ARTICLE

pubs.acs.org/IECR

Design and Optimization of Steam Distribution Systems

for Steam Power Plants
Cheng-Liang Chen* and Chih-Yao Lin
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a systematic methodology for the design of a steam distribution network (SDN) which satisfies
the energy demands of industrial processes. A superstructure is proposed to include all potential configurations of steam systems,
and a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is formulated accordingly to minimize the total annualized cost. The
proposed model determines simultaneously (i) the structure and operational configuration of a steam system and (ii) the interaction
between the steam system and the heat recovery system. A series of case studies are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and
benefit of the proposed approach.

1. INTRODUCTION optimizing unit sizes and loads as continuous functions. More

Steam power plants are the main energy supplier for running recently, Aguilar et al.10,11 proposed a mixed-integer linear
chemical processing. Typically, a steam power plant consists of programming (MILP) model to address retrofit and operational
various units including boilers, gas turbines, steam turbines, problems for utility plants, considering structural and operational
electric motors, steam headers, etc. In the plant, steam is parameters as variables to be optimized. The linear model was
converted into two types of energy, specifically, electricity and realized when some operating conditions of units (e.g., air flow
mechanical power. Electricity demands are from the power rate or operating temperature of gas turbines) were prespecified
required to function process devices. Mechanical power demands or some of the entering streams (e.g., from boilers and a heat
are from the requirement to drive process units. Steam demands recovery steam generator, HRSG) were already at the tempera-
are from heat duties for the heat exchange network or heat ture of the header (predetermined).
sources for the reaction process. From a review of the current literature, there is a need to
The design of a steam power plant is a large and complex develop a more comprehensive design method for SDNs. In this
problem, where the layout of all types of units and the operating paper, the main objective of the study is to develop a flexible
conditions must be optimized for efficient operation. The steam model for industrial problems. This model can address the
distribution network (SDN) is an essential element in devising multiperiod operating problem and can easily set up the link
the energy management system of a steam power plant. A large between steam systems and heat recovery networks.
volume of related studies have already been published in the To illustrate the SDN design method developed in this work,
literature. Basically, two distinct approaches were adopted in the rest of this paper is organized as follows. The design problem
these works: (a) the heuristics-based thermodynamic design is formally defined in section 2. The design concept developed by
method1,2 and (b) the model-based optimization method.3
5 Papoulias and Grossmann3 is adopted and modified in the
The former networks were synthesized with thermodynamic present study for a generalized SDN. The superstructure and
targets for getting the maximum allowable overall thermal corresponding mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)
efficiency, while the latter were designed with mixed-integer model are described in sections 3 and 4, in which the perfor-
linear/nonlinear programs for attaining the minimum total mance model proposed by Aguilar et al.10 is utilized for the unit
annualized cost (TAC). design while equipment is operating at different loads. Two cases
The above-mentioned works were developed to address the on synthesis and design of the network are then presented in
design of an SDN assuming that all units operate at full load to section 5 to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the
satisfy a single set of demands and conditions. However, in many proposed simultaneous optimization strategy. The discussion
existing chemical processes the common operational feature is and the conclusion of the present studies are provided in sections
varying demands. This may be due to changing feed/product 6 and 7.
specifications or changes of heat loss with seasonal variation in
the continuous operation plants, or changes in operations for 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
batch plants. For example, energy demands in peak season are The design problem addressed in this paper is stated as
higher than in off peak season or steam power plants need more follows: Given are a set of steam demands or a set of hot/cold
heat demands in winter since the heat loss is higher.
Because of the limitations of these types of studies, capable Received: October 10, 2010
methodologies for the period-varying demands were developed.6
9 Accepted: May 6, 2011
However, the research was only addressing operational problems Revised: April 21, 2011
for existing plants or design problems without simultaneously Published: May 06, 2011

r 2011 American Chemical Society 8097 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n | Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

Figure 1. Steam distribution network superstructure.

process streams to be cooled/heated in every period. Given also

are the electricity demands and mechanical power needs of
chemical processing in every period. The objective is to develop
a systematic approach to manage the energy usage in an
efficient way.
This work includes the following: (1) the multiperiod opera-
tion problem with given steam demands and (2) the total
processing system design with given process stream data. The
former is to synthesize a cost-optimal steam system that can fulfill
energy requirements. The latter is to design a steam distribution
network and heat recovery network (SDN
HEN) simulta-
neously with a minimum TAC.
The given model parameters of this optimization problem
include the following: (1) the design specifications of every boiler
unit (i.e., its operating pressure, maximum operating tempera-
ture, and the lower and upper bounds of steam flow rate), (2) the
design specifications of every gas turbine unit (i.e., its operating
temperature and its minimum and maximum heat loads), (3) the
design specifications of every steam turbine unit (i.e., its lower
and upper bounds of steam flow rate), (4) the temperature levels
of cooling water, and (5) the design specifications of every
exchanger unit for the HEN design.
The resulting design includes the following: (1) the number of
boiler units and their throughputs in every period, (2) the
Figure 2. Superstructures of SDN units: (a) boiler, (b) HRSG, (c) gas
number of gas turbine units and their throughputs in every
turbine, (d) single-stage steam turbine, (e) multistage steam turbine,
period, (3) the number of steam turbine units and their (f) deaerator, and (g) steam header.
throughputs in every period, (4) the consumption rates of
freshwater and the cooling water usage in every period, (5) the
consumption rates of fuel and rates of electricity import/export, detailed superstructures of all units concerned in the SDN are
(6) the steam header pressures/temperatures in every period, shown in Figure 2. Steam can be generated with either fired or
(7) the complete network configuration and the flow rate of an heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) boilers which operate at
SDN, and (8) the complete network configuration and the flow conditions consistent with those of the steam headers. The fired
rate of an HEN for the total processing problem. boilers generate steam by providing heat from combustion of a
fuel or a fuel mixture. The HRSG can further utilize the exhausts
from gas turbines to heat water to generate steam.
3. SUPERSTRUCTURE Steam is collected and distributed to steam consumer units by
A superstructure of SDN is constructed to incorporate all the steam header. Note that there are several steam headers in the
possible flow connections, as presented in Figure 1. More generalized steam system. For the given pressure steam demands,
8098 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

Figure 3. Heat exchanger network superstructure.

