Review of Related Literature

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Water is the universal solvent that dissolves more substances than any other liquid on earth. (Denchack,
May 2018) Thus, making it susceptible to water pollution. When rain comes, harmful substances from farms,
towns, and factories mixed with water causing contamination. Often, a person is able to distinguish the look,
taste, and smell of water using the senses yet sensory test could not go far in analysing water. That is why the
best way to determine the kin and amounts of contaminants in water is through laboratory analysis.
(www.freedrinkingwater.com, 2018)
According to Griffith (2017) study of waterborne diseases, it has been mainly the cause of “morbidity
and mortality” globally in which 95% are inevitable. Another study of water sampling analysis (Unknown,
2018) states that factors governing such as the main risk to human health is from faecal contamination which in
most small communities derived. It is also upon water source and mode of supply dependent to when
surveillance of outbreak is required. A report of CDC (2018) supports the importance of investigations of
waterborne disease outbreak. Learning its causes types of water involved, and groups of people become sick.
Hence, these information is used to control and prevent additional illnesses. However, easy it may sound, the
procedure in which an outbreak is difficult to trace. Considering that people vaguely know when consumed a
contaminated water. Germs or bacteria can spread in every ways, plus people making contact with water daily
makes it even more difficult to tell which exposure or contact made them sick. Last but not least, illnesses or
diseases emerges after many days or weeks counts to difficulty of tracing the exposure by setting and time.
A compiled article of Carle, Stauffer, and Spuhler (2019) entitled man-made reservoirs, stated the
disadvantages of artificial bodies of water or man-made reservoir. Other than excessive human immigration
population, riparian conflicts and expensive construction, health problems are also associated with tons of
human immigration into reservoir region. Some of its advantages are quick and easy access to water source,
hydropower energy production, creation of drinking and other purposes, increase in viable agricultural
irrigation, protection from flood, fishery likelihoods and can be a chief economic element for a region. These
immigration are caused when group of people or family wishes to be close to a water source, therefore moving
next to it.
According to Denchack (2018) used water, sewage water or wastewater are used interchangeably. It
come from sinks, showers and toilets, as part of sewage, often from commercial, industrial, and agricultural
activities. Another term ‘stormwater runoff” occurs when rainfall carries road salts, oil, grease, chemicals and
debris from water-resistant surfaces of water ways. According to UN (2018), in some least-developed countries
at least 95% of wastewater flows back into the environment without being treated (reduced amount of pollutants
and toxic wastes) or reused water.
On the effects of health by man-made reservoir, faecal contamination and other contaminants that
should be treated by treatment facilities (Carle, Stauffer, & Spuhler, June 2019). These treatment facilities test
for coliform (a group of bacteria found in plant, water, soil and some in digestive tracts of humans and animals).
Which are not harmful most of the time. It can become harmful when coming from wild animals that can
transmit pathogens that are infective to human, which the presence of thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria must
not be ignored, because from this deduction persist that faecal contaminated water and treatment has been
ineffective. Also coming from the same sources as other bacteria and organisms could make you sick.
Treatment facilities or water systems test for indicator organisms or coliforms for an affirmative contamination
of biological pathogens. (Unknown, 2018; CDC, 2013)
Bacteriological analysis, in association with small-community faecal contamination (Unknown, 2018)
emphasizing evaluation of hygienic quality of drinking-water supply, yet other microbiological indicators not
interconnected to with faecal pollution may also be used for this purpose. Conversely, in natural water systems
enteric viruses can endure environmental conditions of coliform, and are more susceptible than enteric viruses
to extremes in pH, salinity and temperature. Discrepancies between coliform bacteria and pathogens have been
found in both wastewater and drinking water systems (Plummer, Long & Charest, 2014).
On the same study, it is also indicated that neither detection of

(TO BE EDITED AND CITED)
This method has been used as means of indicating pH level acidity. A website on laboratory analysis,
EdgeAnalytical.com in one of their inorganic testing specifically 4500 H+ commonly known as electrometric
method stated that in a given temperature the acidity of a solution is indicated by pH or hydrogen ion activity. A
standard hydrogen electrode consists of platinum electrode across which hydrogen gas is bubbled at a pressure
of 101 kPa. Another study of Carson, W., J. stated that electrode are key elements as to suffice the analysing via
electrometric methods. Two electrodes are conversely, in other methods which electrochemical reaction occurs
only one electrode have been considered useful. Commonly referred to as a “sensitive” or “working” electrode
due to its responsiveness to electric; hence the name electrometric method.
According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (2019) the coliform analysed are all
aerobic and some are anaerobic that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hr at 35 degree Celsius. A
type of media called lactose lauryl trytose broth are infuse with the sample to be tested. There are 3 stages in
multiple-tube fermentation technique, the previously discussed is the presumptive stage, next is confirmed stage
and lastly, completed stage. Although interferences such as MPN tables are naturally has poor precision, which
has a toll of 23% positive results that is generally improved by number of sample proportions. Another
interference to be considered is the presence of chlorine synonymous to that of pH or acidity that prevents the
continuation of bacterial action. Previously stated results to that of pH of Agusan “Power” River shows a
neutral pH of the river.
Coliform are indicators of human viruses that are found in the gut, also found in humans, yet found to be
inefficient. In terms of efficiency, bacteriophages survives extreme conditions than coliform in term of detecting
viral and bacterial pathogens that strives in the environment.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

and toxic wastes) or reused water.

of biological pathogens. (Unknown, 2018; CDC, 2013)

Bacteriological analysis, in association with small-community faecal contamination (Unknown, 2018)

On the same study, it is also indicated that neither detection of

due to its responsiveness to electric; hence the name electrometric method.

neutral pH of the river.

viral and bacterial pathogens that strives in the environment.

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