Designation: D 3424 – 01

Standard Test Methods for

Evaluating the Relative Lightfastness and Weatherability of
Printed Matter1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials2

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
relative lightfastness and weatherability of printed matter under from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates2
the following seven conditions, of which two involve exposure D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
to natural daylight and five involve accelerated procedures in ences with a Gray Scale2
the laboratory: D 4302 Specification for Artists’ Oils, Resin Oil, and Alkyd
1.1.1 Test Method 1—Daylight behind window glass, Paints3
1.1.2 Test Method 2—Outdoor weathering, D 4674 Test Method for Accelerated Testing for Color
1.1.3 Test Method 3—Xenon-arc apparatus with window Stability of Plastics Exposed to Indoor Fluorescent Light-
glass filters to simulate daylight behind window glass, ing and Window-Filtered Daylight4
1.1.4 Test Method 4—Xenon-arc apparatus with water spray D 5067 Specification for Artists’ Watercolor Paints3
and daylight filters to simulate outdoor weathering, D 5098 Specification for Artists’ Acrylic Emulsion Paints3
1.1.5 Test Method 5—Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus with- E 284 Terminology of Appearance2
out water spray, E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
1.1.6 Test Method 6—Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus with Specimens2
water spray, and E 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
1.1.7 Test Method 7—Fluorescent lamp apparatus to simu- Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry2
late indoor fluorescent lighting in combination with window- E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color Difference Mea-
filtered daylight. surements by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry2
1.2 These test methods require that a suitable print or other E 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
control (reference standard) be run along with the test sample. Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry2
Color changes due to conditions of exposure may be evaluated G 7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure
by visual examination or instrumental measurement. Testing of Nonmetallic Materials5
1.3 These test methods are applicable to prints on any flat G 23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
substrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil, metal (Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
plate, and plastic film, and are produced by any printing of Nonmetallic Materials5
process including letterpress, offset lithography, flexography, G 24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-
gravure, and silk screen. tered Through Glass5
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the G 26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the (Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- of Nonmetallic Materials5
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials5
statements, see Section 8. G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-
celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light
2. Referenced Documents Sources5
2.1 ASTM Standards: G 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials5
G 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials5
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. 2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originally 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
published as D 3424 – 75. Last previous edition D 3424 – 98. 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 3424
2.2 ANSI Standard: 5.2.2 Exploratory studies demonstrated that the fluorescent-
PH 2.30 for Graphic Arts and Photography—Color Prints, lamp apparatus ranked a series of 16 printed specimens in
Transparencies and Photomechanical Reproductions, nearly the same order as did fluorescent lighting prevailing in
Viewing Conditions6 cooperating laboratories.
5.3 To accommodate variations in light intensity among
3. Terminology days, seasons, locations, or instruments, duration of exposure is
3.1 Definitions relating to weathering tests are covered in preferably expressed as the cumulative ultraviolet radiant
Terminology G 113. Definitions relating to color attributes and exposure rather than time. In either case, the inclusion of an
color differences are covered in Practice D 1729 and Test appropriate control serves to minimize effects of variations in
Method D 2244. Other appearance terms used in these test test conditions.
methods are defined in Terminology E 284. 5.4 Color changes are not a linear function of duration of
3.2 Definitions: exposure. The preferred method of determining lightfastness or
3.2.1 radiant exposure, H, n—time integral of the irradiance weatherability is to expose the prints for a number of intervals
at a given point over a specified time interval. and to assess the radiant exposure required to obtain a specified
3.2.2 Discussion—Radiant exposure is usually a spectral color difference.
quantity, with units of joules per square metre per unit 5.5 For a given printing ink, lightfastness and weatherability
wavelength [J/m2·nm]. The wavelength region to be covered or both depend on the type of substrate, the film thickness on
should be specified. the print, and the area printed (solid versus screen). Therefore,
