Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3 (3): 475-484

© Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(3):475-484 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Pinch Analysis of Heat Exchanger Networks in the Crude

Distillation Unit of Port-Harcourt Refinery

Akpa, J. G. and Okoroma, J. U.

Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering

Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Corresponding Author: Akpa, J. G.
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
The pinch analysis of the heat exchanger networks in the crude distillation unit of the New Port-Harcourt
refinery has been performed. This analysis is aimed at ascertaining the energy efficiency and operation of the
heat exchangers used in preheating the crude. Process data of the heat exchanger networks (HEN) were
collected to formulate a problem table and used in Aspen-Pinch ® software for pinch analysis of the networks.
The software produced the composite and grand composite curves, the grid representation and target reports.
From these, the minimum heating and cooling requirements of the entire network, the process streams not
properly matched and the heat exchangers not properly placed were obtained. The analysis indicated that a total
of 98916.1 KW hot utility, 8298.7 KW cold utility were not utilized within the network (poor process stream
matching) and that ten heat exchangers were not properly placed. Hence the heat exchangers in the crude
distillation unit need to be retrofitted to ensure adequate heat recovery, process to process integration and
efficient energy utilization within the network.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: heat exchanger network, crude distillation unit, pinch analysis
__________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION integration can lead to substantial reduction in energy
One of the most frequently encountered problems in requirement (efficient heat recovery) and reduce
industrial plants is the excessive energy consumption utility cost of a process. Therefore the efficient and
for production (Robin, 2009). It represents one of the optimal design of heat transfer equipment and Heat
highest contributions to the composition of global exchanger network (HEN) to minimize energy
cost of industrial products. Most industrial processes consumption is imperative.
require the consumption of energy at one temperature
level and rejection at another level. The consumption Gundersen and Naess (1998) and Furman and
is achieved by the use of utilities such as steam, hot Sahinidis (2002) have published complete reviews on
water, flue gas etc. and the rejection by the use of heat exchanger networks (HEN) synthesis.
cooling water, air and refrigerant. In most industrial Methodologies for designing optimal Heat exchanger
processes also, there are streams that require heating network (HEN) can be accomplished using Pinch
and streams that require cooling; these are usually Analysis or Mathematical Programming, (Ravagnani
achieved using hot and cold utilities respectively. et al., 2003, 2007). The use of Pinch Analysis as a
This heating and cooling process occur in heat tool for designing optimal Heat exchanger networks
transfer equipments. One of the most frequently used is investigated in this work.
heat transfer equipment is the Heat exchanger
(Woranee, 2009). One of the most successful technique for
investigating energy integration and the efficient
A Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) is a system of design of heat exchanger networks is pinch
several heat exchangers connected together. It technology. Pinch Analysis uses thermodynamic
enables several streams to exchange sufficient concepts and heuristics, as can be seen in the works
amounts of thermal energy so that they can attain the of Linnhoff and Flower (1978), Linnhoff et al. (1979,
respective temperature values (“targets”) specified by 1982), Linnhoff and Hindmarsh, (1983) and
process requirements. Heat Exchanger Network Linnhoff, (1993, 1994). Pinch technology is a
(HEN) synthesis can be used to obtain process complete methodology based on thermodynamic
streams energy integration - using hot streams to heat principles that can be used to design new plants with
cold streams and cold streams to cool hot streams. reduced energy and capital costs and for existing
This reduces the amount of hot and cold utilities, the processes; to ascertain efficiency and provide
number of heat transfer equipment and decreases the potential design modifications to improve
fixed cost of the final network. Hence, Process performance. A fundamental strength of pinch
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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(3):475-484 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

analysis is that it determines the most appropriate set networks obtained from the pipe flow diagram (PFD)
of heat exchange stream matches. In doing so, are shown below.
minimizes energy loss, reduces the cost of hot and
cold utilities and can be used to determine the
minimum requirement for both hot and cold utilities
in a process and thus, enhance process integration
(Promvitak, 2001). Chemical plants have in the past
been designed using the traditional design techniques,
which involved mass and energy balances, heuristics
or rules of thumb, good engineering judgment and
creative ability of the designers. Such designs were
neither optimal in terms of energy consumption nor
in capital cost invested. A typical example of such
deficiency in design is the Nigerian refineries as
reported in the works of Anozie and Odejobi, (2007);
resulting in frequent breakdown, excessive energy
loss, minimum energy recovery, poor process
network dynamics and control.