pressure levels are selected at saturated steam pressure corre- entering the boiler b in a certain period p (fbfw bp ) equals the
sponding to the minimum temperature requirements. Specifi- steam to the steam header i (fbip) and the effluent of blowdown
cally, values not less than their saturated temperatures are bip ). Therein the blowdown is treated as a fixed j
water (fbd
suitable for choices of steam headers. The operating tempera- fraction of the boiler steam output and extracted at saturated
tures of headers are treated as decision variables to be optimized. liquid conditions (see Figure 2a). An energy balance is needed
For the simultaneous design of SDN and HEN, the level and the to ensure that the enthalpy entering the boiler equals that
amount of steam demands are not given. Both pressures and leaving (i.e., eq 2), where qbp denotes the heat absorbed by the
temperatures of headers are variables to be determined by the water stream.
optimization approach. X X
There are three types of power-generating devices in the
bfw
fbp ¼ fbip þ bd
fbip "b ∈ B, p ∈ P ð1Þ
i∈I i∈I
superstructure for satisfying power demands, i.e., gas turbines,
steam turbines, and electric motors. Turbines can generate X X bd sat, l
electricity or mechanical power. A gas turbine includes a com-
bfw deaer
fbp H þ qbp ¼ fbip hbip þ fbip Hi "b ∈ B, p ∈ P
pressor, a combustor, and a turbine, where the hot air exiting the i∈I i∈I

turbine can further be used in HRSG to enhance the steam ð2Þ

production. Both back-pressure steam turbines and condensing
turbines are considered. For the back-pressure turbine, the bd
fbip ¼ jfbip "b ∈ B, p ∈ P ð3Þ
pressure of exhaust steam is higher than atmospheric pressure.
If the condensing turbine is chosen in the design, then a In addition, depending on the capacity of units, the constraints
condenser has to be selected for its operation. Electric motors are imposed in the boiler formulation, i.e.
are also used to meet the required shaft power demands.
Ω b zbip e fbip e Ωb zbip "b ∈ B, i ∈ I , p ∈ P ð4Þ
A deaerator is installed to remove dissolved gases to provide
feed water to the boilers to meet the process water demand. where zbip is a binary variable and Ωb and Ω h b are the minimum
Demineralized water is added to compensate for plant losses. h
and the maximum capacities, respectively. Notice that the steam
Pumps are included for the supply of boiler feed water and flow rate is zero when the boiler unit is not selected. It should be
cooling water and for the return of condensate. further considered that only one connection exists between
The stagewise superstructure12 is adopted for the design of boiler b and steam header i with the boiler b selected. Thus,
HEN, as shown in Figure 3. Nonisothermal mixing of streams the following constraints are imposed in this model.
is considered for the flexible design. Each utility can be treated X
as a process stream with unknown loads. By this superstruc- zb ¼ zbi " b ∈ B ð5Þ
ture one can determine the loads of utilities for the giving i∈I
process streams.
zbi g zbip "b ∈ B, i ∈ I , p ∈ P ð6Þ
4. MODEL FORMULATION X
zbi e zbip "b ∈ B, i ∈ I ð7Þ
Having introduced the superstructures of SDN and HEN, one p∈P
can then formulate the synthesis problem as a MINLP. The
material and energy balance equations associated with every unit There are two types of boilers used in this work, which are
are included as the constraints of the optimization problem. The multifuel boilers (b ∈ MB) and HRSGs (b ∈ HB). The
corresponding equipment models adopted for SDN are taken equipment models of boilers are adopted from Aguilar et al.10
from Aguilar et al.10 4.1.2. Gas Turbines. For convenience, a set of gas turbines
4.1. Steam Distribution Network. 4.1.1. Boilers. Equation 1 g ∈ G is defined. Figure 2c shows the superstructure of a gas
states the mass balance of a boiler, where the feed boiler water turbine. Since exhaust of gas turbine g is sent to the HRSG unit b
8099 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

as heat input, the corresponding relations are derived below. headers. This device converts the energy of steam into
X power. Equations 23 and 24 describe the constraints to
fgp ¼ fgbp "g ∈ G , p ∈ P ð8Þ ensure that the operation does not exceed its design capa-
b ∈ HB cities. Moreover, it is possible to define a minimum partial
X load of units so that the actual output is not less than a given
Tgp ¼ Tgbp "g ∈ G , p ∈ P ð9Þ specified fraction.
b ∈ HB
Ω ii0 t zii0 tp e fii0 tp e Ωii0 t zii0 tp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 ,
A gas turbine can generate electricity (g ∈ GE) or shaft power
(g ∈ GS ). If the latter operation is chosen, then the produced t∈T , p∈P ð23Þ
shaft power wgp is selected to meet the shaft demand j.
X Γ ii0 t zii0 tp e wii0 tp e Γii0 t zii0 tp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 ,
wgp ¼ wgjp "g ∈ GS , p ∈ P ð10Þ
j∈J t∈T , p∈P ð24Þ

The following constraints are considered to reflect physical and The steam turbine can generate electricity (t ∈ TE) or shaft
practical limitations of the equipment. Equations 11 and 12 define power (t ∈ TS ). If the latter operation is chosen, the shaft power
the unit capacity that must comply with the maximum and minimum produced by the turbine t is to meet the shaft demand j.
X
limits. Equation 13 limits the operation range of a temperature. wii0 tp ¼ wii0 tjp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ TS , p ∈ P
Ω g zgbp e fgbp e Ωg zgbp "g ∈ G , b ∈ HB, p ∈ P ð11Þ j∈J

ð25Þ
Γ g zgjp e wgjp e Γg zgjp "g ∈ G , j ∈ J , p ∈ P ð12Þ
Γ ii0 t zii0 tjp e wii0 tjp e Γii0 t zii0 tjp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 ,
Φ g zgbp e Tgbp e Φg zgbp "g ∈ G , b ∈ HB, p ∈ P ð13Þ t ∈ TS , j ∈ J , p ∈ P ð26Þ

Similar to the relation between a boiler and a steam header, Also, operation for multiperiod problems should be consid-
eqs 14
18 describe the connection and operation between a gas ered, which is like the boiler and gas turbine units discussed
turbine and a HRSG. If a gas turbine is chosen, a corresponding previously. Equations 27and 28 are the constraints of steam
HRSG is automatically included, and vice versa. turbines.
X zii0 t g zii0 tp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ T , p ∈ P ð27Þ
zg ¼ zgb " g ∈ G ð14Þ
b ∈ HB X
X zii0 t e zii0 tp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ T ð28Þ
zb ¼ zgb " b ∈ HB ð15Þ p∈P

g∈G Similar to a gas turbine, constraints for the pair between steam
turbines and shaft demands are presented in eqs 29
31.
zgb g zgbp "g ∈ G , b ∈ HB, p ∈ P ð16Þ X
X zii0 t ¼ zii0 tj "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ T ð29Þ
zgb e zgbp "g ∈ G , b ∈ HB ð17Þ j∈J
p∈P

