)$@ ;fnb]lv @)&@ ;fn;Ddsf] tL; jif{sf] cjlw /
To; ;dodf ePsf JolQm ;/:jtLsf] hLjgsf ptf/–r9fj tyf b]zdf
ePsf] /fhgLlts ljsf;, Joj:yf kl/jt{g, jfdkGyL /fhgLltsf] emns,
:jfyL{ / cj;/sf ef]sfx?sf] ;fª\s]lts emns, e"ldut /fhgLlts
hLjgsf si6k|b If0fx?, cfkm\gf] kfl/jfl/s clg bfDkTo hLjgsf ;ª\3if{,
5f]/LnfO{ :s"n k7fpg x'Fbg} eGg] tTsfnLg r]tgfsf] cj:yf, @)$^ eGbf
k"j{sf] kf6L{leqsf] cg'zf;g, k|hftGq k|flKt;Fu} lelqPsf] c/fhstf,
kbk|lti7fsf nflu Odfg a]Rg] k|j[lQ, dGqL kl/jf/;Fu 7f]lsg cfpg] :jfy{,
k|nf]eg / k|efjsf k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;fdflhs hLjgsf] oyfy{
t:jL/ oxfF ptfl/Psf] 5 . kl/j]zsf] hLjGt k|:t'ltsf sf/0f k|:t't
cfTdsfyf oyfy{nfO{ phfu/ u/fpg ;kmn /x]sf] cg'ej x'G5 .
@=$ ;xefuL
o; s[ltdf ljleGg JolQm, k|j[lQ / dgf]j[lQx? hf]l8g cfPsf 5g\ . k|yd
k'/mif cflGtl/s b[li6ljGb'sf] cfTdsygsf l;nl;nfdf 36gfqmd jf ljifosf]
ljGof; ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . d kfq jf ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf s]Gb|df pgL
kfq jf zlz jf k|bLk 1jfnL cfPsf 5g\ . o;}qmddf d kfqsf afaf,
cfdf, bfh', cGo JolQmx?, dfjnL xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf, 7"nL cfdf, dfdf,
dfOh" tyf cGo ;b:ox? ;d]l6P/ cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . u'NdL sd{
3/sf a'af, cfdf, bfh' -h]7fh'_, h]7fgLnufotsf cGo kfqx?, 5f]/L
lIflth, 5f]/f k|zfGt, ufpFn]x? / ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x? klg oxfF ;xefuL
eP/ cfPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts JolQmTjx? s]=kL= cf]nL, lji0f'
kf}8]n, hLj/fh cfl>t, l;l4gfy 1jfnL, df]bgfy k|l>t, bnaxfb'/ /fgf,
;f]dk|;fb kf08], ljho kf}8]n, sf]zn kf]v/]n, sdn >]i7nufotsf
JolQmx?sf] ;Gbe{ klg hf]l8g k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L c3f{vfFrL, gjnk/f;L,
?kGb]xL, tyf sf7df8f}Fsf] a;fO ;ª\3if{, kf6L{ hLjg / hflu/] hLjgsf
l;n;nfdf hf]l8g cfPsf ljleGg JolQm / ltgsf k|j[lQx? oxfF ;d]l6Psf
5g\ . of] s[lt cfTdsyf ePsfn] d"ntM :jod\ n]vssf] JolQm hLjgsf
ef]ufOsf qmddf 7f]lSsg cfPsf JolQmx?sf] Jojxf/ tyf To;}sf] k|:t'ltsf
qmddf c;n cfr/0f ePsfx?k|lt s[t1tfsf] efj k|s6 eP/ cfPsf] b]Vg
;lsG5 . o;}u/L v/fa / 5'b| k|j[lQ ePsf JolQm / k|j[lQk|lt s6fIfk"0f{
k|xf/ ug]{ sfd klg oxfF ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ x]bf{ n]vsdf
ePsf] lgeL{stf, tfls{stf clg u'0fbf]ifnfO{ v'6\ofpg ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /x]sf]
b]Vg ;lsG5 . oxfF;Dd ls cfkm\g} hLjg;fyLk|lt klg 7fpF7fpFdf u'gf;f /
ljdltsf dfld{s cleJolQm kfOg'n] n]vssf] :ki6tfnfO{ af]w ug{ ;lsG5 .
kb / k|lti7f;Fu} hf]l8g cfpg] :jfy{, k|nf]eg / 5'b| k|j[lQsf] oyfy{k/s
?kdf phfu/ u/fpg] sfd klg n]vsn] u/]sL 5g\ . k|hftGq k|flKtkl5
5'r'Gb|] k|j[lQsf dflg;x?sf] xfnLd'xfnL ePsf], kf6L{df ljutsf] Odfg /
cg'zf;g sfod /xg g;s]sf], g]t[Tj klg ;Lldt :jfy{af6 dfly p7\g
g;s]sf] oyfy{nfO{ klg n]vsn] ;ª\s]t u/]sL 5g\ .
;xefuL kfq jf ;dfVoftfsf ?kdf k|:t't ePsL ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] of]
s[lt k9\bf ;a} g]tf / dGqLsf >LdtLx? ;/:jtL 1jfnL h:t} ePdf of]
b]zdf of]Uo dfG5]n] plrt 7fpF kfpg] lyP ls < dGqL / xflsdsf
>LdtLx?nfO{ l/emfP/ cj;/ 5f]Kg]x?sf lbg hfg] lyP ls < Odfg /
lgi7fsf] rl/q ljsf; x'g]lyof] ls < eGg] h:tf ts{gfx? kf7ssf dgdf
v]Ng k'U5g\ . hLjg ;fyL zlz jf k|bLk 1jfnLsf] lgisnlª\st JolQmTj /
/fhgLlts prfO p7fpgdf n]vssf] k|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] cg'e"lt klg
kf7sn] ub{5 . o; s[ltleq cfBf]kfGt ?kdf ljr/0f ubf{ n]vsnfO{
Odfg, cledfg / :jfledfgdf afFr]sL Ps cfbz{ / ;ª\3if{zLn gf/Lsf]
:yfgdf kfpg ;lsG5 . cfkm\gL ckfª\utf ePsL 5f]/LnfO{ ;fIfft\ lhpFbf]
b]jtfsf :yfgdf /fv]/ cgGt dft[Tj k|]d / c6n jfT;Noefj vGofpg]
;xgzLn Ps cfdfsf] ?kdf klg n]vs 1jfnLnfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf]
u[x:yL hLjgsf] ef/L af]Sb} ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ abNg] Ps lgM:jfy{
/fhgLltsdL{ / cleoGtfsf ?kdf klg n]vsnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:t}
h:tf];'s} cefj / k|lts"ntfdf klg :jfy{sf k5fl8 gnfUg] Ps c;n
gful/ssf ?kdf ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . k|:t't s[lt n]vs ;/:jtL
1jfnLsf] cfkm\g} hLjg clg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;fdflhs cj:yfsf]
tL;÷aQL; jif{sf] oyfy{ b:tfj]hsf ?kdf cfPsf] cg'ej x'G5 .
@=% p2]Zo
k|:t't cfTdsyf n]vs ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] hLjgufyf xf] . pgsf] hLjgsf
k[i7e"lddf oxfF ;d]l6P/ cfPsf 36gf, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ljifo /
ljleGg JolQmsf :jefjut k|j[lQsf] ;"Id?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf]
:jfy{nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ lgi7f / Odfg a]Rg]x?nfO{ ;zQm Joª\Uo k|xf/
ul/Psf] 5 . 3/kl/jf/ / ;Gtfgsf] x]/rfx ub}{ kf6L{ ;ª\u7gdf nfUg]
gf/Lx?sf] syf–Joyf / ;ª\3if{nfO{ phfu/ u/fpg' n]vssf] p2]Zo /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . Pp6f ;fgf] hflu/ vfFbf h; jf >]o lngsf nflu nfd
nfUg]x?sf] k|j[lQnfO{ klg ;txdf NofOPsf] 5 . dGqL aGg] xNnf rNb} ubf{
:jfy{ k"/f ug]{x? nfd nfu]/ rfs/L ug{ cfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ klg oxfF kbf{kmf;
ul/Psf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf /fhgLltdf lelqPsf] 5'b| ;+:sf/nfO{ cjt/0f
u/fO{ z'4Ls/0f / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . kl/l:ylt
/ cj:yf ga'emL Jojxf/ ug]{ g]t[Tjk|lt klg ;fª\s]lts ?kdf ;'em
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ dd{ oxfF d'vl/t ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . Pp6L gf/L hLjg
ofqfsf df]rf{df s] s:tf e"ldsfdf pleg ;fdYo{ /fV5] eGg] oyfy{nfO{ oxfF
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf >Ldfg\sf] pGglt / k|ultdf Pp6L gf/L s;/L
cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t u5]{ eGg] s'/fsf] emns k|:t't ug'{ klg n]vssf] p2]Zo
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= lgisif{
;flxTosf/ ;/:jtL 1jfnLsf] k|:t't cfTdsyfn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{
t:jL/ ptf/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf cfkm"n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf
clg tTsfnLg ;dodf 5f]/Lx?nfO{ :s'n gk7fpg] lrGtg / Jojxf/nfO{
r'gf}tL lbP/ cfkm\gf] cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|lt1fnfO{ klg cbDo
;fx;sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfkm\gL 5f]/Lsf] ckfª\utfsf
sf/0f clg >Ldfg\sf] /fhgLlts k|ultnfO{ cg's"n t'Nofpg s]jn u[lx0fLsf
?kdf ;Lldt /x]sL 1jfnLsf] ctLtlt/ b[li6 lbFbf e"ldut /fhgLlts
sfnv08df hf]lvd p7fP/ lxF8L dlxnfnfO{ kf6L{df ;ª\ul7t ug{ cxd\
e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo nufgL u/]sf e/df cj;/ / k|lti7f
vf]Hg] cfhsf] JolQms]lGb|t ;dodf ;/:jtL 1jfnLx?n] u/]sf] ;ª\3if{ /
lgi7fsf] d"Nofª\g xf]nf gxf]nf t/ lgi7f / cfbz{df afFr]sf kf7sx?n]
logsf] k|:t't cfTdsyfnfO{ k9]kl5 efjljXjn geO{ 5f8\b}gg\ . cfkm\gf
lhhLljiffnfO{ bafP/ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /dfO{ ;dsfnLg
/fhgLlt / ;Qf;Fu hf]l8g cfpg] :jfy{x?nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn]sL 1jfnL
g]tf / g]t[Tjdf clg ltgsf kl/jf/df :jfy{eGbf b]z / hgtfk|ltsf] ddtf
clg ljrf/k|ltsf] cf:yf x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ;+j]bgzLn ag]sL 5g\ . logsf] of]
s[lt k9\bf nfU5 ;a} dGqLkTgLx? ;/:jtL h:t} cfbz{df /xg] eP b]zsf]
cj:yfdf clnslt eP klg ;'wf/ x'g] lyof] .