The refineries in Nigeria were designed and built

before the advent of pinch technology, in this work Figure 1: Heat exchangers configuration showing all
therefore, the Pinch Technology was used to streams in HEN-1
synthesize and evaluate the heat exchanger network
in one of the Nigerian refineries viz; the heat
exchanger network in the crude distillation unit of the
New Port Harcourt Refinery (NPRC) in Port-
Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The analysis will
ascertain design efficiency of the existing heat
exchangers; determine appropriate number of heat
exchangers and identify improper stream matching
within the selected network.

Process Description of the Crude Distillation Unit

(CDU)
The atmospheric crude distillation unit (area 1) built
in 1989 has a producing capacity of 150,000 BPD.
Raw crude oil is pumped to the CDU after settling
and dewatering at the tank farm. It passes through a
heat exchanger train, the desalter (for removal of salt
and sediments), the pre-flash column (for removal of
lighter ends) and the crude heater where it is heated
up, then to the fractionating column where the crude Figure 2: Heat exchangers configuration showing all
is separated into its components. The vapours are streams in HEN-2
removed from the top, condensed and sent to
saturated gas concentration unit (SGCU) for further
separation and production of LPG or cooking gas
while the liquids are withdrawn from the sides, based
on the boiling point range.

MATERILAS AND METHOD

Configurations of the Heat Exchangers and
Streams
The preheating of the raw crude from the tank farm in
crude distillation unit of the Port-Harcourt refinery is
accomplished via twenty three (23) heat exchangers
using hot streams from other units within the refinery
complex. For the purpose of this evaluation the
twenty three heat exchangers were sectioned into
three Heat Exchanger Networks (HENs), HEN-1, Figure 3: Heat exchangers configuration showing all
HEN-2 and HEN-3. The configurations of the three streams in HEN-3

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MATERIALS AND METHODS Formulation of the Problem Table (Thermal Data)

The materials used include: process flow diagram This is the collection of the process stream and
(PFD) and plant data of the Crude Distillation Unit of equipment (heat exchangers and utilities) parameters
the New Port Harcourt Refinery (PHRC Brochure, and tabulated as shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table
2005); Aspen® Pinch 11.1 software (used to produce 3. The heat load or heat duty of the heat exchangers
the composite curves and grid diagrams) and were estimated using equation 2 and tabulated in
Microsoft® Office Visio. Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Q = (Cp x F) x T (1)
METHODS Where Cp = specific heat capacity of the stream
The Aspen Pinch 11.1 process tool was employed to (kJ/kg. oC), F = mass flow rate of the stream (kg/s),
perform a detailed and accurate pinch analysis of the T = temperature difference (oC), Q = heat
three heat exchanger networks. To do this, the exchanger duty (KW)
thermal data obtained by data extraction were fed as
input to the software to construct the composite Determination of the Specific Heat Capacities of
curves and grid diagram of all networks following the Petroleum Fractions
algorithm in figure 4. The following pinch rules were The specific heat capacity of a petroleum product is
employed in order to achieve the minimum energy determined using the empirical equation below.
targets for the crude preheating process. Heat must
not be transferred across the pinch, there must be no (2)
external cooling above the pinch and no external Where Cp = specific heat (kcal/kg.oC), d = specific
heating below the pinch (heaters must be placed gravity at 15 oC, T = temperature (oC). The specific
above and coolers below the pinch).Violating any of gravity (at 15 oC) of the various petroleum fractions
these rules will lead to cross-pinch heat transfer are obtained from the Process Flow Diagram of the
resulting in an increase in the energy requirement refinery.
beyond the target. Any heat transfer across the pinch
is excess heat which is wasted, and expressed as a Determination of Optimal Tmin
pinch penalty. The optimum value of Tmin for refinery processes
has been determined by Linnhoff, (1998) to be in the
range of 20 to 40oC. Hence a value of 30oC was used
in this work.

