Lesson

First Aid 1
for Injuries and Emergency Situation

The impact of COVID 19 on sports and physical activity and well-being has
disrupted its effect on social development. Since its onset the COVID 19
pandemic has spread to almost all countries. All precautionary measures
affect individuals Mentally, Socially and Physically.

Facing the new normal situation,physical activity should be applied

and done according to its new normal activities with safety health
precautions.Follow the protocol how to avoid this pandemic situation like
social distancing, always wear mask, alcohol must be used all the times and
make sure to do healthy lifestyle always. Engage yourself in physical activities.
Even inside your home you can still perform it specially with or without
socialization.But in every activity, we must be aware how to deal with a
situation in case there is a need for emergency first aid specially while
havingthe activity, there is an injury.
This module dares to give the informative learning that could be used
anytime, anywhere on how to perform an appropriate first aid for injuries on
emergency situation in physical activities (e.g., cramps,sprains, heat
exhaustion).

Activity 1

When you were a kid, what reminders were usually told by your parents,
teachers and friends while having physical activities? Please write at least five
(5) of those reminders in your activity notebook.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 2
Look at the pictures below.

1. What do you see in the picture?

2. What do you think happened to them?
3. What do you do when you see victims of accidents?

Are you ready to help when someone meets an accident or is injured? Do

you have the skills and knowledge in handling an injured person? If not,
then learn the basic techniques and procedure to handle first aid.

FIRST AID
It is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been
injured or suddenly become ill. It include self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed.
Objectives of first aid:
● To alleviate suffering
● To prevent added/further injury or danger
● To prolong life
 WHAT IS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
It simply means movement of the body that uses energy. Walking,
gardening, briskly pushing a baby stroller, climbing the stairs, or dancing the night
away are all good examples of being active. For health benefits, physical activity
should be in moderate or vigorous intensity.

Physical activities include:

 Walking briskly (about 3½ miles per hour)
 Bicycling (less than 10 miles per hour)
 General gardening (raking, trimming shrubs)
 Dancing
 Running/jogging
 Walking very fast
 Aerobics
 Doing household chores.
 Taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
 Playing at the park.
What are the 4 types of physical activity?
The four main types of physical activity are aerobic, muscle-strengthening, bone-
strengthening, and stretching.
What are the common injuries encountered in doing physical activities at
home?
SPRAINS HEAT EXHAUSTION

xhaustion isAasprain is caused

response to heatbycharacterized
torn fibers inby
ligament
fatigue, swelling
weaknessandbruising aresome
and collapse due tosigns and symptoms
inadequate intake of wa
FIRST AID

Remove any clothing or jewelry

around the joint.
Apply cold compress at once.
Elevate the affected joint.
The victim’s physician may recommend an over the counter anti-inflammatorymedication (aspirin, i
 FIRST AID

Have the victim lie down with

his/her feet elevated.
Keep the victim cool.
Give him/her electrolyte beverages
to sip or make a salted drink.
Monitor the victim for signs of shock.
If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for convulsions.

Source: Philippine National Red Cross Safety Services. (1999).

Philippine Red Cross Standard First Aid.
Other serious injuries that require immediate care or first aid include:

Sprains vs. Strains

A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissues
that joins the end of one bone with another. Sprains are caused by trauma such as
a fall or a blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and, in the worst
case, ruptures the supporting ligaments.
Sprains can range from first degree (minor) to third degree (the worst). Areas of
the body most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees and wrists. Signs of a sprain
include varying degrees of tenderness or pain, bruising, inflammation, swelling,
inability to move a limb or joint or joint looseness, laxity or instability.
A strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon - a cord of tissue
connecting muscle to bone. It is an acute, non-contact injury that results from
overstretching or over-contraction. Symptoms of a strain include pain, muscle spasm
and loss of strength. While it’s hard to tell the difference between mild and
moderate strains, severe strains not treated professionally can cause damage and loss
of function.

Knee Injuries
Because of its complex structure and weight-bearing capacity, the knee is
the most commonly injured joint. Each year, more than 5.5 million people visit
orthopedic surgeons for knee problems.
Knee injuries can range from mild to severe. Less severe would be
tendinitis, patella femoral compression syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome and
bursitis, to name a few. More severe injuries include bone bruises or damage to
the cartilage or ligaments. Major injuries are common to the Anterior Cruciate
Ligament (ACL), Meniscus injuries, Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Medial
Collateral Ligament (MCL) and the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL).
Knee injuries can result from a blow or twist to the knee, from improper
landing after a jump or from running too hard, too much or without proper
warm up.
Other common sports injuries suffered by athletes are shin splints, Achilles
tendon injuries, patella dislocation and hamstring, quadriceps and calf injuries.
Fractures
A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one- time
injury to the bone (acute fracture) or from repeated stress to the bone over time
(stress fracture).
The most common symptom of a stress fracture is pain at the site that worsens
with weight bearing activities. Tenderness and swelling often accompany the pain.
This is very important for the coaches to recognize and refer the athlete to the trainers
or the team physicians.
Dislocations
When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint
is described as being dislocated. Contact sports such as football, basketball and
lacrosse, as well as high impact sports that can result in excessive stretching or
falling, cause the majority of dislocations. A dislocated joint is an emergency
situation that requires medical treatments.