Kf|:t't s[lt k7gLo / ;ª\u|x0fLo ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . n]vssf]
cfTdfg'e"lt dfq geP/ k~rfotL lg/ª\s'ztf, ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf ;dodf
a9]sf s6'tf, c/fhstf / :jR5Gbtf tyf u0ftflGqs ;dodf x'ls{Psf
ljs[lt / JolQmdf a9]sf cx+k"0f{ cxª\sf/L k|j[lQnfO{ klg pb\3f6g u/fOPsf]
5 . cfd g]kfnL gf/L / To;df klg g]tfsf kTgLx?sf] dd{nfO{ k|sfz kfg{
of] s[lt ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg pkzLif{såf/f cfkm\gf] hLjgsf psfnL
cf]/fnLx?nfO{ emNsfpg] sfd oxfF ul/Psf] 5 . JolQm, 3/kl/jf/, ;dfh,
/fhgLlt, kfl/jfl/s bfDkTosf emd]nfx?nfO{ lrb}{ cufl8 a9\g'kg]{
gf/Lx?sf] lgoltnfO{ klg oxfF dxTTjsf ;fy p7fOPsf] 5 . n]vg snf
cfsif{s / dgf]xf/L /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ kf7snfO{ cfsif{0f ul//fVg ;Sg]
Ifdtf n]vsdf /x]sf] 5 . cg'ej / ljrf/df vfl/Psf] efiffz}nL, pvfg
6'Ssfsf] :jfefljs k|of]u, clg snfTds j0f{g Ifdtfn] ubf{ k|:t't s[lt
cf]hk"0f{ ag]sf] b]lvG5 . Jo:t kfl/jfl/s hLjgofkgsf qmddf ;fdflhs /
/fli6«o dxÎj af]s]sf] s[lt k|sfzgdf NofO{ cfkm\gf] dxÎjk"0f{ bfloTj k"/f
ug]{ ;flxTosf/ ;/:jtL 1jfnL wGojfbsf] kfq ag]sL 5g\ . ;|i6fk|lt
xflb{s ;Ddfg tyf cGo s[lt k|sfzgsf] z'esfdgf .
)))
d'Qms
 w'|j ;'dg
sf7df8f}+
cfP/ P]n] slt s'/fdf dg dfg'{k5{,
vfg' x'Fb}g /] slt s'/f, d'v afg'{k5{ .
;lhnf] 5}g x} Û of] lhGbuL oltv]/,

t}klg ;a} 7Ls 5, eGg] kfg'{k5{ ..
)))
/fli6«o ;flxlTos q}dfl;s klqsf xfd|f]

k'/miffy{df lj1fkg lbP/ nfe p7fpg'xf];\ .
>L uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL / s}s]oL
dxfsfJo ;+lIfKt cjnf]sg
 k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L
;x–k|fWofks
jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;
e/tk'/, lrtjg
!= cf/De
uf]ljGb/fh lu/L bzgfdL ;GGof;L of]uL x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf lu/L
dxfTdfx?sf] ;+Vof 7"nf] 5 t/ u'0ffTds sfJo cf:jfbgsf b[li6n] ljgf]bL
u'0fjfbL, /;jfbL / dgf] ljgf]bL slj klg x'g\ . bh{gf}+ ;+3;+:yf;Fu ;Da4
sljsf sljtf–;+u|x, ;dfnf]rgf, v08sfJo / dxfsfJosf] ljwfut klxrfg
/ cfotg klg leGg 5 . km'6s/ sljtfaf6 dfly p7]/ n]lvPsf] nfdf]
sljtf v08sfJo z"k{0fvf klg plQs} rrf{df 5 . /fdfo0fsf kfqnfO{
ldys agfpFb} tTsfnLg o'u / ;don] pk]Iff u/]sL z"k{0fvf / dxf/fgL eP
klg s'l6n / sk6L dgf]efjgfåf/f cfqmfGt kfq s}s]oLnfO{ cfwf/ agfpFb}
ljgf]bLn] h]–h:tf sfJo /rgf u/]sf 5g\ tL cfkm}df gd"gf / ljlzi6 u'0f
ul/dfn] el/k"0f{ 5g\ . dxfsfJo n]Vg] pTs6 OR5f / cfsfª\Iff ljgf]bLdf
w]/} klxn]b]lv hfu[t ePsf] xf] . z"k{0fvf v08sfJo dxfsfJo n]vgsf]
cfEofl;s gd"gf aGg k'Uof] . s}s]oL xfn;fn} ahf/df cfPsf] 5 . of]
dxfsfJo g} xf] . dxfsfJo n]vg ljgf]bLsf] ;flxlTos t[i0ff xf] . To;}sf]
pkhsf ?kdf dxfsfJofTds :j?k lbOPsf] xf] eGg] kf7sx? klg gePsf
xf]Ogg\ . ljgf]bLnfO{ ljjflbt agfpg'eGbf klg s}s]oLsf] klxrfg s] xf] eGg]
cfddttkm{sf] lrGtg ug'{ >]o:s/ xf]nf . dxfef/t / /fdfo0fsf ldysnfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ dxfsfJo n]Vg] k/Dk/f g]kfnL efiffdf lgs} nfdf] 5 . g]kfnL
dxfsfJodf kmnfd] lrp/f dflgg] ;f]dgfy l;Ub]nsf] cfbz{ /f3j >L/fdsf]
rl/q gfosTjdf cfwfl/t 5 . t/ ljgf]bLn] k|of]uzLn aGg k'u]sL rl/q
s}s]oLsf x/stx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ h]–h:tf] dxfsfJo tof/ u/] Tof]
syfj:t' ;a}n] hfg];'g]sf] / a'em]sf] eP klg sljsf] sfJofleJo~hgfaf6
sljtfsf /;fTds afGsLx? h;/L cleJoQm 5g\ Tof] cfkm}df pRrtd sfJo
;f}Gbo{sf] pbfx/0f aGg uPsf] 5 .
@= s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] ;+VofTds :j?k
l8dfO;fOheGbf yf]/} ;fgf] cfotgdf cfj/0fafx]s @!% k[i7sf] ;+of]hg
ePsf] of] dxfsfJodf cl3Nnf] cfj/0f Pp6L gf/Lsf] d'v–s[ltsf] /]vflrq 5
eg] kl5Nnf] cfj/0fdf e'jgxl/ l;Ub]nsf lzvl/0fL 5Gbsf # Znf]s;lxt
/fd jgjf; k|:yfgsf] /y cf/f]xL /]vfleq /x]sf] 5 .
/fd/fHosf] v'zLofnLk"0f{ If0fnfO{ s}s]oLsf ultljlwn] csNkgLo 36gf
36]sf] ;Gbe{sf aLr ljgf]bLsf] snfk"0f{ snd / d;Ln] ljlzi6 sfJo
;f}Gbo{ r]tgf k|:t't ul/Psf] ;f/ule{t cleJolQm ljBdfg 5 . k5fl8sf]
cGTolt/sf] leqL efudf dxfsfJosf/n] /fdfo0fsf 36gfqmdx?sf] k"j{k|;Ë
s}s]oLsf] k'qdf]x / /fdnfO{ jgjf; gk7fPdf q]tfo'uLg ;[li6rqm g}
pn6k'n6 x'g ;Sg] ;+s]tsf ?kdf dGy/fnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ s}s]oLsf] a'l4e|i6
agfpg] sfd u/]sf] l:yltdf dxfsfJo l;h{gfsf] /rgfue{ ePsf] ;+s]t 5 .
o;sf ;fy} dxfsfJo n]vgdf k|]/0ffsf] pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ lrtjgsf cu|h /
cg'h ;|i6fx?sf] gfdf]Rrf/0fsf ;fy s[t1tf k|s6 ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 .
o; dxfsfJodf ;"qwf/b]lv pk;+xf/;Ddsf @) zLif{s;lxtsf cWofox?df
!### Znf]s ;+Vof /x]sf 5g\ . clejfbg zLif{sleq cg'i6'k\ 5Gbsf !$
Znf]s 5g\ . sljn] cu|h sljx?k|ltsf] lgi7f / >4fsf] ?kdf g]kfnL /
;+:s[tsf dxfsljx?k|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 ug]{ qmddf gd:sf/fTds
dª\unfr/0faf6 ;/:jtLsf] jGbgf u/]sf 5g\ . dxfsfJosf] a[xTt/ :j?ksf]
Pp6f kfq s}s]oLsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ uËfsf] kfgLn] ;"o{nfO{ cWo{ lbg] dg;fo
dfq xf] eg]/ cfkm\gf] ljgozLntf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . cgfd gfdwf/L
kfqnfO{ oxfF ;"qwf/ elgPsf] Tof] slj cfkm} klg x'g;S5g\ . /fdfo0fsf]
o'u, ;do / kfqnfO{ lzlIft / r]tgzLn hg;d'bfon] a'em]s} xf], d t
Pp6f dfWod dfq x'F eGg] cledt o;df k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 .