Problem Table Analysis Results

Table 1: Problem Table for HEN – 1
Specific Heat
Start/
Target Mass flow heat capacity Heat duty
Streams supply
temp rate (kg/s) capacity flow rate (kW)
temp
(kJ/kgoC) (kW/o C)
Top
Pump 436.661
147 60 157.7365 2.7683 33261.22
Around 9
(PA)
Hot
308 133 10.8972 3.0375 33.1002 4721.70
HDO

Cold 154.767
207 122 56.0000 2.7637 11734.47
LDO 2

Cold
168 115 32.2333 2.7206 87.6939 4140.21
kerosene

Cold 171.845
164 150 72.4416 2.3722 2442.26
Residue 9
Crude
488.317
from 25 137 232.2889 2.1022 56299.86
7
Storage

Table 2: Problem Table for HEN – 2

Specific Heat
Start/
Target Mass flow heat capacity Heat duty
Streams supply
temp rate (kg/s) capacity flow rate (kW)
temp
(kJ/kgo C) (kW/o C)
Figure 4: Flowchart for Pinch Analysis Mild Residue 230 164 72.4416 2.5158 182.2486 11815.88
Hot Kero PA 221 155 186.9444 2.9203 545.9337 21864.04
Data Extraction Hot LDO 257 207 56.0000 2.8449 159.3114 7768.7
Hot kerosene 233 168 32.2333 2.9869 96.2776 5628.82
This involves the identification of process heating Crude from
129 202 116.1444 2.5215 292.8581 47077.44
and cooling duties and extraction of information from Desalter
a given process heat and material balance to form the
thermal data.
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Table 3: Problem Table for HEN – 3 little excess cold utility (energy) not utilized for
Specific Heat cooling.
Start/
Target Mass flow heat capacity Heat duty
Streams supply
temp rate (kg/s) capacity flow rate (kW)
temp
(kJ/kgo C) (kW/o C) The pinch location cuts across the end points of the
LDO
276 253 120.8333 3.0529 368.8919 13955.76 hot and cold composite curves, implying that there
PA
should be no external hot utility (like heater) in this
HVGO 241 222 122.7000 2.6971 330.9342 5814.9
network. Although there is no heater in the HEN-1 of
the CDU, the little excess cold utility revealed by the
Crude
from
curve still indicates a heat imbalance due to the
Pre- 202 353 212.9277 2.8158 599.5618 112809.06 absence of a hot utility (stream requiring heating) to
flash match the little excess cold utility.
drum
(Fuel
Oil)
353 350 108.6240 3.2362 351.5389 93038.40 In the Grand Composite Curve shown in figure 6, the
area to the right of the dotted/pinch line shows the
amount of heat energy efficiently utilized by the hot
Constructing the Composite Curves
and cold streams, while the area to the left indicates
This is a plot of the temperature-enthalpy profile of
the excess heat not utilized within the network. A
all streams in a network. The plot gives the minimum
targeting report of the HEN-1 pinch shows that HEN-
heating requirement (hot utility) for the cold streams 1 requires a minimum cold utility of 2421.0kW
and cooling requirement (cold utility) for the hot (external heat requirement) and minimum hot utility
streams, the amount of heat utilized between the of 0Kw (no heating requirement). The pinch location
process streams and the minimum temperature is at one far end of the grid diagram indicating
change that should exist between the hot and cold
improper stream matching. A typical grid diagram
streams (the pinch value). The area enclosed within
should contain a region above the pinch (LHS of
the cold and hot composite curves accounts for the
pinch location) and a region below the pinch (RHS of
potential process-to-process heat recovery (minimum
pinch location) separated by a pinch location point,
energy requirements) while the area not enclosed at
the grid diagram of HEN-1 only contains a region
the extreme left is the excess cold utility been wasted
below the pinch. This implies that the HEN-1 of the
by the network. CDU of Port Harcourt refinery is not properly placed
on network grid diagram for design analysis using the
Representing the Heat Exchanger Network On A pinch analysis. The grid diagram also showed that no
Grid Diagram
heat exchanger crossed the pinch line, indicating all
Each heat exchanger in the network was represented
heat exchanger are properly placed.
as a grid. The process streams are drawn as horizontal
lines with hot streams drawn at the top of the grid
Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network-2
from left to right while cold streams are drawn at the
The composite and grand composite curves and grid
bottom from right to left. The stream numbers and diagram of the twelve (12) heat exchangers in HEN 2
heat capacities are shown on and at the end of the are shown in figure 8, figure 9 and figure 10
stream lines respectively. The diagram shows the heat
respectively. The right and left end of the composite
exchangers that violate the pinch rule (that cross the
curve shows that the hot and cold streams have
pinch). The heat exchangers are represented by
varying enthalpy, indicating excesses in both hot and
vertical lines linking a hot stream and a cold stream. cold utilities (energy) not utilized for heating and
Culprit heat exchangers are identified by an cooling, a heat imbalance between the streams and
additional bar attached to the vertical line. A
utilities, improper stream matching, inadequate and
targeting report is also generated showing heat duties inefficient process to process heat integration and
of all existing heat exchanger and cross pinch penalty utilization. Hence the streams in HEN-2 are not fully
(amount of heat energy not utilized) of culprit heat
utilizing all heat generated by the network. The pinch
exchangers.
location cuts in-between the end-points of the hot and
cold composite curves, implying that the HEN-2 is
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
properly represented on the grid diagram for analysis.
Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network-1
Once again, the heat imbalance in the network is
The composite and grand composite curves and grid
clearly evident as the curve reveals little excess hot
diagram for the seven (7) heat exchangers in HEN 1 utility below the pinch and excess cold utility above
are shown in figure 5, figure 6 and figure 7 the pinch.
respectively. The right end of the composite curves
show that the hot and cold streams have the same
The Grand Composite Curve in figure 9 shows an
enthalpy indicating proper stream matching, adequate
irregular curve with scattered enclosures. The
and efficient process to process heat integration and
summation of areas to the right of the dotted lines
utilization. Therefore there is zero excess hot utility.
gives the amount of heat energy efficiently utilized
However, the left end of the curve shows that there is
by the hot and cold streams, while the areas to the left