Home treatment
For sprains and strains
Minor sprains and strains can be treated at home using the following measures. Start
treatment as soon as possible to reduce swelling and speed up recovery. The less
swelling, the more blood can get to the injured part to start the repair process.
Apply the R.I.C.E. method.
Do not apply heat during the first two days as this will only increase swelling.
Use paracetamol for the first day of the injury, to reduce pain without
increasing bleeding. Thereafter, ibuprofen (or other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatories) or aspirin is a good choice. Don't give aspirin to a child younger
than 16 years.
Apply Arnica oil to reduce swelling.
Remove rings immediately if the injury is to the hand or fingers.
After 48 hours, start moving the limb gently, but only enough not to cause pain.
Gradually increase the range of movement – let pain be your guide.
Strains usually heal in about a week. Sprains may take up to three weeks to heal.

For fractures
Apply the R.I.C.E method.
Keep the limb in the position you found it and place soft padding around the
broken bones. Splint the injury with something rigid, such as rolled up newspaper or
magazines, to prevent the bones from shifting. Don't move the broken bones. Splints
must be long enough to extend beyond joints above and below the fracture.
If there is an open fracture, cover it with a clean gauze pad. Apply pressure
to control bleeding. Don't try to push the bone back into the wound and don't attempt
to clean it.
Get medical attention immediately. Fractures of the femur and pelvis may cause
severe internal bleeding.
Don't give the person anything to eat or drink in case surgery is needed.
See a doctor if:
You suspect a fracture or dislocation or if you are unsure of the severity of a sprain
or strain.
 You cannot straighten the affected joint or bear weight on it, or if a jointfeels
unstable.
The skin over the injury area is broken
The limb below the injury feels numb or tingling, or is white, pale or blue in colour,
or feels colder compared to the other healthy limb.
The ligaments of the knee are injured.
You injure an area that has been injured several times before.
Pain is severe or lasts longer than 24 hours, or if swelling doesn't subside within
48 hours.
A sprain or strain doesn't improve after five to seven days. Signs
of infection develop.
Prevention
Many exercise-induced injuries can be prevented. Don't be a "weekend warrior".
Get yourself into shape gradually with a graded exercise program. Listen to your
body. Warm up properly and cool off after exercising. Use proper equipment and
the correct technique.
Use common sense to prevent injury in everyday life. Don't carry heavy objects.
Watch where you step. Keep your home safe.
To prevent falls, older adults should keep their muscles strong by exercising or
doing tai chi.

R. I.C.E method

Rest the injured part, especially for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury –
this is the most critical time of treatment. Avoid any activity that causes pain or
makes it worse. Use crutches if the leg, foot or ankle is injured. Support an
injured wrist, arm or shoulder with a sling. Tape an injured toe or finger to its
healthy neighbor.

Ice is an excellent anti-inflammatory and reduces swelling and pain. Apply an ice
pack or cold compress for 10 to 15 minutes as soon as possible after an injury.
Repeat each hour for the first 3 or 4 hours, then 4 times a day for the next 2 to 3
days. Protect your skin with a thin cloth. If ice packs are not available, a packet of
frozen vegetables in a cloth will do.

Compression also reduces swelling. Use elastic bandages for at least 2 days.
Check that the bandage is snug, but not too tight. Take the bandage off at night.

Elevation drains fluids from injured tissues. Elevate the injured area
whenever you are sitting or lying down. Try to keep the injured area at or above
the level of the heart.
 Activity 3
Directions: Make a collage about first aid application. Refer to the sample
collage below. Your work will be rated according to the following criteria below.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following does NOT define first aid?
a. immediate care of a patient before the arrival of a medical
practitioner
b. it is an emergency situation of giving up medical treatment
c. a technique which can help you cope with an emergency
d. it is the medical intervention by a quack doctor

2. Which of the following does NOT cause physical injury?

a. by overuse
b. direct impact
c. application of force that is greater than the body part can
structurally withstand
d. all of the above
YO
CRITERIA POINTS
UR
Clarity 30 pts. SCO
Completenes 30 pts.
s
Creativity 40 pts.
TOTAL 100 pts.
 3. Which of the following are the types of physical injuries?
e. ankle sprain, strain and joint injury
f. cuts, abrasion, dehydration & knee joint injury.
g. dental damage, groin strain & hamstring strain
h. all of the above

6. Which of the following is the first aid for sprain,strain,and joint injuries?
i. rest and apply ice for 20 minutes
j. compression and elevation
k. may refer to a doctor
l. apply RICE method
7. Which of the following are the most common exercise injuries?
m. Sprains and strains.
n. laceration
o. fracture
p. none of the above

1. EABICRO
2. BNGKII
3. INGDANC
4. UMZBA