#= dxfsfJo ls gJo sfJo
k"jL{o dfGotfcg';f/ dxfsfJo aGgsf nflu s] s:tf k"jf{wf/ cfjZos
x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f lbOg . kf7s / ;|i6f cfkm} klg a'emSs8 x'G5g\ . dxfg\
JolQmsf] dxfg\ rl/q klxnf] zt{ dflgP klg s}s]oL bz/ysL /fgL dfq
x'g\ . /fdnfO{ jgjf;sf] ;hfP lbnfpg] :jfyL{ k'qdf]xk|ltsf] cGw k|bz{g
dGy/fsf] a'l4åf/f ;~rflnt ePsf sf/0f a'emSs8 kf7såf/f s}s]oL
sfJonfO{ Znf]s ;+Vof / ;u{x?sf sf]0faf6 dxfsfJo elgP klg u'0ffTds
b[li6n] dxfsfJo dfGg ;lsg] cfwf/x? 5}gg\ . /fHofleif]s ;Gbe{af6
pk;+xf/;Ddsf !#!* Znf]s ;+Vofleq /fd, e/t / s}s]oL, dGy/f cflb
kfqsf] pkl:ylt / rfl/lqs ljsf; qmdn] 36gfsf] dgf]j}1flgs :kz{ ug]{
sfd sljTj r]tgfsf b[li6n] pRr :t/sf] b]lvG5 . ;txL ?kaf6 x]bf{ klg
!$ jif{sf] ;do yf]/} xf]Og tyflk JolQm hLjgsf] ;du|tfk"0f{ lrqsf] ck]Iff
ug]{ dxfsfJoLo rl/q o;df 5}g . dGy/fsf] pS;fx6df /fdnfO{ jgjf;sf]
;hfo ;s]/ /fd cfP . cfTdUnflgsf ;fy x[bo kl/jt{g eO{ kZrfQfkL
aGg] s}s]oLsf] rl/q uf]xLsf cfF;' r'xfpg]afx]s s]xL xf]Og . d]/f]
cNk1fgsf cfwf/df dxfsfJof]Gd'v sfJosf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
slj ljgf]bL nfdf] sfJo;fwgfsf] kl/0ffdsf ?kdf cfPsf sf/0f >Ls[i0fsf]
:j?k dflgg] cg'i6'k\ 5Gbsf] ;+/rgfdf k|To]s sljtfsf k+lQmx? df]tLsf
bfgf ePsf 5g\ . w}o{k"j{s #=@ 306fsf] a;fOdf k9]/ sfJofTds cf:jfbg
lng ;lsG5 . 36gf / sljtfsf aLr sljn] ;Gt'ng agfpg vf]h] klg
sljTj zlQmsf] dL7f;do k|:t'ltn] 36gfqmd cf]em]ndf k/]sf] k|tLt x'G5 .
xfdL kf7sx?n] s}s]oLsf rfl/lqs ultljlw /fd|/L a'em]sf] eP/ klg To;f]
ePsf] x'g;S5 .
$= /fHofleif]ssf] ;Gbe{df
s}s]oLsf] dgleq på]lnt t/Ëx?nfO{ ljljw ;fdflhs, k|fs[lts /
dgf]j}1flgs Pif0ffx?sf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljljw ;f+:s[lts ljDa,
r/fr'?ËL / k|s[lt lrq0fsf] ljljwtf ljBdfg 5 . /fHofleif]ssf ;'vb
;Gbe{ / kl/j]z cfPsf 5g\ . wtL{sf] ;f}Gbo{ / dfgj hLjgsf] ;'vb
;f]kfgnfO{ dGqd'Uw 9Ëaf6 ;hfOPsf] 5 . /fd/fHodf cjwsf ;Dk"0f{
hgtfx?sf] dgf]clenfiff k"0f{ x'g] nIf0fsf] lrq0f 5 . cx+ k|Zg s] 5 eg]
/fdsf] Toqf] /fHofleif]s x'Fbf e/t / zq'£gsf] pkl:ylt gx'g'df s}s]oLsf]
kL8fnfO{ ;xhLs/0fsf ?kdf lnOP klg /x:osf] kbf{ k|fof]lht ePsf]
k|tLt x'G5 . bz/y j[4 x'Fb} uPsf] / /fdn] cof]WofnfO{ gd"gf /fHosf]
?kdf rnfpF5g\ eGg] cledtsf aLr ^& Znf]ssf] cfotgdf of] cWofosf]
k"0f{ lj/fd ePsf] 5 . /fdsf] /fHofleif]s x'g] k"j{ k|;Ësf aLr s}s]oLsf]
dgf]efjgfnfO{ dL7f] zAblrqdf ptfg{ sljsf] snd ;kmn /x]sf] 5 .
%= k"j{:d[lt
s}s]oLsf] afNo hLjg, lszf]/fj:yf tyf of}jgsf] ;+:d/0fsf t/Ëx?nfO{
slj ljgf]bLn] ^& Znf]ssf] cfotgdf lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . afNosfnLg
hLjgsf v]n, g[To, cfkm\gf] x7L :jefj, ;fIf/tfsf] ;dosf k"hf /
cg'i7fg, b]jbfgjsf syfk|;Ë, u'/msf] lgb]{zg / cfkm\gf] rft'o{tf,
lzIffbLIffdf ;kmn aGb} uPsf If0fx?, /fhf hgssf ljåt\ d08nLsf]
kl/j]z, s}s]o b]zsf] zlQmzfnL kl/j]z, /fHolxtsf s'/f / gf/Lsf]
x}sdjfbL :jefj, gf/LjfbL b[li6sf]0f / lrGtgsf] ;antf, cof]Wofkltsf]
/fHo lj:tfl/t ;Gbe{ / cfkm\gf] jL/Tjk"0f{ :jefj, /fhf bz/ysf]
b[Zolrqsf] k|efjzfnL ;f}Gbo{k"0f{ ljj/0faf6 cfkm\gf] :jKgfsf+IffnfO{ ef}lts
hLjgdf :yfGt/0f ug]{ pTs6 clenfiff, /fHosf] k|flKt / ck|flKtsf aLrsf]
dgf]åGå, /fhfnfO{ cf}+7L / j/dfnfaf6 kltsf] ?kdf j/0f ug]{ cGToxLg
k|tLIff, :jo+j/sf] ;'vb k|flKt / k'qk|flKtsf] Pif0ff k"0f{ ePsf] If0fdf
afNohLjgsf] pTsif{sfnsf ?kdf efjL hLjgsf cs'l07t ofqf /
cl:tTjsf aLrsf] xhf/f}+ efjgfsf t/Ëx? pTkGg ePsf] l:yltdf of] v08
;dfkg ePsf] 5 .
^= dGy/fsf] ;Nnfx
of] v08df dGy/f / s}s]oLsf lqmof k|ltlqmofsf aLrdf ^% Znf]ssf]
cfotg /x]sf] 5 . s}s]oLn] dGy/fsf] pbf;Lgtfk|lt cfZro{ JoQm ug'{,
p;sf] lg/fzfsf] sf/0f kQf nfu]df plrt pkrf/ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{,
/fdsf] /fHofleif]ssf] pNnf;do If0fdf dGy/fsf lqmofsnfkn] s}s]oLsf]
dgdf cfZro{ hlgt t/Ë pTkGg ug'{, dGy/fsf] s6'af]nL g} ;Totfsf]
k|tLs dflgg', ctLtsf] j/bfgnfO{ hfu[t u/fpFb} e/tnfO{ /fhf t'Nofpg]
s'lT;t r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg', ;f}tfsf] 5f]/fnfO{ /fhf aGg glbO{ cfkm\gf]
5f]/fnfO{ h'g;'s} d"No r'sfP/ eP klg /fhf agfpg'kb{5 eGg] s'l6n /
sk6k"0f{ rfn rnfpg] dGy/fsf if8oGqsf/L efjgfsf] k[i7kf]if0fsf ;fy o;
v08sf] ;dfkg ePsf] 5 .
&= k"j{k|;Ë
o; v08df &% Znf]s /x]sf 5g\ . b}To b]jtfsf] o'4df n8\g uPsf /fhf
bz/ynfO{ /fgLn] ;xof]u u/]sf] s[t1tfdf /fgLnfO{ /fhf ;dIf j/ dfUg'kg]{
cfu|xsf ;fy 36gfqmdsf] p7fg x'g', /fdnfO{ jgjf; / e/tnfO{ /fh eGg]
s'/f c;Dej ePsf] k|ltlqmof lbg', /ysf] kfª\u|fdf lglxt lsNnf efFlrbf
cfkm"n] cf}+nf /fv]/ ;'b[9 df]rf{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] k"j{:d[lt k'gtfh{uLs/0f
ug'{, /fhfn] k|;Gg eO{ j/ dfu eGbf d]/f oL b'O{ j/bfg ;do cfPkl5
dfu'nf eg]/ yflt/fVg', tL b'O{ j/bfg g} s}s]oLn] bz/y;Fu dfUg'kb{5 .
df}sf oxL xf] eg]/ pQ]lht t'Nofpg', oL 5nsk6k"0f{ s'/fx? x]/ bf;L t]/f]
s'/f;Fu d ;xdt 5}g eg]/ k|ltjfb ub}{ cfkm" bf;L x'g'sf] lgolt /
dflnSgLk|ltsf] akmfbf/Lk"0f{ ;f]+r / cleJolQm k|:t't ug'{, oL b'O{ sf/0faf6
/fhfnfO{ ls+ st{Joljd"9 agfpg] s'lT;t lgot k|s6 x'g', /fHofleif]ssf]
tof/L ePsf] ;dodf ljlIfKt h:tf] aGg k'u]sL s}s]oLsf] pkl:ylt gx'Fbf
/fgL qmf]lwt x'g'sf] sf/0f hfg]/ ;s];Dd pkrf/ ug]{ ck"0f{ cfZjf;gsf
aLr o; v08sf] ;dfkg ePsf] 5 .
*= j/ofrgf
j/ofrgf zLif{sdf ^# Znf]s /x]sf 5g\ . /fhf bz/y;Fu k"j{zt{cg'?ksf]
j/ofrgf kZrft\ nf]Ug]n] lbg] eg]sf jfrfx? s'g} klg d"Nodf d}n] k|fKt
ug'{kb{5 eGg] s}s]oLsf] x7 anjfg\ eO{ cfPsf] 5 . k|f/Dedf cfkm\gf] j/
/fhf ;dIf dfUg] gdfUg] åGåfTds l:ylt 5 eg] /fhfn] klg /fgLnfO{ cGo
cg]sf}+ k|sf/sf k|nf]eghGo cfZjf;g lbO{ ;s];Dd elgPsf j/bfg
s}s]oLn] gdfuf];\ eGg] ;f]+r klg k|an 5 . o'4sf] a]nfdf cfkm"n] k'¥ofPsf]
;xof]unfO{ /fhfn] s[t1 eP/ ;lDemg'kb{5 . 7'l:;Psf] efjgf k|:t't ubf{
bz/y d"l5{t ePsf] k|;Ëaf6 o;sf] ;dfkg ePsf] 5 .
(= /fhfsf] cg'go
/fhfsf] cg'go zLif{sdf s}s]oLsf] x7k"0f{ b[9tf b]v]/ b'Mvsf] ;fy /fdnfO{
jgjf;sf] ;hfo / e/tnfO{ /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/L agfOPsf
36gfqmdx?nfO{ &( Znf]ssf] ;+/rgfTds cfotgdf ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .
bz/ysf] csd{0o l:ylt b]lvG5 . j/ k"0f{ gubf{ ldYofjfbL aGg] / k"0f{
ubf{ /fdsf] p7Laf; x'g] cj:yfsf] pTs[i6 sfJolrGtg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
/fdsf] /fHofleif]ssf] tof/L x'Fb} ubf{ s}s]oLsf dfOtL kIfnfO{ gaf]nfpg'
bz/ysf] c1fgtfeGbf lgof]lht if8oGq xf] eGg] dg;fo JoQm ePsf] 5 .