X zii0 tj g zii0 tjp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ T , j ∈ J , p ∈ P

zgp ¼ zgbp "g ∈ G , p ∈ P ð18Þ
b ∈ HB ð30Þ
Equations 19
22 are constraints to select gas turbine g for shaft X
demand j. Notice a gas turbine is for one shaft demand. zii0 tj e zii0 tjp "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ T , j ∈ J ð31Þ
X p∈P
zg ¼ zgj "g ∈ GS ð19Þ
j∈J Single-stage steam turbines (t ∈ ST ) are adopted in this work.
This steam turbine features only one inlet and a single outlet
zgj g zgjp "g ∈ GS , j ∈ J , p ∈ P ð20Þ through which the steam is discharged to a lower pressure level.
Equation 32 is a logic constraint for single-stage steam turbines.
X X
zgj e zgjp "g ∈ GS , j ∈ J ð21Þ zt ¼ zii0 t " t ∈ ST ð32Þ
p∈P
i, i0 ∈ I
i < i0
X
zgp ¼ zgjp "g ∈ GS , p ∈ P ð22Þ
j∈J
Multistage steam turbines (t ∈ MT ) can feature several inlets
to take in or outlets to discharge steam at different pressure levels.
The single-inlet steam turbines with several extractions are
4.1.3. Steam Turbines. Figure 2d,e shows a steam turbine adopted in this work. Equations 33 and 34 are logic constraints
operating between higher pressure and lower pressure steam for the multistage steam turbine, which means one steam inlet is
8100 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

4.1.4. Deaerator. Figure 2f shows a schematic representa-

tion for a deaerator device. In this unit the inlet streams
may come from low pressure steam, condensate return from
process, or treated water makeup. After water is treated and
its dissolved gas is removed, the feed water is sent to the boiler
or to the let-down station. Equation 41 describes the mass
flow rate balance. Equation 42 is an energy balance to
guarantee that enough steam is injected into the deaerator
Figure 4. Decomposition of the multistage steam turbine. so that the feed water leaving this unit is at saturated liquid
conditions.
X X X
restricted to this unit. fpw þ fip þ fpc ¼ bfw
fbp þ fipld "p ∈ P ð41Þ
zt g zii0 t "i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ MT ð33Þ i∈I b∈B i∈I

X
X fpw Hpw þ fip hip þ fpc hcp
zii0 t e 1 "i0 ∈ I , t ∈ MT ð34Þ
i∈I
i∈I
!
i < i0
X X
¼ bfw
fbp þ fipld H deaer "p ∈ P ð42Þ
The decomposition of a multistage steam turbine is shown in b∈B i∈I
Figure 4, and the corresponding superstructure is shown in
Figure 2e. A multistage steam turbine is decomposed into several
4.1.5. Steam Headers. Figure 2g shows the stream balance for a
single-stage turbines which are connected in series so that the
steam header. The mass balance is given by eq 43. For the top
original single-stage equipment performance model can be used
steam header, the highest pressure steam header, there are no
to determine its properties without new model. Equations 35 and
input streams from steam turbines or let-down stations, and there
36 describe the mass balance of a multistage steam turbine, where
is no output vented steam to the environment. The bottom steam
the higher quality steam (f0 ii0 tp) flows through a multistage
header is a condensing header, in which its flow rates of input
turbine t and then lower quality steam is delivered to a header
streams from let-down stations or back-pressure steam tur-
i0 (fii0 tp) and to the next stage i00 (fii0 i0 0 tp) as its steam input (f0 ii0 0 tp).
X
bines are zero and its output condensate water is sent to a
"i, i0 ∈ I , i < i0 , t ∈ MT , p ∈ P
0
fii0 tp ¼ fii0 tp þ fii0 i00 tp deaerator. Equation 44 is an energy balance for a header to
i00 ∈ I
ensure that the total amount of enthalpy entering the header
i < i0 < i00 equals that leaving. It should be noted that a variable for
enthalpy hip (hip = fn(Ti,Pi)) is employed because of the
ð35Þ flexible consideration.
0
X X X X X
fii00 tp ¼ fii0 i00 tp "i, i00 ∈ I , i < i00 , t ∈ MT , p ∈ P fbip þ fi0 itp þ fi0 ip þ fipld þ fip
ps

i0 ∈ I b∈B t∈T
i0 ∈ I i0 ∈ I
0 00
i<i <i 0
i <i i0 < i

ð36Þ X X X pd
¼ fii0 tp þ fii0 p þ fip þ fipvent þ fip
The following constraints are considered for this multistage t∈T
i0 ∈ I i0 ∈ I
unit. Equations 37
40 are used to ensure that the stage i00 only i0 > i i0 > i
can accept one steam stream from preceding stages and stage i0
only can deliver steam to one next stage. "i ∈ I , p ∈ P ð43Þ
zii0 tp g zii0 i00 tp "i, i0 , i00 ∈ I , i < i0 < i00 , t ∈ MT , p ∈ P ð37Þ X X X X
fbip hbip þ fi0 itp hi0 itp þ ps ps
fi0 ip hi0 p þ fipld H deaer þ fip Hip
X b∈B 0
i ∈I
t∈T 0
i ∈I
zii0 i00 tp e 1 "i, i00 ∈ I , i < i00 , t ∈ MT , p ∈ P i0 < i i0 < i
0 1
i0 ∈ I
i < i0 < i00 B C
B C
B C
B X X X C
ð38Þ ¼B fii0 p þ fip þ fipvent þ fip C
pd
B fii0 tp þ Chip "i ∈ I , p ∈ P
X B
B i0 ∈ I t∈T C
C
0 0
zii0 i00 tp e 1 "i, i ∈ I , i < i , t ∈ MT , p ∈ P @ i0 ∈ I A
i0 > i i0 > i
i00 ∈ I
i < i0 < i00 ð44Þ
ð39Þ
4.1.6. Power Balances. Equation 45 ensures that the actual
0 00 0 00 power delivered by all the drives attached to the common shaft
Ωzii0 i00 tp e fii0 i00 tp e Ωzii0 i00 tp "i, i , i ∈ I , i < i < i ,
meets the corresponding demands in each operating period. A
t ∈ MT , p ∈ P ð40Þ gas turbine g, a steam turbine t, and an electric motor m can be
8101 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

used to meet the required power demands. capacity flow rates.