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(3):475-484 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

collectively indicate the excess heat not utilized pinch effect is observed as there are 8 heat
within the network. Comparing, this shows a exchangers violating the pinch rule and resulting in
relatively fair process-to-process stream matching in pinch penalty of -2817.20kW, these culprit heat
the network. In addition, the targeting report reveals exchangers are clearly identified by the vertical lines
that there is a minimum hot utility of 2817.20kW and attached to horizontal bars running (crossing) from
minimum cold utility of -2817.20kW. Although the left to right of the pinch location.
network grid diagram on figure 10 shows a good
representation and clarity of pinch location, a cross
COMPOSITE CURVES (Real T, No Utils)

Case: HEN_1
Heat Imbalance DTMIN =30.00
350.0

300.0 Hot stream T =288.5

Q =55.8

250.0
HOT HDO
TEMPER ATUR E C

COLD LDO
200.0 HOT HDO
COLD R
COLD KER
COLD LDO
COLD KER HOT HDO
TOP PA
150.0 COLD LDO
HOT HDO
COLD KER
TOP PA CRUDE ST

Pinch
100.0
Location
TOP PA

50.0
CRUDE ST

T =26.4 Cold stream

Q =2.9

0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 5: Composite Curve of HEN-1

TEMPERATURE GRAND COMPOSITE (With Utils)

Case: HEN_1
Heat Imbalance DTMIN =30.00
300.0

HOT HDO
250.0

200.0
TEMPERATU RE C

COLD LDO
HOT HDO

150.0
COLD R
COLD KER
CRUDE ST
COLD LDO
HOT HDO

100.0
CRUDE ST
TOP PA

50.0
CRUDE ST

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

COLD

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 6: Grand Composite Curve for HEN-1

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Case: HEN_1 DTMIN: 30.0 (Duty based)