/fhfsf] jrg / dg /f]Psf] 5 . z/L/ sDkfodfg\ ePsf] 5 . Pp6fsf]
k|;Ggtf / csf{sf] /f]bgsf aLr s?0ff / qf;sf ljk/Lt efjgfaf6 of]
cWofo ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .
!)= /fd jg k|:yfg
o; v08df klg &( Znf]ssf] cfotg ljBdfg 5 . Psflt/ ;Dk"0f{
/fHofleif]ssf] tof/L / csf{lt/ /fd, efO nId0f / wd{kTgL ;Ltfsf ;fy
jgjf; hfg'kg]{ k/:k/ ljk/Lt dgf]efjgfsf] /f]df~rs cg'e"ltnfO{ sljn]
pRrtd snfTds ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . jgjf;df cflQg] /
/fHofleif]s x'Fbf dflQg] l:ylt /fddf gePsf] 36gfqmdn] ;'v cfpFbf dflQg]
/ b'Mv kbf{ cflQg] jt{dfg dfgj ;dfhnfO{ w}o{sf] kf7 k9\g] /fd|f] ;Gb]z
lbPsf] 5 . of]Uo 5f]/fsf cufl8 cfkm" gfnfos lktf aGg' k/]sf] cfTdUnflg
klg o;df 5 . lkt[cf1fnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ug]{ /fdsf] cljrlnt lg0f{o
lkt[elQmsf] gd"gf aGg k'u]sf] 5 . k|f/Dedf /fddfq hfg rfxbf ;Ltf /
nId0f klg ;Fu} hfg] b[9tf b]vfPsf] sf/0f # hgf jgjf; k|:yfg ubf{sf
kfl/jfl/s b'MvbfoL 36gf klg o;df cfPsf 5g\ . cfkm\gf 5f]/f a'xf/Lsf]
jgjf;sf] 38LnfO{ :tAw eO{ x]l//x]sf sf}zNof / ;'ldqfsf] c>'k"0f{ l:ylt
cToGt dd{:kzL{ aGg uPsf] 5 . /fhf bz/y cfkm"n] /fdnfO{ lbPsf]
;hfoaf6 d"l5{t x'g' / /fdn] lapFemfpg'af6 a}u'gLnfO{ u'gn] pkrf/ ug'{kb{5
eGg] ;Gb]z klg o;df 5 . jgjf; ofqf si6k"0f{ gxf];\ eGg] sfdgfsf]
lktfdftfaf6 cfzLj{rg lnO{ k|:yfg u/];Ddsf 36gfrqmsf] ;+j]bgfk"0f{
k|:t'ltaf6 o; cWofosf] ;dfkg ePsf] 5 .
!!= /fhfsf] b]xTofu
/fhfsf] b]xTofu zLif{sdf ^( Znf]s 5g\ . /fdnfO{ jgjf; k7fPsf] kL8fsf
sf/0f bz/ysf] d[To' x'g' / s}s]oLsf dgdf h] h:tf] dgf]efjgf åGåfTds
?kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ To;sf] hLjGt / HjnGt lrq0f o;df 5 .
/fhfsf] s}s]oLsf k|ltsf] lws\sf/af]w hLlhljiffsf] cy{xLgtf, cfkm\gf]
d[To'af]w, lgbf]{if /fdnfO{ jgjf; k7fpFbfsf] s}s]oLk|ltsf] cfqmf];,
>j0fs'df/sf] dftflktf dfl/Psf] ck/fwaf]waf6 cfkm"nfO{ k'qzf]s kg{ uPsf]
kL8faf]w, /fhfsf] d[To'sf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgsLs/0f x'g', ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx?sf]
s?0ff / /f]bg, s}s]oL cfkm" lvGg eP klg e/tsf] /fHofleif]ssf nflu
ul/Psf] if8oGqdf xiff{lt/]sf] cft'/tf, k'qzf]ssf] c;Xo kL8faf6 bz/ysf]
d[To' ePsf] lglZrttfdf of] v08 l;l4Psf] 5 .
!@= e/t cfudg
e/t cfudg zLif{sdf && Znf]s 5g\ . dfjnLaf6 3/df cfPkl5 b/af/df
h] h:tf 36gf 36] To;af6 kLl8t e/tsf] qmf]w / cfqmf];;Fu ;DalGwt
36gfqmdx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . e/tn] cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ eGg ldNg]
/ ug{ ldNg];Ddsf] lt/:sf/k"0f{ cleJolQm / s}s]oLsf] dfgl;s ljlIfKttfsf]
sfJofTds cleJo~hgfnfO{ pTs[i6 sfJo r]tgfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= e/tsf] /fHo Jofdf]x
o;leq klg && Znf]ss} ;+VofTds cfotg ljBdfg 5 . cfkm"df
/fHosfk|lt ljsif{0f a9\b} uPsf] / /fdnfO{ jgjf;af6 lkmtf{ u/fP/ /fHosf]
pQ/flwsf/L agfpg] e/tsf] k|lta4tfk|lt s}s]oLaf6 h] h:tf k|ltlqmof
pTkGg ePsf 5g\ tL 36gfqmdsf] j0f{g / ljj/0f t 5 g} ;fy;fy} cfkm\gf
lktf bz/ysf] d[To'eGbf klg ljgfsf/0f /fdnfO{ jgjf; k7fOPsf] 36gfsf
k|lt e/tsf] cfqmf]; JoQm ePsf] 5 . lktfsf] d[To'eGbf /fdsf] jgjf;n]
e/t cToGt b'Mlvt, kLl8t / på]lnt Pj+ Jolyt aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . pko'{Qm
tYo j[QfGtnfO{ sljsf] ;'Gb/ n]vgLåf/f k|s[lt lrq0fsf ;fy pRr :t/Lo
cfnª\sfl/s ljDa k|tLssf] ;'Gb/ ;dfof]hg ePsf] 5 . kL8fbfos
b/afl/of kl/j]z, /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ pQ/bfloTj /fddf ;dk{0f ug]{ e/tsf]
cf:yf, lgi7f / k|lta4tf, k'qdf]xaf6 ljrlnt x'g k'u]sL s}s]oLsf] dgf]ut
åGå, /fdnfO{ /fHo ;'Dkg] cledtsf ;fy} e/tsf] b08sf/0o ofqf
k|:yfg;Ddsf 36gfqmdx? o;df JoQm ePsf 5g\ .
!$= e/t /fd ldng
o; v08leq d'Vo ?kn] tLgj6f 36gf k|an ag]sf 5g\ . e/tsf] /fdnfO{
cof]Wofsf] /fhf agfpg] b[9tf, /fd vf]Hgsf nflu of]uLs} ?kdf hª\un
k|:yfg, /fd / e/tsf aLr cfTdLo ldng, s}s]oLsf] dgf]åGå ldl>t
k|ltlqmofhGo 36gfqmdx? o; v08df cfPsf 5g\ . ef/åfh cf>d,
lrqs"6 kxf8, pGd'Qm, :jR5 / cfgGbdo k|s[lt lrq0f, hLjhGt', hnjfo',
km"n, ntfj[If, ;"o{rGb| cflb k|fs[lts kl/j]zsf] ljljwtfdo lrq0f 5 . /fd
/ ;Ltfsf] tk:jLk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ jlzi7 u'/msf] ;fydf ;fIffTsf/ u/fOPsf]
b[Zo lrq o;df 5 . b'a} efOsf aLr c>'k"0f{ /f]bgsf ;fy ePsf
36gfqmdn] ;du| dfgj ;EotfnfO{ bfh'efOsf] ;DaGw s:tf] x'G5 / x'g'kb{5
eGg] ;Gb]z lbg] qmddf of] b[Zo lrq cToGt} efj's, s?0ffldl>t /
xflb{stfk"0f{ ePsf] cfkm}df Pp6f gd"gf aGg u/]sf] 5 .
!%= /fdsf] b[9tf
o; v08df klg &# Znf]s /x]sf 5g\ . o; v08df slj ljgf]bLsf]
pRrtd sfJo;f}Gbo{ d'vl/t ePsf] 5 . e/tn] /fdnfO{ cof]Wof kmls{g
cfu|x ug'{, lkt[ cf1faf6 k6Ss} ljrlnt gx'g] /fdsf] k|lta4tf /xg',
cfkm\gf] k|of; cy{xLg ePsf]n] e/t b'Mlvt eO{ lg/fzfjfbL aGb} hfg',
cfkm"n] u/]sf s'sd{x?af6 ck/fwaf]w eO{ s}s]oL dfgl;s ?kdf ljrlnt
h:tf] b]lvg' o; v08sf d'Vo ;d:of x'g\ . ;a} kfqsf] xs /
k|lta4tfdf cfwfl/t v08sf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Ps csf]{nfO{
eGg ldNg] cf/fwgf;Dd u/]sf e/tsf k|of;, e/tnfO{ e|ft[Tjk"0f{ :g]x k|s6
ug]{ /fdsf] cg's/0fLo Jojxf/, s'l6ntf / sk6k"0f{ Jojxf/n] ubf{
cfTdUnflgn] ;tfOPsL s}s]oL OToflb kfqx?sf] c8fg / ;f]+rsf aLr o;
v08sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 .
!^= e/tåf/f k|ltlglwTj
o; v08leq klg ^( Znf]s /x]sf 5g\ . o;df /fd / e/tsf] kf/:kl/s
cfTdLotfsf] Jojxf/, h;/L klg dnfO{ cof]Wof n}hfg] e/tsf] OR5fzlQm /
To;sf] nflu /fd ;dIf s'g} klg d"Nosf] alnbfg lbg tof/ e/t, /fd
gkmls{g] lgZrokZrft\ /fdaf6 kfb'sfbfg lnP/ To;s} k|ltlglw eO{ /fHosf]
;Rrfng ug]{ pQ/bfloTj :jLsf/]kl5 b08sf/0oaf6 cof]Wof cfPsf]
;Gbe{df ;'Gb/ tyf nflnTodo k+lQmx? o;df ljBdfg 5g\ . e/t /fdsf]
ldng / lj5f]8n] jt{dfg dfgj ;dfhdf bfh' / efOsf] aLrsf] ;DaGw
s:tf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] gd"gfdo ;Gb]z ljBdfg 5 .
!&= s}s]oLsf] kZrfQfk
o;leq klg ^& Znf]ssf] cfotg 5 . k'qdf]xsf] sf/0f slyt cfsif{0f
ljsif{0fdf ?kfGt/0f ePkl5 dfgl;s ljrngsf] l:ylt ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
cfkm"n] u/]sf sd{k|lt klg cfTdUnflg / kZrfQfksf] cfu]df lklN;g' kg]{
p;sf] lgolt /x]sf] 5 .