X X X X
wgjp þ wii0 tjp þ wmjp ðthkp
thc, kþ1, p Þfhckp ¼ qhckp "h ∈ H , c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P
g ∈ GS t ∈ TS m∈M
0
i, i ∈ I ð51Þ
i0 < i
ðtchkp
tc, kþ1, p Þfchkp ¼ qhckp "h ∈ H , c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P
dem, s
¼ wjp "j ∈ J , p ∈ P ð45Þ ð52Þ
In this study, the electricity produced by the steam and/or gas The total flow balances for theses split heat capacity flow rates
turbine can be used to meet the needs of chemical process. The in each stage k can be stated as follows.
overall balance equation can be written accordingly by eq 46. The X
left-hand side of this expression accounts for the supply of fhckp ¼ Fhp "h ∈ H , k ∈ K , p ∈ P ð53Þ
electricity, while the terms of the right-hand side correspond to c∈C
the potential consumers.
X
fchkp ¼ Fcp "c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P ð54Þ
X X X
wgp þ wii0 tp þ wimp ,e h∈H
p
g ∈ GE t ∈ TE
i, i0 ∈ I
4.2.4. Assignment of Superstructure Inlet Temperatures. The
i < i0
given inlet/outlet temperatures of hot and cold processes are
X X wmjp assigned as the inlet/outlet temperatures to the superstructure. For
¼ wdem ,e þ þ wpexp, e "p ∈ P ð46Þ hot process streams, the inlet corresponds to the location k = 1,
p
m∈M j∈J
ηm while for cold streams the inlet corresponds to location k = K þ 1.
in
Thp ¼ th, 1, p "h ∈ H , p ∈ P ð55Þ
4.2. Heat Exchanger Network. 4.2.1. Overall Heat Balance
for Each Stream. An overall heat balance is included to ensure
heat exchange for all process streams. The constraints specify that Tcpin ¼ tc, Kþ1, p "c ∈ C , p ∈ P ð56Þ
the overall heat of each hot process stream is removed with cold
process streams or cold utilities. Similar constraints also apply for
all cold streams, as stated in eqs 47 and 48: 4.2.5. Feasibility of Temperatures. The following constraints
(eqs 57
60) are included to guarantee monotonic decrease of all
X X temperatures at successive stages.
ðThp
in

Thp
out
ÞFhp ¼ qhckp þ qcu "h ∈ H , p ∈ P
hp thkp g th, kþ1, p "h ∈ H , k ∈ K , p ∈ P ð57Þ
k∈K c∈C
ð47Þ
tckp g tc, kþ1, p "c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P ð58Þ
X X
ðTcp
out

Tcp
in
ÞFcp ¼ qhckp þ qhu "c ∈ C , p ∈ P
k∈K h∈H
cp out
Thp e th, Kþ1, p "h ∈ H , p ∈ P ð59Þ
ð48Þ
out
Tcp g tc, 1, p "c ∈ C , p ∈ P ð60Þ
4.2.2. Heat Balance at Each Stream. Heat balances are also
needed in each stage for each stream, as shown in eqs 49 and 50. 4.2.6. Hot and Cold Utility Loads. Equations 61 and 62 are
Note that the index k is used to represent the stage and the posed to calculate hot or cold utility loads needed for each
temperature location in the superstructure. Stage location k = 1 process stream.
involves the highest temperatures. qhckp denotes the heat ex-
change between hot process stream h and cold process stream ðth, Kþ1, p
Thp
out
ÞFhp ¼ qcu
hp "h ∈ H , p ∈ P ð61Þ
c in stage k.
X ðTcp
out

tc, 1, p ÞFcp ¼ qhu
cp "c ∈ C , p ∈ P ð62Þ
ðthkp
th, kþ1, p ÞFhp ¼ qhckp "h ∈ H , k ∈ K , p ∈ P
c∈C
4.2.7. Logic Constraints. Logic constraints and binary variables are
ð49Þ needed to determine the existence of stream match (h, k) in stage k.
X zhckp, zcu hu
hp, and zcp are binary variables for process stream matches, for
ðtckp
tc, kþ1, p ÞFcp ¼ qhckp "c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P cold utility matches, and for hot utility matches, respectively.
h∈H
qhckp
Ωzhckp e 0 "h ∈ H , c ∈ C , k ∈ K , p ∈ P
ð50Þ
ð63Þ
4.2.3. Heat Balance for Each Unit. For each local exchange
hp
Ωzhp e 0
qcu "h ∈ H , p ∈ P ð64Þ
cu
unit, heat balances are needed, where fhckp and fhckp are split heat
8102 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

cp
Ωzcp e 0
qhu "c ∈ C , p ∈ P ð65Þ
hu Table 1. Site Conditions
total working hours 8600 h/year
fuel oil no. 2 LHV 45 000 kJ/kg
4.2.8. Calculation of Approach Temperatures. For determin-
natural gas LHV 50 244 kJ/kg
ing the area requirement of the heat exchanger, approach
electric prices 0.07 $/kWh
temperatures are used to calculate the log mean temperature
difference (LMTD) approximated by using the Chen equation.13 fuel oil no. 2 price 0.19 $/kg
The area requirement of each match will be incorporated in the natural gas price 0.22 $/kg
objective function. The constraints 66
69 are expressed as raw water price 0.05 $/ton
inequalities since the cost of the exchanger decreases with higher
values for the approach temperatures.
Table 2. Demand Data (All in MW) for Case 1
dthckp e thkp
tchkp þ Γð1
zhckp Þ "h ∈ H , c ∈ C , period
k∈K, p∈P ð66Þ
1 2 3 4

HP steam demands (45 bar) 0 0 2 5

dthc, kþ1, p e thc, kþ1, p
tc, kþ1, p þ Γð1
zhckp Þ "h ∈ H , MP steam demands (17 bar) 20 16 22 10
LP steam demands (4.5 bar) 55 66 60 45
c ∈ C, k ∈ K , p ∈ P ð67Þ
total steam demands 75 82 84 60
electricity demands 4.5 7.2 2.8 3.5
out, cu shaft power demand 1 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.8
hp e th, Kþ1, p
T
dtcu þ Γð1
zcu
hp Þ "h ∈ H , p ∈ P shaft power demand 2 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.9
ð68Þ shaft power demand 3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8

