MUSCLES & MOVEMENTS

SHOULDER COMPLEX

Glenohumeral Joint (GH Joint)

Flexion : Anterior deltoid, clavicular head of pectoralis, biceps long head

Anterior deltoid clavicular head of pectoralis

biceps long head

Extension : Rear deltoid, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major

Rear deltoid Latissimus dorsi Teres major

Adduction - Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi Teres major Pectoralis major

Abduction - Medial deltoid, Supraspinatus

Medial deltoid Supraspinatus

Medial rotation - Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi Teres major Pectoralis major

Lateral rotation - Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Sucscapularis

Infraspinatus Teres minor, Subscapularis

Horizontal Adduction - Anterior deltoid, Pectoralis major, Serratus anteriror

Anterior deltoid Pectoralis major Serratus anteriror

Horizontal Abduction - Posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

Posterior deltoid Infraspinatus teres minor

Scapulothoracic Joint (SC Joint)

Elevation - Upper trapezius, Levator Scapulae

Upper trapezius Levator Scapulae

Depression -
Lower trapezius

Protraction (Abduction) - Serratus anterior

Serratus anterior
Retraction (Adduction) - Rhomboids major, Rhomboids minor, Middle trapezius

Rhomboids major , Rhomboids minor Middle trapezius

Upward rotation - Upper trapezius, lower trapezius, Serratus anterior

Upper trapezius lower trapezius Serratus anterior

Downward rotation - Levator scapulae, Rhomboids major and minor

Levator scapulae Rhomboids major and minor

Anterior tilt - Pectoralis minor , Posterior tilt - Serratus anterior

Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior

ELBOW JOINT:

Flexion - Brachialis, Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis (Neutral grip)

Brachialis Biceps Brachii Brachioradialis (Neutral grip)

Extension - Triceps, Anconeus

Triceps Anconeus
FOREARM

Pronation - Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus

Pronator teres = Pronator quadratus

Supination – Supinators, Biceps brachii

Supinators Biceps brachii

WRIST JOINT

Flexion (6muscles) - Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Flexor digitorum superficialis, Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longus
First 3 muscles are wrist flexors and 2nd 3 muscles are flexors of digits with secondary action at the
wrist
Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus

Extension (9 muscles) - Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor carpi
ulnaris.
Extensor digitorum communis, Extensor indicis proprius, Extensor digiti minimi, Extensor pollicis
longus, Extensor pollicis brevis, Abductor pollicis longus.

Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris.

Extensor digitorum communis Extensor indicis proprius Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus.

SPINE
Cervical (Order of muscles from Superficial to Deep)

Extension - Upper trapezius, Splenius capitis, Splenius cervicis, Semispinalis capitis, Semispinalis
cervicis, Sternocleidomastoid (extension of head on neck)

Upper trapezius Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Semispinalis capitis

Semispinalis cervicis Sternocleidomastoid (extension of head on neck)

Flexion - Anterior scalene, Sternocleidomastoid (flexion of lower cervical spine(, Longus capitis and
longus coli (also work in synergy with trapezius to stabilize the head and neck),

Anterior scalene Sternocleidomastoid

(flexion of lower cervical spine) Longus capitis and longus coli

Lateral Flexion - Posterior scalene, Upper trapezius (ipsilateral), Levator scapula (ipsilateral),
Sternocleidomastoid (ipsilateral), Anterior scalene and posterior scalene (ipsilateral),

Posterior scalene Upper trapezius (ipsilateral) Levator scapula (ipsilateral)

Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalene and posterior scalene

Rotation - Upper trapezius (contralateral), Levator scapula (ipsilateral), Splenius capitis and splenius
cervicis (ipsilateral rotation), Sternocledomastoid (contralateral), Anterior scalene (contralateral),

Upper trapezius Levator scapula Splenius capitis splenius cervicis

Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalene

SPINE

Lower Thoracic/Lumbopelvic regions

Extension - Longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum (Erector spinae), lumbar portion of
multifidus

Longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum lumbar portion of multifidus

Flexion - Rectus abdominis,

Rectus abdominis
Lateral flexion - Ipsilateral erector spinae, quadratus lumborum (stability of lumar spine in horizontal
plane

erector spinae quadratus lumborum

Rotation - Ipsilateral erector spinae, contralateral external oblique and ipsilaterl internal oblique

erector spinae external oblique and internal oblique

HIP

Flexion – Primary : Illiopsoas (Illiacus and Psoas major and minor), rectus femoris, Tensor fascia-lata
(TFL), sartorius

Illiopsoas rectus femoris Tensor fascia-lata

Sartorius
 Secondary: Pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

Pectineus adductor longus adductor magnus gracilis

Extension - Gluteus maximus, hamstrings group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Gluteus maximus hamstrings group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Abductor - Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, Sartorius, TFL,

Gluteus medius gluteus minimus Sartorius Tensor fascia-lata ,

Adductor - Pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

Pectineus adductor longus adductor magnus gracilis

 adductor brevis

Medial rotation - No muscles with primary medial rotation function. Anterior portion of gluteus
medius, gluteus minimus, TFL,

gluteus medius gluteus minimus Tensor fascia-lata,

Lateral rotation - 6 deep lateral rotators: Piriformis, Obturator internus, obturator externus,
gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris,
Piriformis Obturator internus, obturator externus gemellus superior

gemellus inferior quadratus femoris

KNEE
Extension - Rectus femoris,
Rectus femoris

Flexion (7 muscles) - hamstrings group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus),

Sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
hamstrings group Sartorius gracilis popliteus

Gastrocnemius

Medial Rotators - Sartorius, Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis and popliteus

Sartorius Semimembranosus semitendinosus gracilis popliteus

Lateral rotators - Biceps femoris and tensor faciae latae (lateral rotator only when the knee is
already flexed. With the knee fully extended it loses its rotator action and becomes an extensor that
locks the knee in extension)
Biceps femoris tensor faciae latae

ANKLE

Plantar flexors - Primary: Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, ( (ankle extension)

Secondary: flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Primary: Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior (ankle extension

Gastrocnemius soleus tibialis posterior

Secondary: flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum peroneus longus peroneus brevis

Dorsiflexors - Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus (ankle
flexion) tertius

Tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus

Pronators - Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneu tertius

Peroneus longus peroneus brevis peroneu tertius

Supinator - Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior. Extensor hallucis longus

Tibialis anterior tibialis posterior Extensor hallucis longus

Gastrocneius and soleus together are called as triceps surae.