!*= Ct'kl/jt{g
o; dxfsfJosf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] v08 xf] of] . o;df !)! Znf]s 5g\ . rf}w
jif{;Ddsf] ;dodf 36]sf jgjf;sf kL8fbfoL If0f, k|fs[lts kl/j]zsf]
ljljwtf, cfkm"n] u/]sf s's[Toaf6 xb};Ddsf] kZrfQfko'Qm kL8f, cg]sf}+
ljDa, ldys, ;fdflhs Joyf, syfsf b[i6fGtx? pbfx/0fsf ?kdf cfPsf
5g\ .
!(= /fd k|Tofudg
o; zLif{sdf ^# Znf]s 5g\ . jgjf;sf] tk:ofk"0f{ u/L cof]Wof cfudgdf
/fdsf] rl/q ljBdfg 5 . /fd slxn] cfOk'Unfg\ / pgL;Fu e]6 eP/
hlt;Sof] rfF8f] Ifdf dfUg] rGrntfo'Qm dgf]bzfsf t/Ë / t/]nLx? o;df
cfPsf 5g\ .
@)= Ifdf ofrgf
o;leq && Znf]s 5g\ . s}s]oLn] /fd;Fu ;fIffTsf/ u/]kl5 cfkm\gf uNtL
sdhf]/L / ck/fwhGo k|s[ltsf] cGTosf lgldQ eGg ldNg] / ug{ ;Sg]
ljrf/ tyf efjgf, IfdfzLntfk"0f{ cleJolQmsf] e08f/sf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng
;lsG5 . pkdf, odsnufot c;+Vo b[i6fGtåf/f sfJosf] ;dfkg ePsf]
5 . sljsf sfJolzNko'Qm sljtfsf gd"gf o;df b]Vg ;lsG5 .
@!= pk;+xf/
o; sfJosf] ;dfkghGo v08 /x]sf] of] cWofo cfkm}df Pp6f gd"gf xf] .
dxfsfJoleqsf k"j{jtL{ cWofox?sf] lgisif{sf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
o;leq &( Znf]s;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfTds cfotg 5 . k'qjfT;Notf,
dft[jfT;Notfsf ;fy} e|ft[jfT;Notfsf cg'kd pbfx/0f dflgg] sfJosf
k+lQmn] of] sfJo ;'zf]let ePsf] 5 . cGTodf sljsf] e"ldsfn] dxfsfJosf]
/rgfue{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .
ljgf]bLsf] ljgf]blk|otf dxfsfJoel/ g} v/f] plqPsf] 36gfsf] k|antf #)
k|ltzt 5 eg] &) k|ltzt sljtfsf] :jR5Gb k|jfx 5 . d cfkm"n] olt
/mlr / w}o{k"j{s g]kfnL ;flxTosf s'g} klg dxfsfJo k9]sf] lyOg . sljtf
hlt k9\of] Tolt k9'F k9'F nfUb5 . oxL g} ljgf]bLsf] klxrfg xf] .
uBfVofgsf] o'udf klg sljtfVofgsf] ;kmntf r'Dg' pgsf] dxÎjk"0f{
pknlAw dflgPsf] 5 . pgsf] sfJoofqdf gf/LjfbL lrGtg k|an 5 . ca
kf}/fl0fs kfq dfq xf]Og, g]kfnL hfltsf] gf/LTjdf s]lGb|t eO{ dxfsfJoLo
d"No / l;4fGtn] k"0f{ dxfsfJo n]vgdf pgsf] n]vgL cem ;zQm / hLjGt
aGg ;sf];\ . g]kfnL jL/fËgf;Fu ;DalGwt dxfsfJo -of]udfof Gof}kfg]_
n]Vg ;lsof] eg] Tof] sfnhoL s[lt aGg ;Sg]5 eGg] cledt /fVb}
n]vssf] pQ/f]Q/ pGglt / k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' .
)))
af9L, klx/f] / cfunfuL h:tf ljkb\x?
cfpg'eGbf k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg / ljkb\
kl/;s]kl5 tTsfn p4f/ sfo{df ;lqmotfk"j{s
;xof]u ug{ /]8qm;sf ;Dk"0f{ :jod\;]jsx?nfO{
xfdL xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L

lhNnf zfvf kl/jf/
tD3f;, u'NdL
xf8xf8]÷lji0f'k'/÷Go'GGos{
 8f= 6]s/fh kGyL
k"j{ dxflgb]{z
g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo ;]jf cfo'j]{b ljefu
xf8xf8] u|fdjf;L ;a}n] cfkm\gf] ufpFsf] gfds/0f ;DaGwdf oyf]lrt ljrf/
ug{sf nflu d]/f s]xL ;'emfjx? oxfF k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . w'sf]{6 ufpFkflnsf–
#, xf8xf8] ab{jf;df d]/f] hGd ePsf] xf] . dnfO{ hGde"ld clt lk|o eP
klg …xf8xf8]Ú zAb s:tf] s:tf] clk|o h:tf] nfU5 . zAb g} 1fgsf] d"n
cfwf/ xf] / zAbljgf s'g} 1fg ;Dej g} 5}g . of]Uo zAbsf] pkof]u JolQm
/ Tof] 7fpFsf] kl/rofs x'G5 k/Gt' …xf8xf8]Ú zAbn] xfdL / xfd|f]
hGde"ldnfO{ cflbdfgj sfnsf] af]w u/fpF5 . xfn xfdL Tof] cj:yfdf
5}gf}+ . o; ljifodf w]/} ljnDa eP klg ca ;f]Rg' afWotf ePsf] 5 .
lsgeg] xfd|} cf;kf;sf Onfsf tyf lhNnfx?df o; ljifodf w]/} cufl8
al9;s]sf 5g\ . cd+un, cy{xLg / clk|o zAbnfO{ abNg] efjgf k|s6 x'g'
klg hgr]tgf ljsf; / ;Eotfdf cufl8 a9\g'sf] Bf]ts xf] .
h:t} M k|frLg /tgdf/] xfn /tgk'/ ePsf] 5 eg] c3f{vfFrLs} …;'+u'/vfnÚ
ablnP/ ;'j0f{vfn, de'{ªsf] dflnsf ufpFkflnsf, ?kGb]xLsf] ltgfpvf]nfsf]
gfd abnL u/L ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsf, slknj:t' uf]?l;+u]sf] gfd kl/jt{g
u/L a'4e"ld gu/kflnsf cflb o:tf w]/} pbfx/0fx? xfd|f ;fd' 5g\ . olb
h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg] kl/jt{g gug]{ xf] eg] t xfdL klxn] uf]/]6f]af6f] 8f]sf]
af]s]/ lx+8\Yof}+ . 6f9faf6 kfgL af]s]/ vfg], s'6f] sf]bfnf] l9sL hfFtf]x?
uYof{+} . cfh xfdL snsf/vfgf rnfpg], Jofkf/ ug]{, wf/fsf] kfgLaf6
afy?ddf g'xfpg], df]6/;fOsn, a;, P/f]Kn]gdf r9L uGtJodf ;dod}
k'U5f}+ . To;sf/0f ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g x'g' k|s[ltsf] lgod xf] / xfdL
To;nfO{ c+ufNg'k5{ . To; ljifodf cfu|xL x'g'x'Fb}g, cyf{t\ l9kL ug'{
ljsf;df afwf kfg'{ xf] .
o; ljifodf klxn] klg s]xL g s]xL ljdz{ ePsf] d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf 5 .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] @@ ;] @$ ;] /fHodf ljeflht g]kfnnfO{ Ps ;'Gb/
ljzfn g]kfn agfP h:t} :j= hLtaxfb'/ >L;n] s'g} kl/ro gePsf] xfd|f
ufpF lgGo'vs{, ab{jf;, uNbf, ;f]d/ef]d/ h:tf cg]s ufpFnfO{ PsLs[t u/L
Ps k~rfot agfpg'ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] o;sf] ;'Gb/ gfd ælji0f'k'/Æ agfPsf]
d ;fgf] 5bf ;'g]sf] lyPF . Tof] g} kl5 xf8xf8] / xfn w'sf]{6
ufpFkflnsfsf] Ps cv08 ljefu aGg uPsf] 5 .
d]/f] k"hgLo bfh' k|f= k'/miff]Qd kGyLn] klg w]/} jif{cl3 o; ljifodf s'/f
sf]6\ofpg'x'GYof] / w]/} cg';Gwfg u/L ;+:s[t efiffdf Ps n]v n]Vg'ePsf]
5 . pxfFsf] cfkm\g} df}lns u|Gy æ;"lSt ;+slnsf (An epigrammatic
collection) gfdsf] u|Gydf o; xf8xf8] zAbsf] Jo'TklQ u/L xfb{xfb]{
Jofs/0f;+ut agfpFb} o;/L n]Vg'x'G5 –
OTy+ Jo'TkBt] ;+1f Åbf]˜od\ xfb{pRot] xfbf{ldbldo+ xfbL{ lziot] xfb{d]stM .
ckd|+zfbzst]jf{ pRrf/0f ;d:ofo j'|jlGt x[bo:ofy{ …xf8xf8]Ú k|fs[tfM hgfM..
–;"lQm, ;+slnsf #@
cufl8 JofVof ub}{ pxfF n]Vg'x'G5 M– oBlk xf8xf8] cflwsfl/sd\ gfd
k|o'Hot]tdfd\ tyfKol:y lglb{ztLtLb+ gfdM ;fDk|td\ g zf]et] . cq
lgj;tfd\ hgfgfdlehgfg~r ;flxTo] ;Eotfof~r kZrfb\ jlt{Tj+ 1fkotLlt
kl/j[T;fdk]Ift] . d"ndlwi7fofy{:ofu|x] dgf]u|fd Olt eljt'dx{lt jf d'Vofgf+
rt'0ff{d\ u|fdf0ffd\ ;ª\3 Olt t]Eo Ps}sdIf/dfbfo :jlgju{ OToKolewf st'{d\
zSot] ls~rf:o s]Gb|] Go'GGos{M Go"of]s{ Oj nutLlt Go'GGos{M clk st'{d\
zSot] .