out, hu where x1 is a vector of variables, and Ω1 is a feasible searching

cp e tcp
dthu
tc, 1, p þ Γð1
zhu
cp Þ "c ∈ C , p ∈ P ð69Þ space delimited by the constraints.
8 9
>
>
bfw
fbp ; fbip ; fbip ; fb ; fbup ; fgp ; fgbp ; fii0 tp ; fii0 tp
bd max 0
>
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
4.3. Objective Function and MINLP Formulation. The >
>
0 ps pd
fii0 i00 tp ; fii00 tp ; fpw ; fip ; fpc ; fipld ; fii0 p ; fip ; fipvent ; fip ; fdmax >
>
>
> >
>
objective function in the synthesis model is the TAC, which >
> hbip ; hii0 tp ; hip ; hcp ; Tgp ; Tgbp ; qbp ; qbup ; qgp ; wgp ; wgjp ; wii0 tp >
>
< =
includes the sum of operating and the annualized capital costs.
x1  wii0 tjp ; wmax
imp;e exp;e
g ; wt ; wmjp ; wm ; wp ; wp ; zb ; zbp ; zbi ; zbip >
max max
The former consists of the costs of fuels, cooling water, fresh >
> >
>
> >
>
> d g gp gb gbp gj gjp m t ii t ; z0ii tp00; zii tj ; zii tjp ; zii i tp >
> z ; z ; z ; z ; z ; z ; z ; z ; z ; z 0 0 0 0 0 00
water, and purchased electricity. The latter includes the fixed > >
>
>
> "b ∈ B; d ∈ D ; g ∈ G ; i; i ; i ∈ I >
>
and variable costs of all units. There are two objectives >
> >
>
considered in this work, as shown in eqs 70 and 71. The first >
: j ∈ J ;m ∈ M ;p ∈ P;t ∈ T ;u ∈ U >
;
objective is the design of SDN for the given steam demands.
The second objective is the simultaneous design of SDN and Ω1 ¼ fx1 jeqs 1
46g
HEN for the given process streams, where their interaction
can be optimized. It should be mentioned that the hot utility
requirement of HEN is satisfied with steam from the steam X
system. min J2 ¼ imp, e imp, e , e wexp, e
x2 ∈ Ω2 ðCwp fpw þ Ccw
p f p þ Cp
cw
wp
Cexp
p p
p∈P
X X X X X
min J1 ¼ , e wimp, e , e wexp, e þ Cu fbup þ Cu fgup þ qcu
hp Þtp
hrs
x 1 ∈ Ω1 ðCwp fpw þ Ccw cw
p fp þ Cimp
p p
Cexp
p p
p∈P b∈B u∈U g∈G u∈U
X γb
X γ
X X X X ðzb Cfix þ Cvar
b Gb Þ þ ðzg Cfix
g þ Cg Gg Þ
var
þ
g

þ Cu fbup þ Cu fgup Þtphrs b

b∈B g∈G
b∈B u∈U g∈G u∈U
X γt
X
var γm
X γ
X γ þ ðzt Cfix
t þ Cvar
t Gt Þ þ ðzm Cfix
m þ Cm Gm Þ
þ ðzb Cfix
b þ Cb Gb Þ þ
var b
ðzg Cfix
g þ Cg G g Þ
var g
t∈T m∈M
b∈B
X γ
g∈G ðzd Cfix
d þ Cd Gd Þ
var
þ d

X d∈D
þ ðzt Cfix
t þ Ct G t Þ
var t γ X X X γ
t∈T þ ðzhck Cfix
hck þ Chck Ghck Þ
var hck

h∈H c∈C k∈K

X var γm X
þ ðzm Cfix
m þ Cm G m Þ ðzcu
γ
h Ch þ Ch Gh Þ
fix var
þ h
m∈M
h∈H
X X var γc
þ ðzd Cfix
d þ Cvar
γd
d Gd Þ ð70Þ þ ðzhu
c Cc þ C c G c Þ
fix
ð71Þ
d∈D c∈C

8103 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

where x2 is a vector of variables, and Ω2 is a feasible searching 5.1. Case 1. SDN Design Problem Associated with Multi-
space delimited by the constraints. period Demands. Let us first consider the SDN design problem
8 9 associated with multiperiod demands in a chemical process. The
>
>
hu
dtcp ; dthckp ; dthp
cu bfw
; fbp ; fbip ; fbip ; fb ; fbup ; fchkp ; fgp
bd max >
> set of the energy demands is given in Table 2. As can be seen,
>
> >
>
>
> 0 0 >
>
>
> fgbp ; fhckp ; fii0 tp ; fii0 tp ; fii0 i00 tp ; fii00 tp ; fpw ; fip ; fpc ; fipld ; fii0 p >
> there is a demand for electricity, three shaft power demands, and
>
> >
>
>
> ps pd
fip ; fipvent ; fip ; fDmax ; hbip ; hii0 tp ; hip ; hcp ; tchkp ; tckp ; tcp >
> demands for high, medium, and low pressure steam. The operat-
>
>
out;hu
>
>
>
< >
= ing pressures of steam headers and the corresponding saturated
thckp ; thkp ; Tgp ; Tgbp ; qbp ; qbup ; qhu cp ; qgp ; qhckp ; wgp ; wgjp ; wii0 tp
x2  temperatures are shown in Table 3. In order to discuss the effect
>
> max max max imp;e exp;e
wii0 tjp ; wg ; wt ; wmjp ; wm ; wp ; wp ; zb ; zbp ; zbi ; zbip ; zhu >
>
>
> cp > > of the header temperatures, three scenarios are considered in
>
> >
> zg ; zgp ; zgb ; zgbp ; zgj ; zgjp ; zhckp ; zhp ; zt ; zii0 t ; zii0 tp ; zii0 tj ; zii0 tjp ; zii0 i00 tp >
>
cu >
> this case study. The investment cost functions are taken from
>
> >
>
>
> "b ∈ B; ∈ C ; ∈ D ; ∈ G ; ∈ H ; 0 00
; ∈ I >
> Bruno et al.4 and are presented in Table 7 in the Appendix. The
>
>
c d g h i; i i >
>
>
: >
; annualized capital recovery factor adopted is 0.15.
j ∈ J ;k ∈ K ;m ∈ M ;p ∈ P;t ∈ T ;u ∈ U
5.1.1. Scenario 1: Specified Steam Header Temperatures. In
this scenario, specified temperatures of steam headers are used
Ω2 ¼ fx2 jeqs 1
69g for the design. More specifically, the temperatures are treated as
given constants (not decision variables), and then an MINLP
5. CASE STUDIES model is solved accordingly to synthesize the steam distribution
In this section, two case studies are presented to demonstrate network. The specified header temperatures adopted in this
the application of the proposed MINLP model. In case 1, SDN scenario are presented in Table 3. A two-period problem with
design with the given steam demands is studied. The process data equal operating time (50%) is studied. Note that electricity
are taken from the work of Bruno et al.,4 which was originally export is not considered in this study.
solved for the single period operation only. The other period The optimal configuration obtained in the first scenario has a
demands are added in the present example to facilitate a multi- TAC of $13.97 million year
1 and is shown in Figure 5. There are
period SDN design. In case 2, simultaneous design for SDN and one boiler, three steam turbines, and one electric motor installed
HEN is studied, where the interaction between a steam system in the steam system. A high pressure (HP) boiler is chosen for the
and a heat recovery system can be optimized. steam production. A HP
medium pressure (MP) back-pressure
The site conditions for case studies are presented in Table 1. steam turbine is used for the electricity generation. Part of
The optimization platform employed was the General Algebraic electricity import is required, which is 205 and 2319 kW for
Modeling System (GAMS).14 The solver used was SBB15 for the periods 1 and 2, respectively. Shaft power demands 1 and 2 are
MINLP model. An Intel Core 2 Duo CPU 2.53 GHz computer satisfied with steam turbines (two MP
low pressure (LP) back-
with 1 GB of RAM was used. pressure steam turbines). The remaining shaft power demand is
satisfied with an electric motor.
From the result, it is found that the specified header tempera-
ture strategy restricts the design of SDN. Some feasible structure
Table 3. Steam Header Conditions for Case 1 or operating opportunities may be excluded due to the tempera-
P (bar) saturated temp (C) specified temp (C) ture restriction.
5.1.2. Scenario 2: Optimized Steam Header Temperatures. In
45 257.4 369.0 scenario 2, a more practical design strategy is proposed. The
17 204.3 265.0 same problem is solved again without the specified temperature
4.5 147.9 148.0 constraints. Each steam header temperature is treated as a