308.0

148.0

COLD R 164.0 151.0 149.5 (hot)

149.5

COLD KER 168.0 115.0

(hot )
60.0

TOP PA 147.0 60.0 60.0 (hot)

60.0

COLD LDO 207.0 136.2 122.0

HOT HDO 308.0 148.3

(hot )
133.0

(hot )

139.0 129.0 108.6 92.0

(cold )
CRUDE ST 142.0 142.5 146.0 138.0 92.0 25.0

142.0
(pinch location)

Figure 7: Grid Representation of HEN-1

COMPOSITE CURVES (Re al T, No Utils)

Case: HEN_2
He at Imbala nce DTMIN =3 0.00
2 60.0

HOT LDO

2 40.0
Hot stream HOT KERO
T =24 0.9
Q =4 4.5

HOT L DO
MILD R
HOT KERO
HOT LDO
2 20.0 H.KER PA
MIL D R
TEMPERATURE C

HOT KERO
H.KER PA
MILD R
2 00.0
CRUDE DE

HOT KERO
H.KER PA
MILD R
1 80.0

H.KER PA Pinch
MIL D R Loca tion

1 60.0 T =1 60.2
Q =1.7

1 40.0
CRUDE DE

Cold stream
1 20.0
0 .0 10 .0 20 .0 30 .0 4 0.0 50.0

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 8: Composite Curve of HEN-2

TEMPERATURE GRAND COMPOSITE (With Utils)

Ca se: HEN_2
Hea t Imba lance DTMIN =30.00
260 .0

240 .0

HOT L DO

220 .0
TEMPERATURE C

HOT KERO
HOT LDO
CRUDE DE
HOT KERO
HOT LDO
CRUDE DE
MIL D R
200 .0

HOT KERO
HOT L DO
H.KER PA
CRUDE DE
MILD R
180 .0

HOT KERO
160 .0 H.KER PA
CRUDE DE
MILD R

H.KER PA
CRUDE DE
140 .0
0 .0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 9: Grand Composite Curve of HEN-2

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Case: HEN_2 DTMIN: 30.0 (Duty based)

219.0

168.0

HOT KERO 233.0 168.0 168.0 168.0

207.0

HOT LDO 257.0 207.0 207.0 207.0

184.0 155.0

H.KER PA 221.0 184.0 155.0 155.0 155.0

204.0 164.0

MILD R 230.0 204.0 164.0 164.0

164.0

202.0 198.0 189.0 168.0 158.0 141.0

CRUDE DE 202.0 202.0 202.0 198.0 189.0 168.0 158.0 141.0 129.0

189.0
U:4 U:4
QS:2817.2 QS:2817.2

Figure 10: Grid Representation of HEN-2 report further shows a minimum hot utility of
96098.90kW and minimum cold utility of
Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network-3 3060.50kW.
The composite and grand composite curves and grid
diagram of the four (4) heat exchangers in HEN 3 are Figure 13 shows the pinch location positioned at the
shown in figure 11, figure 12 and figure 13 extreme right on the grid diagram indicating
respectively. The right end of the composite curve improper stream matching and grid diagram of HEN-
shows a large hot utility (a large cold stream 3 only contains a region above the pinch (LHS of
requiring heating) while the left end shows very little pinch location). This implies that the HEN-3 of the
cold utility (very little hot stream require cooling). CDU of Port Harcourt refinery is not properly placed
This indicates a large heat imbalance between the on network grid diagram for design analysis. A cross
streams and utilities, improper stream matching, pinch effect was also observed as there are 2 out of 4
inadequate and inefficient process to process heat heat exchangers violating the pinch rule(not properly
integration and utilization. There is also very little placed) resulting in a pinch penalty of -3060.47kW.
potential for process-to-process heat recovery as These culprit heat exchangers are clearly identified
indicated by the small area enclosed by the cold and by the vertical lines attached to horizontal bars
hot composite curves. These results are further running (crossing) from left to right of the pinch
confirmed as the HEN-3 of the CDU contains more location.
cold process streams requiring heating. The targeting
COMPOSITE CURVES (Real T, No Utils)