The name Had hade for this village committee however is
official and prevalent though; having been meant bone is
undesirable and implies that the residents and the native people
of these villages are backward in literature and civilization; is
therefore likely to be changed to "Mano gram". If insisted on the
original meaning lovely/loving village, this village committee
has been made as a union of main four villages & Sor bhor
Nyunnyark, Varadvas as well Galda then is to become
"Swonivarg" taking letters from each village, as well as
Nyunnyark being centre is more likeable because it sounds like
New York.
pxfFn] cufl8 n]Vg'x'G5 æGo'GGos{ zAb OTy+ Jo'Tkb\ot] lgZrogf]GgotLlt
Go'GgLM Go'GgLZrf;fjs{Zr Go'GGos{Ù oyf ;"/\{o:tdf]˜kx[To nf]sd'Ggolt ty}j
tq /lrtM ;ª\3f] u|fdfb\ b"/LtL/kx[To u|fdd'Ggltky+ k|fko]t\, cqTof] u|fd0fLM
;d:td'Tt/bfloTj+ lgjf]{9'+zg'oflblt lg?lStl/od\ ;dLrL .Æ
Nyunnyark, this word is derived according to grammar ni
certainly unnayati makes sth/sb risen is said nyunnee, ark
means sun as the sun makes the world risen and got busy with
their activities like that the union of villages removing
undesirable elements from the union will make all areas
developed and the leader of the committee will be able to take
through responsibilities so this derivation seems much more
appropriate.
cyf{t\ ;/n g]kfnLdf x[bosf] of] xfb{ -k'=_ x[bosL oL xfbL{ -:qLlnË_
x[bosf] of] xfb{d elgG5 -gk+';slnË_ xfb{Zr xfbL{Zr xfb{r o;/L åGå
;df; x'Fbf xfb{ pRrf/0f x'Fbf o;}sf] ;KtdL ljelQmdf xfb]{ x'G5, o;/L xfb{
xfb]{ zAbsf] cy{ æKof/f]df Kof/f]Æ eGg] x'G5 .
of] cy{nfO{ Jofs/0f 1fg gx'Fbf cyjf pRrf/0f ug{ sl7gfO x'g] x'Fbf cfd
hgtfn] xf8xf8] eGg] u5{g\ . df}lns cy{df olt /fd|f] cy{ eP tfklg
uf=lj=;=sf] nflu cflwsfl/s ?kdf æxf8xf8]Æ af]lng] ;f] zAbn] pko'{Qm
-Kof/f]df Kof/f]_ eGg] cy{ a'emfpg ;Sb}g . slyt æxf8xf8]Æ zAbn] xf8
-cl:yk~h/_ h:tf] cJofjxfl/s / ceb| cy{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf/0f of] zAb
k|of]u ug{ ;'xfpFb}g / oxfF a:g] JolQm cyjf oxfF hGd e} cGoq uPsf
xfdL ;a} lzlIft JolQmx? ;flxTo / ;Eotfdf k5fl8 k/]sf] eGg] cy{
a'emfpg] x'Fbf kl/jt{g rflxPsf] 5 . xf8xf8]n] d"n cfkm\gf] cy{ vf]h]sf]
5 . olb ToxL cy{ /fVg] xf] eg] o;sf] gfd dgf]u|fd x'g'k5{ . of] u|fd
;ldlt d'Vo $ u|fd ! ab{jf; @ lgGo'vs{ # :je|{d/ / $ uNbf ldn]/
ag]sf] 5 . k|To]s ufpFaf6 Ps Ps cIf/ lnP/ æ:jlgju{Æ klg agfpg
;lsG5 .
lsg Go'GGos{ <
Go'GGos{ zAb cfw'lgs o'usf] cltzo ljsl;t US sf] Go"of]s{ l;6L h:tf]
;'lgG5 . o; cy{df æGo'GGos{Æ zAb c?eGbf clws pko'Qm x'G5 . Go'GGos{
zAbsf] cy{ o;k|sf/ 5, lgM cyf{t\ lgZro g} pGgltdf n}hfG5 To;nfO{
æpGgLÆ elgG5 . cs{{ eGgfn] ;"o{ a'lemG5 .
æGo'lGgirf;f} cs{ Go'GGos{ÚÚ o;/L sd{wf/o ;df; x'Fbf lgZro g} pGglt
u/fpg] ;"o{ eGg] cy{ nfU5 . h:t} ;"o{n] cGwsf/ x6fP/ ;du| hgtfnfO{
cf–cfkm\gf] sfddf nufpF5 . To:t} oL rf/ ufpFsf] ;+3sf] g]tf ufpFaf6
ul/aL, clzIff x6fP/ u|fdL0f hg;d'bfonfO{ ljsf;tkm{ k|]l/t ug]{ Ifdtfjfg\
agfpg] cy{ Go'GGos{ zAbn] a'emfpF5 .
ctM xfdL ufpFsf a'l4hLjL lzlIft ju{ cfw'lgs o'usf] ljsf; dfu{df
cu|;/ x'g] qmddf k5f}6]kg / c;Eotf hgfpg] æxf8xf8]Æ zAbnfO{ oyfzL3|
x6fcf}+ . oxL d]/f] ljgd| cg'/f]w 5 .
)))
k':tsfno kl/ro
gjHof]lt ;fd'bflos k':tsfno, Ko"7fg
Ko"7fg lhNnfdf gjHof]lt ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf @)&@ ;fndf
ePsf] lyof] . Ko"7fg gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & k'0ovf]nfdf of] k':tsfno
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;Dks{ g+= (*^((*%!@$ /x]sf] 5 . o; k':tsfnosf
cWoIf u]x/fh yfkf x'g'x'G5 . cGo kbflwsf/Lx?df b'uf{axfb'/ s'Fj/
pkfWoIf, 6f]kf/fd cfrfo{ ;lrj, b]j]Gb|s'df/ l/hfn ;x–;lrj, hfgsf
s]=;L= sf]iffWoIf x'g'x'G5 . k':tsfnosf cGo ;b:ox?df OGb|dl0f kf]v/]n,
sdn kf]v/]n, wg]Zj/ kf]v/]n, /fhs'df/L s'Fj/, dfof g]kfnL, zf]ef >]i7,
pdf/fd kf}8]n, u'dfg/fh k'nfdL / k"0f{rGb| ;'j]bL x'g'x'G5 .
o; k':tsfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M–
!= of] ;+:yf ljz'4 ;]jfd"ns, d'gfkmf/lxt, hglxtsf/L ;fdflhs ;+:yf
x'g]5 .
@= o;n] ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x, ju{, hflt, tx / If]qsf ;a} ;]jfu|fxL
hg;d'bfox?;Fu ;b\efj /fvL xflb{s Pj+ d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{5 .
#= hg;d'bfonfO{ cWoogdf cle/mlr l;h{gf u/L k':tsfno ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
$= k':tsfnosf] dfWodaf6 hg;d'bfodf 1fg, u'0f / ;Lksf] :t/f]Gglt
ug{df pNn]Vo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 .
%= 5l/P/ /x]sf af}l4s, z}lIfs / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+u|x u/L
;+/If0f ug]5
{ .
^= z}lIfs vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ dxÎj lbg]5 .
&= /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?;Fu ;';DaGw
/ ;Dks{ :yflkt u/L ;"rgf / ljrf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{5 .
*= cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 .
(= ;';"lrt, lzlIft / ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5 .
!)= /fi6«, /fli6«otf / ljZjjGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] ;~rf/, ;Def/ / ;+jw{g
x'g] u/L cfkm\gf sfo{x? ;~rfng ug]{5 .
o; gjHof]lt ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] sfo{If]q Ko"7fg lhNnfcGtu{tsf
gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfx? x'g]5g\ . cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf]
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[ltdf g]kfnleq sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
lszf]/lszf]/L, o'jf, k|f}9 ;a}nfO{ o; k':tsfnon] nlIft ;d"x lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . cGtlqm{of, uf]i7L cflbsf] cfof]hgf u/L k7g ;+:s[ltsf]
ljsf;df ;'wf/ ug]{ o;sf] o|of; 5 . ;b:otf z'Ns, cg'bfg cflb o;sf
cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx? x'g\ . # jif{cl3 dfq o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'gfn]
cfufdL lbgx?df o; k':tsfnosf ultljlwx?df qmdzM k|ult x'Fb} hfg]
ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
– ef/åfh
)))
xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
ljut $^ jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ k|sflzt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]
…xfd|f] k'/miffy{Ú q}dfl;s klqsfn] Pp6f hLjGt Oltxf;
sfod u/]sf] 5 . eljiodf klg o; klqsfn]
lg/Gt/tf sfod u/L cem a9L k|ult ub}{ hfcf];\ eGg]
xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
/];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk; kl/jf/

/];'Ëf gu/kflnsf–!, tD3f;, u'NdL
kmf]g M )&(–%@)!$%
ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kftf]
ls/0f k':tsfnosf k|sfzgnfO{

ljZjJofkL agfpg] k|of;
;"rgf, ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ljZjdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] g]kfn
klg ljZju|fd;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgfkZrft\
g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tf If]qdf rdTsf/k"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . jfs\ tyf k|sfzg
:jtGqtfsf] pkef]u u/]/ g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] If]q Hofb} Jofks / ljzfn
aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
ljsf;sf ljleGg If]qdf Hofb} k5fl8 /x]sf] g]kfn cfh ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf]
If]qdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf zx/ / gu/x? dfq xf]Og ljs6
ufpFx? klg ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwfaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . Hofb} b'u{d /
ljs6 If]qsf ufpF a:tLx?df klg 6]lnkmf]g, df]jfOn, Od]n, OG6/g]6sf]
;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;'ljwfaf6 ca xfd|f] u'NdL lhNnf klg nfeflGjt
ePsf] 5 . o;sf] pkef]u ls/0f k':tsfnon] klg ug{ kfPsf] 5 .
ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kmf]g g+= ±(&&–&(–%@)@*& xf] . k':tsfno v'n]sf]
;dodf ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 kmf]g u/] klg k':tsfno;Fu ;Dks{ x'g
;S5 . k':tsfnodf s'g} ;Gb]z of ;"rgf, n]v–/rgf k7fpg rfxg]
hf];'s}n] klg k':tsfnosf] Od]n 7]ufgf hamropurushartha@gmail.com
df OG6/g]6sf] dfWodåf/f lnlvt ;fdu|L h'g;'s} a]nf k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
ls/0f k':tsfnosf] :j0f{hoGtL jif{ @)&% sf] z'e cj;/ kf/]/ cd]l/sfsf]
Soflnkmf]lg{of /fHo lgjf;L Onf kGyL / dx]z cfrfo{sf] ;f}hGoaf6 ls/0f
k':tsfnosf] j]e;fO6 klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . j]e;fO6sf] dfWodåf/f
ls/0f k':tsfnosf k|sfzgnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg] xfd|f] k|of; 5 . pQm
j]e;fO6 vf]n]/ Od]n OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] ljZjsf] h'g;'s} 7fpFaf6
hf];'s} JolQmn] lgMz'Ns ?kdf ca pk|fGtsf ls/0f k':tsfnosf
k|sfzgx? / o; k':tsfnosf ultljlwx?sf] cWoog, cjnf]sg ug{
;Sg]5 . To;sf nflu ls/0f k':tsfnosf] j]e;fO6 o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M–
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o; k':tsfnoaf6 k|sflzt …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Ú klg pQm j]e;fO6df x]g{
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pQm j]e;fO6sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . s'g} sf/0fn] u|fxssf] xftdf …xfd|f]
k'/miffy{Ú k'Ug ;s]g eg] klg k':tsfnosf] j]e;fO6 vf]n]/ x]/L nfe p7fpg
xfdL xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . – ;lrj
gf}nf] ;[li6 M ;fgf] b[li6
!= sfJodflnsf
;+:s[t efiff / ;flxTosf d"w{Go
ljåfg\ 8f= nIdLsfGt kGyLsf] cf7f}+
s[lt sfJodflnsf @)&% ls/0f
k':tsfnosf] rf}wf}+ k'iksf ?kdf
kmlqmPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$! ;fndf
g]kfnL …;flxTosf] ljsf;df
uf]/vfkqsf] of]ubfgÚ gfds s[ltåf/f
;fj{hlgs x'g'ePsf 8f= kGyLn]
;lhnf] s'08nLkmn, Ct'ljrf/ sfJo
;+:s[tfg'jfb, k|fs[t kf]v/f sfJo
;+:s[tfg'jfb x7of]u k|bLlksf g]kfnL
cg'jfb, ;f+Voof]u bz{g g]kfnL
JofVof, rf0fSogLltbk{0f – g]kfnL
cg'jfb k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
;+:s[t efiffsf] v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf
o:tf] pTs[i6 s[lt /rgf u/]/ 8f=
kGyLn] ;+:s[t efiff 1fg–lj1fgsf]
ch;| ;|f]t ePsf] tYo k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 .
sfJodflnsfleq rt'yf]{Gd]ifM;Dd tLg xhf/eGbf a9L Znf]sx? ;+/lrt 5g\ .
k|ydf]Gd]ifMdf hLjg bz{gd\ d"n zLif{scGtu{t @# leGg zLif{sx?df @)))
eGbf a9L Znf]sx? /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; v08df d"ntM eujb\ :t'lt Pj+
cGo dftf, lktf, gf/L, lkt[nufotsf b]j:j?ksf] k|zl:t pNn]v 5 .
låtLof]Gd]ifMcGtu{t ljleGg ljifo ;Gbe{sf ^% leGg zLif{scGtu{t lzi6frf/,
;flxTo, wd{, lzIff, ;'v–b'Mvsf sf/s tÎj, kfk, ;b\ult, Ifdtfnufotsf
ljifo ;Gbe{df ;f/ule{t ljrf/x? k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . t[tLof]Gd]ifMcGtu{t
Hof]ltzf:qsf] ;dLksf ljifo ;Gbe{sf ;fy} g]kfnL / ;+:s[t efiff
;flxTosf dgLlifx? n]vgfy, d's'Gbz/0f, k'/miff]Qd, v]d/fh,
6Lsf/fdnufotsf k|f1x?sf] zAblrq ptfl/Psf] 5 . o; v08df
…j}ofs/0f:j?kd\Ú zLif{sdf ;jf{lws !)* Znf]sx? 5g\ . o;} v08df
hublDasf tyf hubLZj/ j}ejsf syf;f/ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . o;leq (#
leGg zLif{sx? 5g\ . rt'yf]{Gd]ifMdf sljn] cfkm\g} kl/rosf ;fy}
nIdLj}ejd\, ;f/:jtj}ejd\, huHhgLj}ejd\, j+zbz{gd\ Pj+ kl/lzi6;lxtsf
;ft zLif{sx? 5g\ . o; kl/lzi6 v08df cfkm\gf rf/ k'qLx?åf/f j+zsf
;Gbe{df /flvPsf lh1f;fx? zfGt kfb}{ j+zlj:tf/sf] gfnLa]nL atfOPsf]
5.
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ljxËd b[li6sf]0f, 8f= ho/fh cfrfo{sf] cFu|]hL e"ldsfn] u|GynfO{ yk
ulj{nf] agfPsf 5g\ . sfJodflnsf ;+:s[tsf kf/vL Pj+ l;sf? ;a}nfO{
kf]lifnf] v'/fs ag]sf] 5 . 8f= nIdLsfGtsf] 1fgsf s';'dx? k|:t't
sfJodflnsfdf kl/>dk"j{s ;hfOPsf 5g\ . ;+:s[tsf kf/vL / ;du|
;+:s[t ;flxTo g} pxfFsf] o; :t'To sfo{n] ;bf C0fL /xg]5 .
@= dlR5Gb|gfysf] ;jf/L
nfdf] ;do;Dd lzIf0f k]zfdf
;+nUg /xL ;]jflgj[Q x'g' ePsf
/fh]Gb|s'df/ cfrfo{n] u}/;flxlTos
/ ;flxlTos u/L cfwf bh{g
s[ltx? k|sflzt ug'{ePsf] 5 eg]
cem k|sfzgsf] ;"rLdf !) j6f
s[ltx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
efiff÷;flxTosf s[ltx?dWo] rf}yf]
s[ltsf ?kdf …dlR5Gb|gfysf] ;jf/LÚ
@)&% k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf
ljleGg :yfgdf k|rngdf /x]sf
nf]ssyf, k'/fsyf, ;f:t/,
ls+jbGtL, cg'>'lt, hg>'lt,
bGTosyf, k/Lsyf, syf s'y'ª\u|L
cflb ;d]6]/ $) j6f syfx?sf]
;+u|x dlR5Gb|gfysf] ;jf/L k|sflzt
ePsf] 5 . ;ª\sns /fh]Gb|s'df/ cfrfo{n] rfnL; leGg :yfgsf ofjt\
ljifo ;Gbe{sf] vf]hL ug{ lgs} kl/>d ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;dfhdf 5l/P/ /x]sf
o:tf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ d'7f] kf/]/ k':tssf/ s[ltsf ?kdf k|:t't ug'{ b'M;fWo
sfo{ xf] . o; sfo{nfO{ pxfFn] ;xhtfk"j{s ;DkGg ug'{ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL
;flxTosf] rlr{t ljwf nf]ssyf / o;sf k|sf/fGt/n] lbOg] gfdx? df}lvs
k/Dk/faf6 dfly lg:s]/ hLljt x'g] df}sf kfPdf efjL k':tfnfO{ klg cd"No
;DklQ hf]l8lbg ;lsG5 . ;+sns tyf n]vs cfrfo{n] k"j{ d]rLb]lv
klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf ljleGg yftynf rxf/]/ Oltxf;, e"uf]n, k'/f0f,
;+:s[lt Pj+ :yfg ljz]ifsf ultljlw;Fu} dgf]/~hg lbnfpg] sfd u/]sf
5g\ . :yfgLo af]nL, t'Ssf, y]uf cflbsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf
ljljwtfsf :j?k cWoog ug{ kfOG5 . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pj+
dgf]j}1flgs kIfsf] cWoogsf nflu ;d]t k|:t't ;+u|x pkof]uL ;fdu|L aGg
;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . jon] ;ft bzs k'Ug} cfF6]sf cfrfo{n]
k|sfzf]Gd'v s[ltsf] nsf]{ nfd} b]vfpg'ePsf] 5 . ;lqmo ;fwgf/t cfrfo{sf
cGo s[ltn] ;fj{hlgs x'g] cj;/ kfpmg\ . xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
#= k[YjL cfkm\g} cIfdf 3'ld/x]5
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf;df
k|ultjfbL syfsf/sf] ?kdf ;'kl/lrt
b]ljsf ltldlN;gfåf/f /lrt !& j6f
syfx?sf] ;+u|x …k[YjL cfkm\g} cIfdf
3'ld/x]5Ú @)&$ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
syfsf/n] cfkm" afFr]sf] o'u / To;n]
;dfhdf kf/]sf s}og vf]laN6fx?sf
oyfy{nfO{ syftGt'sf] ?kdf pg]/
kl5Nnf r/0fdf g]kfnL ;dfhn] ef]u]sf]
Pj+ ;fdgf u/]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{
snfTds ?kdf oxfF k|:t't ug'{ePsf]
5 . k|:t't ;+u|xdf k~rfotsfnLg
/fhgLltsf 3[l0ft v]nx?sf ;fy} !)
jif]{ hgo'4 tfsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf
Psflt/ ;/sf/L ;'/IffsdL{ / csf]{lt/
hg;]gf b'a}sf] sfkdf k/]/ sltkon] cgfxsdf afWo eO{ hLjg alnbfg
ug'{k/]sf] t sltkon] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf ef]Ug'k/]sf b'Mvb oyfy{sf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg a]lylt, ljs[lt Pj+ lj;Ëltx?nfO{
syfx?df ;hLj ?kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z zLif{sx? k|tLsfTds
5g\ . d"NoxLg cl:dtf, sfzL/fd cfF;' cfb]zleqsf] kL8f, k[YjL cfkm\g}
cIfdf 3'ld/x]5, g/]z bfOsf] r:dfnufotsf syfx?df ljz]iftM lau|Fb}
uPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljljw kf6fx? k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . ;du|df
syfsf/n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf cgf}7f, gldNbf 36gf ;Gbe{sf ;fy} tLtf
cg'e"ltx? ;d]6]/ k|:t't ;+u|x tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . syfsf] dfWodaf6
pTkLl8t, >dhLjLju{sf] kL8f cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . o; ;+u|xn] …;flxTo
;dfhsf] P]gf xf]Ú eGg] kl/efiffnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . l;4x:t syfsf/sf]
kl/>dnfO{ xflb{s ;fw'jfb Û
$= ;|i6f l;h{gf M kfNkf
k/]jf klqsf kfNkfn] kfNkfnL !*
uhnsf/sf cf7–cf7j6f uhn
/ ltgLx?sf] JolQmut
ljj/0f;lxt …;|i6f l;h{gf M
kfNkfÚ -;+o'Qm uhn ;+u|x_
@)&% k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . cflb
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k|:t't ;+u|xsf] ;f/ule{t e"ldsf
jl/i7 uhnsf/ a"Fb /fgf tyf
8f= 3gZofd Gof}kfg]n] k|:t't
ug'{ePsf] 5 . @)&% ;fnsf] s'z]
cf}+;Lsf] z'e ;fOtdf k|sflzt
k|:t't ;+u|xdf Ho]i7tf qmdn]
k'/miff]Qd cof{n, clj/fd, ;Ltf
lai6 sfsL{, k'is/ cys /]UdL,
ljhof kGt, rGb| j}/fuL Gof}kfg],
hfgsL clwsf/L, u0f]z g]kfnL,
sdnaxfb'/ vqL, OlGb/f 1jfnL, k|sfz Gof}kfg], sdn k/fh'nL, ef]h/fh
e§/fO{, 1fg' Gof}kfg], wg' ctLt, >j0fs'df/ /fgf, ;'jf; u}/] / ;'hftf
yfkfsf uhnx? /x]sf 5g\ . k|:t't ;+u|x !$$ j6f uhnx?sf] ;'Gb/
km"naf/L aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;dflji6 uhn / uhnsf/x? pNn]vgLo 5g\ .
st} n's]/ /x]sf t st} kqklqsfdf 5l/Psf uhn / uhnsf/x?nfO{
Pp6} d'7f] agfpg] k/]jf klqsf / o;;Fu ;Da4 JolQmx? wGojfbsf kfq
5g\ .