Figure 5. Optimal SDN design for scenario 1 in case 1.

8104 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

Figure 6. Optimal SDN design for scenario 2 in case 1.

Figure 7. Optimal SDN design for scenario 3 in case 1.

Table 4. Comparative Economic Parameters for the Major Table 5. Process Stream Data of Case 2
Results of Case 1
steam type and number CP (kW/C) Tin (C) Tout (C)
scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3
H1 205 388 110
total annualized cost ($105) 139.72 134.75 120.63 H2 152 210 60
overall fuel cost ($105) 121.75 123.78 119.90 C1 753 100 200
overall electricity cost ($105) 7.60 0.00
10.73 C2 377 140 255
annualized capital cost ($105) 9.91 10.51 11.03 C3 143 70 140

variable to be optimized. It is expected to find appropriate scenario 1. A HP
MP steam turbine and a MP
LP steam
temperatures for each steam header throughout all periods. turbine are installed to meet the need of shaft demands 1 and 3,
Figure 6 shows the resulting network structure. One can see respectively, which replace the original MP
LP turbine and the
that the optimal configuration is different from the result of electric motor. An electric motor is installed for the shaft demand
8105 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

2. An HP
LP steam turbine is installed to meet the requirement As can be seen, optimized header temperatures are determined.
of electricity. The electricity import decreases to 0 kW. The Clearly, the operating temperatures are not unique, which are
optimized temperatures of steam headers are 356.3, 284.9, and changed with varying demands. Mechanical demands are satis-
159.9 C (period 1) and 399.8, 297.7, and 185.9 C (period 2) fied with one steam turbine and two electric motors. The high
for high, medium, and low pressure, respectively. The corre- pressure steam turbine exhausts mainly to the medium pressure
sponding TAC is $13.47 million year
1. It is evident that the header for electricity generation. Steam systems tend to generate
TAC can be reduced under the proposed flexible strategy. more electricity during the first, second, and third time period,
5.1.3. Scenario 3: Multiperiod Operating Design. In this and therefore the excess electricity is exported. Electricity import
scenario, four periods with equal operating time (25%) are is necessary only in the last period. Since the steam demands are
considered to show the capability for the design of multiperiod lower than in other periods, the steam available to generate elec-
operating. The set of demands is presented in Table 2. HP steam tricity is lower, too. In this example the ability of the proposed
demands are requested in period 3 and period 4. Note that model to choose the best option for electricity generation and the
electricity export is allowed and its price is assumed the same as optimal configuration of power generating devices, and their
the import price. influence on the operation, can be demonstrated.
Figure 7 shows the network layout and the corresponding From the result of these scenarios, it is evident that if the
operating state. The TAC of this design is $12.06 million year
1. flexible model is considered for the SDN design, the lower TAC
can be accomplished. More detailed information for these
Table 6. Demand Data (All in kW) of Case 2 scenarios is shown in Table 4.
power demands 5.2. Case 2. Simultaneous SDN and HEN Design Problem.
Let us consider a chemical process in which the heat capacity flow
electricity demand 4500 rates (CP) of two hot streams and three cold streams are
shaft power demand 1 2000 identified (see Table 5). Single-period operation is considered.
shaft power demand 2 1200 Electricity and mechanical power demands are required and are

Figure 8. Optimal SDN design for case 2.

Figure 9. Optimal HEN design for case 2.

8106 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

Table 7. Investment Cost Data4 hand, header temperatures are treated as temperature-indepen-
dent and therefore operation and design possibilities may be
unit investment cost ($/year)
restricted. In scenario 2, the header temperatures are considered
(1) field erected boiler (VHP) 22970F0.82fp1 as decision variables and a one-step procedure is developed with
F, maximum steam flow rate (tons/h) fp1 = 0.6939 þ 0.1214P the ability to optimize the network structure and the operating

3.7984
3P2 conditions simultaneously. It is appreciated that the better design
P, pressure (MPa)
and operation can be accomplished under this approach. In
scenario 3, four periods with electricity import and export are
(2) large package boiler 4954F0.77fp2
studied. The result reveals that steam turbines for the electricity
F, maximum steam flow rate (tons/h) fp2 = 1.3794
0.5438P
generation are preferred due to the higher operating flexibility.
þ 0.1879P2 Thus, the steam system can maintain higher operating efficiency
P, pressure (MPa) throughout all periods.
(3) heat recovery steam generator 941Ffg0.75 In case 2, simultaneous design for SDN and HEN is studied.
Ffg, maximum flue gas flow rate (tons/h) The proposed model can determine both the moderate operating
(4) steam turbine 81594 þ 18.052Wst conditions and the corresponding network for the steam system
Wst, maximum power (kW) and the heat recovery system. The operating condition deter-
(5) gas turbine 321350 þ 67.618Wgt mination can affect the operation efficiency for steam systems
Wgt, maximum power (kW) and the heat recovery circumstance for the given chemical
(6) electric generator 8141 þ 0.6459Weg
process. In this work, the interaction between two systems can
be optimized.
Weg, maximum power (kW)
(7) electric motor 1601 þ 27.288Wel
Wel, maximum power (kW) 7. CONCLUSION
(8) deaerator 7271 þ 79.25FB Changes in specifications, composition of feed, and seasonal
FB, maximum BFW flow rate (tons/h) product demands may cause several process conditions with
(9) condensor 3977 þ 1.84Fc variation in the energy requirements during an annual horizon. In
Fc, maximum cooling the first part, an MINLP model, based on unit superstructures,
water flow rate (tons/h)
has been developed to design a steam system with variable utility
demands. Complex multiperiod scenarios were studied that
(10) centrifugal pump (475.3 þ 34.95Pw
together consider the design and operation of steam power