Case: HEN_3
He at Imbalance DTMIN =30.00
360.0

Pinch T =352.6
Locatio n Q =115.5
CRUDE PL

320.0
TEMPERATURE C

T =2 75.3
280.0 Q =19.5
T =276.6
LDO PA Q =54.9

Hot stream
HVG O
LDO PA
240.0

HVGO

CRUDE PL

Cold stream
200.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 11: Composite Curves of HEN-3

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TEMPERATURE GRAND COMPOSITE (With Utils)

Case: HEN_3
Heat Imbalance DTMIN =30.00
400.0

T =365.6
Q =94.2
360.0
T E M P E R A TU R E C

320.0
CRUDE PL

280.0

240.0 CRUDE PL
LDO PA

CRUDE PL
HVGO
LDO PA
200.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

ENTHALPY X10 3 kW

Figure 12: Grand Composite Curve of HEN- 3

Case: HEN_3 DTMIN: 30.0 (Duty based)

232.0

OIL 355.0 352.0

(hot)
222.0

HVGO 241.0 222.0 222.0 222.0

235.0
(hot)

LDO PA 276.0 235.0 235.0 235.0

(cold ) 237.0 212.0

Pinch
Location
CRUDE PL 353.0 237.0 237.0 212.0 202.0

202.0
U:2 U:0
QS:96098.9 QS:3060.5

Figure 13: Grid Representation of HEN-3

A summary of results obtained from these analysis are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Summary of Pinch Analysis on all HEN

Features of HEN HEN -1 HEN -2 HEN -3
Clarity of Pinch location Poor Good Good
QH,min (kW)
0.00 2817.20 96098.90
(Required external heating)
QC,min (kW)
2421.00 2817.20 3060.50
(Required external cooling)
Process-to-process heat recovery potential High Medium Fairly low
Heat balance No No No
Hot and cold stream matching Poor Fair Fair
Cross pinch Nil Yes Yes
Representation on Grid diagram Poor Good Good
Number of heat exchanger violating pinch rule Nil 8 2
Pinch penalty (kW) Nil -2817.20 -3060.47

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CONCLUSION QC,min - Minimum cooling requirement

Pinch Technology has been used to perform an by network (kW)
QH, op - Minimum energy required by
analysis of the energy requirements and efficiency of network (kW)
the heat exchanger network of the crude distillation BPD - Barrels Per Day
unit of the Port-Harcourt refinery. The minimum FCCU - Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit
heating and cooling requirements of the process HDO - Heavy Diesel Oil
HVGO - Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil
streams in each network were determined from the LDO - Light Diesel Oil
composite and grand composite curves while the grid LVGO - Light Vacuum Gas Oil
diagrams showed the process streams not properly NPHR - New Port Harcourt Refinery
matched and the heat exchangers not properly placed. OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries
The results from these graphs showed that; HEN-1 REFERENCES
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2421 KW while all the heat exchangers were properly of Heat Exchanger Network Design and
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2817.2 KW each while eight heat exchangers were Nigerian oil refineries”, presented at the 37th Annual
not properly placed; HEN-3 had an excess hot utility Conference of the Nigerian Society of Chemical
of 96098.9 KW and an excess cold utility of 3060.5 Engineers, pp 1-10.
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unit of the Port Harcourt refinery designed without Understanding heat exchanger networks. Comput.
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Linnhoff, B., Towsend, D.W., Boland, D., Hewitt, G.
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maximum heat recovery and minimum energy H. (1982) A user guide on process integration for the
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T min - Minimum temperature difference down capital costs and emissions. Chemical
(o C) Engineering Progress, 32–57. 1994.
CPF - Heat capacity flow rate (kW/oC)
Cp - Specific heat capacity of the
stream (kJ/kg. o C) Port Harcourt Refinery Company Limited Brochure
H - Enthalpy change (KW) (2005), NNPC, Bureau of Public
Q - Heat exchanger duty (KW) Enterprise, pp 1 – 15.
T - Temperature (oC)
QH,min - Minimum energy required by
network (kW)

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