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cTofw'lgs ejg lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf] 5 .
k':tsfnosf] :j0f{
hoGtLsf] cj;/ kf/]/
k':tsfno ejgsf]
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jif{ klxn] g} k':tsfno lgdf{0fsf] ;f]+r cfpg' cfkm}df cd"No ;f]+r eGb}
afNosfndf cfkm"n] cWoog u/]sf] dx]Gb| dfWolds ljBfno clg ls/0f
k':tsfnodf klqsf tyf cWoog ;fdu|Lx? cWoogsf nflu k'Ug] u/]sf]
pNn]v ub}{ ls/0f k':tsfnon] ;t\dfu{df lx+8\g afNosfnb]lv g} cfkm"nfO{
k|]l/t u/]sf] atfP .
;fy} dGqL lai6n] ls/0f k':tsfnonfO{ cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd Nofpg of]ubfg
ug]{ ;a}k|lt ;Ddfg / wGojfb JoQm u/] . pgn] k':tsfnon] $% jif{eGbf
nfdf] cjlwb]lv cfkm\gf] d'vkqsf] ?kdf …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Ú gfds ;flxlTos
klqsf lg/Gt/ k|sflzt u/]/ ;du| g]kfnL ;dfhdf 1fgsf] Hof]lt km}nfpg]
;sf/fTds ;f]+rsf ;fy ;dfhnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg] sfddf cu|0fL e"ldsf
lgjf{x ul//x]sf] klg atfP .
dGqL lai6n] …;'vL g]kfnL ;d[4 g]kfnÚ agfpg] sNkgf :j?k ;/sf/
nfluk/]sf] atfpFb} u'0f:t/Lo / /fh]uf/d"ns lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg]
cleofgdf ;/sf/ /x]sf] atfP . dGqL lji6n] k':tsfnon] ;dfhdf c;n
r]tgf km}nfpg'sf ;fy} lzlIft ;dfh lgdf{0fdf k':tsfnosf] dxÎjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xg] ePsf]n] k':tsfnonfO{ ;dofg's"n cfw'lgsLs/0f / k|ljlwo'Qm
agfpFb} n}hfg' kg]{df hf]8 lbP .
pgn] …xfdL ul/aL, cefj / a]/f]huf/Ldf afFlr/x]sf] 5f}+ . xfdLn] 5f]6f]
cjlwdf xfd|f] b]znfO{ ;'vL hgtfsf] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{5Ú, dGqL
lai6n] eg], …of] sfd km]l/ klg hgtfsf] k|oTgn] dfq ;kmn x'g]5 / o;df
k':tsfnosf] klg cToGt 7"nf] e"ldsf /xg] d}n] 7fg]sf] 5' .Ú
ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g]
hfgsf/L lb+b} dGqL lai6n] ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ /sdsf] cefj x'g
glbg] atfpFb} lgdf{0f sfo{ b'|t ultdf cufl8 a9fpg k':tsfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ cfu|x;d]t u/] .
sfo{qmddf :jfut dGtJo /fVb}
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k':tsfnon] %) jif{ k"/f u/L %!
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jif{el/ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? u/]/
dgfpFb} cfPsf] / To;s}
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ljz]if ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] atfP . pgn] cfhsf]
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clxn];Dd of] k':tsfno
k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]n] oxfF ;+slnt k':ts, kqklqsf
%) jif{ klxn]b]lv ;+slnt ul/Psfn] ltgsf] cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf]
/ tL s}of}+ dxÎjk"0f{ kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] oyfzL3| plrt ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ h?/L
/x]sf]df hf]8 lbP . ;fy} pkfWoIf kGyLn] clxn]sf] ejg cToGt ;f3'F/f]
ePsfn] k':tsfnon] dlxnf, afnaflnsf, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{
cflbnfO{ nlIft u/L ;]jf lbg g;lsPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} To;sf nflu
tTsfn k':tsfnosf] gofF ejg agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] / pQm ejgsf]
lgdf{0fkZrft\ ls/0f k':tsfno gofF o'udf k|j]z ug]{;d]t atfP .
;f] cj;/df pkfWoIf kGyLn] …k':tsfnonsf] gofF ejgsf nflu ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu cg'/f]w ug]{ qmddf dfggLo dGqL uf]s0f{ lai6nfO{
klg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ dGqL lai6n] gofF
ejgsf] l8hfOg u/L To;sf] cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t cfkm";dIf k]z ug{
cg'/f]w u/]cg';f/ xfdLn] Ol~hlgo/nfO{ cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . h;cg';f/
Ol~hlgo/n] cToGt ldlxg]t u/L of] ejgsf] l8hfOg ul/lbg'sf ;fy}
k|:tfljt ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'Fbf To;sf] nfut sl/a $ s/f]8 ?k}ofF
nfUg] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj tof/ ul/lbP . xfdLn] ;f]xL k|:tfj lnP/ k'gM dGqL
lai6sxfF k'Uof}+, of] k|:tfj x]b}{ dGqL lai6n] tkfO{+x? ca cufl8 a9\g'xf];\,
cfjZos /sdsf] Joj:yf ldnfpF5' eGg] ljZjf; xfdLnfO{ lbnfpg'eof] /
cfh pxfFs} xf};nfdf of] k':tsfnosf] k|:tfljt gofF ejgsf] lznGof;sf]
P]ltxfl;s sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] ;f}efUo xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGb}
gofF ejg lgdf{0f ;DkGg kZrft\ of] k':tsfno cTofw'lgs, ;'ljwf ;DkGg /
k|ljlwd}qL x'g'sf ;fy} % g+= k|b]zsf] gd"gf k':tsfnosf] ?kdf ;d]t
:yflkt x'g] ck]Iff cfkm"n] lnPsf] atfP .
sfo{qmddf u'NdL lhNnfaf6 ;+3Lo ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;b d}gf
e08f/L, k|b]z ;ef ;f+;b lbg]z kGyL, u'N dL lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt k|d'v
nId0f k/fh'nL, gu/kflnsf k|d'v l8NnL/fh e';fn, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
ob'gfy kf}8]n, :yfgLo kqsf/ tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . ;f]xL cj;/df dGqL lai6n] ls/0f
k':tsfnon] $% jif{df k|sfzg u/]sf k':ts
tyf xfd|f] k'/miffy{ klqsfsf ;a} c+ssf]
k|bz{gLsf] klg pb\3f6g u/]sf lyP .
cfheGbf %) jif{ klxn] ufOsf] uf]7df sf]7f
agfP/ z'?df !#) j6f k':ts ;+sng u/L
lj=;+= @)@% ;fn sflt{s @) ut] :yfkgf
ul/Psf] of] k':tsfno u'NdL lhNnfs} k'/fgf]
k':tsfno dflgG5 . o; k':tsfnon]
kf7sx?nfO{ k':tsfno ;]jf k|bfg ug'{sf
cltl/Qm ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ PsLs[t ub}{
cfheGbf $% jif{ klxn]b]lv g} …xfd|f] k'/miffy{Ú
gfds q}dfl;s ;flxlTos klqsfsf] k|sfzg
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
– k':tsfno cfjfh dfl;s, d+l;/ @)&%
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cf}+ jif{ k"/f u/]/ :j0f{hoGtL dgfO/x]sf] cj;/d} :j0f{jif{ ljz]iff° k|sflzt
u/]sf] /x]5 . /+uLg se/df %) cf}+ jif{nfO{ ;+s]t ub}{ % / ) nfO{ snfTds
?kn] k|:t't ul/Psf] /x]5 h;df z"Gofsf/df k':tsfnosf] ejg b]vfOPsf]
5 eg] k5fl8sf] se/df ca aGg] cTofw'lgs k':tsfno ejgsf] l8hfOgsf]
ljleGg sf]0fsf] t:jL/ /x]5 . Tof] b]v]/ cToGt} v'zL klg nfUof] ls ca
tD3f; h:tf] 7fpFdf cTofw'lgs k':tsfnodfkm{t b]z / b'lgofF hfGg] cj;/
ca ;j{;fw/0fsf] kx'Frdf x'g]5 eg]/ .
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se/afx]s $@$ k[i7sf] k':ts xftdf ln+b} ubf{ uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt eof] . k"j{
dGqL, ;f+;b\b]lv lnP/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dxÎjk"0f{ kbdf /x]sf lj1
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k':tsfno;Fu ;DalGwt g} /x]5g\ .
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kfOof] . k':tsfnosf] ;kmntf / eljiosf sfo{qmd;d]tsf] hfgsf/L kfOof].
k~rfotlj/f]wL ultljlw u/L h]n k/]/ cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf
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n]vx?df pNn]v 5 To;n] dnfO{ k':tsfnok|lt lgs} ;Ddfgefj hfu]/
cfof] . s}bLaGbLnfO{ ;"lrt ug]{b]lv lnP/ s'l07t ljrf/nfO{ k|sflzt u/]/
/ cem k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] cfjfh ag]/ k':tsfnon] h'g sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf]
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cf}+ jif{ k"/f ubf{ ;du| lhNnfsf] dfq} geP/ /fi6«s} ;femf ;DklQ ePsf]
5 . cfufdL lbgdf k':tsfno cem ;'Gb/ / k|efjzfnL agf];\ eGg] xflb{s
z'esfdgf 5 Û
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u'NdLb/af/ uf=kf=–%, u'NdL .
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afnaflnsfdfly x'g] lx+;f,
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hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] jf
afnclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g
ePsf] 5 eg] afn
x]NknfOgsf] k};f gnfUg] kmf]g
g+= !)(* df va/ u/f}+ .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu

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