0.0301Pw2)fpw
systems in an industrial plant. In the second part, a novel
Pw, power (kW) methodology has been developed to address the design of a
fpw = 1 (<1.03 MPa) steam system and a heat recovery network. This work determines
fpw = 1.62 (1.03
3.45 MPa) the optimal structure for both SDN and HEN, and also estimates
fpw = 2.12 (>3.45 MPa) the moderate operating conditions. The results from the case
studies demonstrate that better energy management and utiliza-
shown in Table 6. The annual cost is 1200[area (m2)]0.6 for all tion can be realized with the proposed model.
exchangers.12 The minimum temperature difference for the
design of HEN is 10 K. In this case, the objective is to optimize ’ APPENDIX
the interaction between SDN and HEN. The investment cost data according to Bruno et al.4 are
The optimal SDN is presented in Figure 8. Three steam itemized in Table 7.
headers are suggested for SDN, where their properties are HP
(50.9 bar, 398.8 C), MP (19.1 bar, 297.6 C), and LP (4.7 bar, ’ AUTHOR INFORMATION
229.7 C). It is mentioned that the steam levels are not specified
previously, but are optimized by the proposed approach. This Corresponding Author
steam system provides the multiple utilities for the heat recovery *Tel.: 886-2-33663039. Fax: 886-2-23623040. E-mail: CCL@
network. The steam level decisions are the trade-off results of ntu.edu.tw.
simultaneous consideration for SDN and HEN. In SDN, one HP
boiler and three back-pressure steam turbines are included. Two
turbines are used for the shaft power demands and one is for ’ ACKNOWLEDGMENT
electricity generation. A part of the electricity demand is satisfied Financial support of the National Science Council of ROC
with the steam system (2040 kW), and another part is from the (under Grants NSC98-3114-E-002-009 and NSC100-3113-
import (2707 kW). The optimal HEN is shown in Figure 9, E-002-004) is appreciated.
where four heat exchangers, two heaters, and one cooler are
included. Hot utilities are from an MP steam header (49.2 MW) ’ NOMENCLATURE
and an LP steam header (3.1 MW). The corresponding TAC is
$14.19 million year
1. Indices
b = index for boilers
c = index for cold process or utility streams
6. DISCUSSION g = index for gas turbines
In scenario 1 of case 1, temperatures of steam headers are h = index for hot process or utility streams
specified before a network structure is available. On the other i = index for steam headers
8107 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

j = index for shaft power demands wdem,e

p = total electricity demand in time period p, kW
k = index for stages Ω
h = upper bound for heat exchange, kW
p = index for time periods h b, Ωb = upper and lower bounds of steam flow rate for boiler b,
Ω
t = index for steam turbines h kg s
1
u = index for fuels Ω
h g, Ωg = upper and lower bounds of gas flow rate for gas turbine
h g, kg s
1
Ω
h ii t, Ωii0 t = upper and lower bounds of steam flow rate for steam
0
Sets
h turbine t, kg s
1
B = {b|b is a boiler, b = 1, ..., B} = MB ∪ HB
Ω
h, Ω = arbitrary very large value and very small value
MB = {b|b is a multifuel boiler, b = 1, ..., MB} h g = upper and lower bounds of power generation for gas
h g, Γ
Γ
HB = {b|b is a heat recovery steam generator, b = 1, ..., HB} h turbine g, kW
C = {c|c is a cold process stream, c = 1, ..., C}
h ii0 t, Γii0 t = upper and lower bounds of power generation for steam
Γ
G = {g|g is a gas turbine, g = 1, ..., G} h turbine t, kW
GE = {g|g is a gas turbine for the generation of electricity, g = 1, ...,
Φh g, Φg = maximum and minimum operating temperatures for gas
GE} h turbine g, C
GS = {g|g is a gas turbine for the production of shaft power,
j = fixed blowdown fraction for boilers
g = 1, ..., GS}
ηm = fixed efficiency for electric motors
H = {h|h is a hot process stream, h = 1, ..., H}
I = {i|i is a steam header, i = 1, ..., I} Continuous Variables
J = {j|j is a shaft power demand, j = 1, ..., J}
dthu cp = temperature approach for the match of cold stream c and
K = {k|k is a stage, k = 1, ..., K}
hot utility in period p, C
P = {p|p is a time period, p = 1, ..., P}
dthckp = temperature approach for match (h, c) at temperature
T = {t|t is a steam turbine, t = 1, ..., T} = ST ∪ MT
location k in period p, C
ST = {t|t is a single-stage steam turbine, t = 1, ..., ST}
dtcu = temperature approach for the match of hot stream h and
MT = {t|t is a multistage steam turbine, t = 1, ..., MT} hp
cold utility in period p, C
TE = {t|t is a steam turbine for the generation of electricity,
fmax
b = maximum steam flow rate for boiler b, kg s
1
t = 1, ..., TE}
fbip = steam output from boiler b to steam header i in time period
TS = {t|t is a steam turbine for the production of shaft power, t =
p, kg s
1
1, ..., TS} bd
fbip = blowdown water for boiler b at pressure i in time period p,
U = {u|u is a fuel, u = 1, ..., U}
kg s
1
fbfw
bp = boiler feed water for boiler b in time period p, kg s
1
Parameters fbup = fuel u consumed in boiler b in time period p, kg s
1
Cfix
* = fixed coefficient function for units, where * = {b, c, d, g, fchkp = heat capacity flow rate for cold stream c at stage k in time
h, m, t} period p, kW/C
* = variable coefficient function for units, where * = {b, c, d, g,
Cvar fmax
d = maximum water flow rate for deaerator, kg s
1
h, m, t} fgbp = exhaust gas from gas turbine g to HRSG b in time period p,
Cwp = cost per unit mass of demineralized water makeup in time kg s
1
period p, $ kg
1 fgp = gas turbine g exhaust mass flow rate, kg s
1
Cp = cost per unit mass of cooling water in time period p, $ kg
1
cw
fgup = fuel u consumed in gas turbine g in time period p, kg s
1
Cimp,e
p = specific cost of imported electricity in time period p, fhckp = heat capacity flow rate for hot stream h at stage k in time
$ kWh
1 period p, kW/C
exp,e
Cp = specific cost of exported electricity in time period p, fii0 tp = steam flow rate from header i to header i0 through a steam
$ kWh
1 turbine t in time period p, kg s
1
Cu = cost per unit mass of fuel u, $ kg
1 fii tp = input steam flow rate from header i to header i0 through a
00

Fcp = heat capacity flow rate for cold process stream c in period p, multistage steam turbine t in time period p, kg s
1
kW/C f0ii0 i0 0 tp = steam flow rate from stage i0 to stage i00 for a multistage
Fhp = heat capacity flow rate for hot process stream h in period p, steam turbine t in time period p, kg s
1
kW/C fii0 p = steam flow rate from header i to header i0 in time period p,
Gγ* * = coefficient function of units, where * = {b, c, d, g, h, m, t} kg s
1
Hsat,l
i = enthalpy of saturated steam at steam header i level, fip = steam flow rate from header i to deaerator in time period p,
kJ kg
1 kg s
1
ps ld
Hip = enthalpy of steam supplied by processes and delivered at fip = desuperheating boiler feed water injected into header i in
header i in period p, kJ kg
1 time period p, kg s
1
Hwp = enthalpy of demineralized water makeup in period p, fpd
ip = steam process demand at header i in time period p, kg s
1
kJ kg
1 fip = steam from process entering header i in time period p, kg s
1
ps

1
H deaer
= enthalpy of water leaving a deaerator, kJ kg
1 fvent
ip = vented steam at header i in time period p, kg s

1
tp = number of operating hours in time period p, h period
1
hrs c
fp = condensate return in period p, kg s
cp = inlet temperature of cold process stream c in period p, C
Tin fwp = demineralized water makeup in time period p, kg s
1
cp = outlet temperature of cold process stream c in period p, C
Tout p = cooling water mass flow rate for condensers in time period
fcw
hp = inlet temperature of hot process stream h in period p, C
Tin p, kg s
1
hp = outlet temperature of hot process stream h in period p, C
Tout hbip = enthalpy of steam generated by boiler b entering header i in
wdem,s
jp = shaft power demand j in time period p, kW period p, kJ kg
1
8108 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ARTICLE

hii0 tp = enthalpy of a discharge by steam turbine t entering header zii0 tj = denotes the existence of the connection between steam
i0 in period p, kJ kg
1 turbine t and shaft demand j
hip = enthalpy of steam header i in period p, kJ kg
1 zii0 tjp = denotes the existence of shaft demand j supplied by steam
hcp = enthalpy of returning condensate from processes in period p, turbine t in time period p
kJ kg
1 zii0 tp = denotes the operating status of steam turbine t in time
qbp = heat added to the water in boiler b in time period p, kW period p
qhu
cp = heat exchanged between hot utility and cold stream c in
time period p, kW
qhckp = heat exchanged between hot stream h and cold stream c in ’ REFERENCES
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time period p, kW Dev. 1980, 19, 306.
tchkp = temperature of cold stream c at stage k in time period p, C (2) Chou, C. C.; Shih, Y. S. A thermodynamic approach to the design
tckp = temperature of cold stream c at hot end of stage k in time and synthesis of plant utility systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1987, 26, 1100.
period p, C (3) Papoulias, S. A.; Grossmann, I. E. A structural optimization
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Tgp = exhaust gas temperature for gas turbine g, C rigorous MINLP model for the optimal synthesis and operation of utility
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(5) Chang, C. T.; Hwang, J. R. A multiobjective programming
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period p, C processes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996, 51, 3951.
wmax
g = design/maximum gas turbine g power output, kW (6) Hui, C. W.; Natori, Y. An industrial application using mixed-
wgp = power produced by gas turbine g in time period p, kW integer programming technique: A multi-period utility system model.
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wii0 tp = power produced by steam turbine t in period p, kW planning for utility systems. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1997, 21, 787.
wii0 tjp = shaft power produced by steam turbine t to shaft demand (8) Maia, L. O. A.; Qassim, R. Y. Synthesis of utility systems with
j in period p, kW variable demands using simulated annealing. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1997,
wmax 21, 947.
m = design/maximum power for electric motor m, kW
(9) Micheletto, S. R.; Carvalho, M. C. A.; Pinto, J. M. Operational
wmjp = shaft power produced by electric motor m to shaft demand optimization of the utility system of an oil refinery. Comput. Chem. Eng.
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wmax
t = design/maximum steam turbine t power output, kW (10) Aguilar, O.; Perry, S. J.; Kim, J.-K.; Smith, R. Design and
wimp,e
p = electricity imported in time period p optimization of flexible utility systems subject to variable conditions,
wexp,e
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(11) Aguilar, O.; Perry, S. J.; Kim, J.-K.; Smith, R. Design and
Binary Variables optimization of flexible utility systems subject to variable conditions,
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zbi = denotes the existence of the connection between boiler b (12) Yee, T. F.; Grossmann, I. E. Simultaneous optimization models
and header i for heat integration—II. Heat exchanger network synthesis. Comput.
zbip = denotes the existence of steam flow from boiler b to header Chem. Eng. 1990, 14, 1165.
(13) Chen, J. J. J. Letter to Editors: Comments on improvement on a
i in time period p replacement for the logarithmic mean. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1987, 42, 2488.
zhu
cp = denotes that hot utility exchanges heat with cold stream c in (14) GAMS: A User’s Guide; GAMS Development Corp.: Washington,
period p DC, 2008.
zg = denotes the presence of gas turbine g (15) GAMS: The Solver Manuals; GAMS Development Corp.:
zgb = denotes the existence of the connection between gas turbine Washington, DC, 2007.
g and boiler b
zgbp = denotes the existence of gas flow from gas turbine g to
boiler b in time period p
zgj = denotes the existence of the connection between gas turbine
g and shaft demand j
zgjp = denotes the existence of shaft demand j supplied by gas
turbine g in time period p
zgp = denotes the operating status of gas turbine g in time period p
zhckp = denotes the existence of match (h, c) in stage k in period p
zcu
hp = denotes that cold utility exchanges heat with hot stream h in
period p
zt = denotes the presence of steam turbine t
zii0 t = denotes the existence of the connection of steam turbine t
between i and i0 headers
zii0 i0 0 tp = denotes the existence of steam flow from stage i0 to stage
i00 of a multistage steam turbine t in time period p

8109 dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie102059n |Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 8097–8109