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: it is important that the nature of the test and control specimens
3.3.1 ultraviolet radiant exposure—an integration with re- correspond to that expected under actual use conditions.
spect to time of the ultraviolet irradiance on the exposed face
NOTE 1—Specifications D 4302, D 5067, and D 5098 provide useful
of the specimen. UV irradiance (wavelengths below 400 nm) is
guides to the lightfastness of pigments in several types of artists’ paints
believed largely responsible for degradation of organic mate- after 1260 MJ/m2 total radiant exposure (equivalent to about 2 or 3
rials. Units are J/m2. months’ exposure to daylight behind glass). However, because of major
differences between printing inks and artists’ colors, especially in applied
4. Summary of Test Methods film thickness, it cannot be assumed that the lightfastness categories of
4.1 Printed specimens of the test and control are simulta- printed ink films containing these pigments will be comparable to those
neously exposed under conditions appropriate to the end-use indicated in the three specifications.
application, or as agreed upon between the producer and the
6. Apparatus
user.
4.2 The color changes of the exposed prints are periodically 6.1 Exposure Apparatus:
evaluated visually or instrumentally versus either an exposed 6.1.1 Test Method 1 Daylight Behind Window Glass—
control or an unexposed file specimen. Outdoor exposure cabinet conforming to Method A of Practice
4.3 The endpoint is reached when it is established that the G 24. The cabinet is covered with window glass that transmits
test print is equal to, better than, or worse than the control. typically less than 3.5 % at wavelengths shorter than 310 nm.
Accessories include a mutually agreeable radiometer7 (for
5. Significance and Use example, 295 to 385 nm), and humidity and temperature
5.1 Lightfastness or weatherability for specified periods of recorders.
time is pertinent for certain types of printed matter such as 6.1.2 Test Method 2 Outdoor Weathering—Outdoor expo-
magazine and book covers, posters and billboards, greeting sure rack conforming to Practice G 7. Accessories are the same
cards and packages. Since the ability of printed matter to as in 6.1.1 with the addition of a wetness meter and rain gage.
withstand color changes is a function of the spectral-power NOTE 2—All equipment must be calibrated in accordance with the
distribution of the light source to which it is exposed, it is manufacturer’s instructions.
important that lightfastness be assessed under conditions ap-
6.1.3 Test Method 3 Xenon-Arc with Window Glass
propriate to the end-use application.
Filters—Xenon-arc apparatus equipped with a window glass
5.2 The accelerated procedures covered in these test meth-
filter system to simulate natural daylight filtered through
ods provide means for the rapid evaluation of lightfastness or
window glass as specified in the Apparatus sections of Prac-
weatherability under laboratory conditions. Test results are
tices G 151 and G 155.
useful for specification acceptance between producer and user
6.1.4 Test Method 4 Xenon-arc with Daylight Filters and
and for quality control.
Water Spray—Xenon-arc apparatus equipped with a daylight
5.2.1 The xenon-arc lamp with an appropriate filter system
filter system and water spray to simulate outdoor weathering as
exhibits a spectral-power distribution that corresponds more
specified in the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 and
closely to that of daylight than the carbon-arc. In turn,
G 155.
accelerated tests using xenon-arc apparatus may be expected to
6.1.5 Test Methods 5 and 6 Enclosed Carbon-Arc—
correlate better with exposure to natural daylight than do those
using carbon-arc apparatus.
7
The most popular radiometer in the United States monitors in the wavelength
range 295 to 385 nm, which accounts for about 80 % of the solar UV irradiance
6
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4th between 300 and 400 nm. A radiometer that measures a narrow spectral band may
Floor, New York, NY 10036. also be used.

2
 D 3424
Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus conforming to the Apparatus other protective work gloves when changing the rods. Avoid
sections of Practices G 151 and G 153. inhaling ash dust.
NOTE 3—Previous versions of these test methods referenced Practice 9. Test Specimens
G 23 for enclosed carbon-arc devices and Practice G 26 for xenon-arc
devices; both practices describe very specific equipment designs. In the 9.1 These test methods do not cover preparation of printed
current version of these test methods, these practices have been replaced specimens. The test print should match the control print in
by Practice G 151, which gives performance criteria for all exposure color, substrate, print area, and ink film thickness.
devices that use laboratory light sources, and by Practices G 153 and 9.2 It may be useful to include the unprinted substrate and a
G 155, which give requirements for exposure in enclosed carbon-arc and vehicle print in exposure tests so as to determine the contribu-
xenon-arc devices, respectively. tion of paper or vehicle yellowing to color changes.
6.1.6 Test Method 7 Fluorescent-Lamp Apparatus— 9.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon, at least two specimens
Exposure cabinet conforming to Test Method D 4674. The are to be exposed at each set of test conditions. The test
cabinet is constructed of UV reflective aluminum with a clear specimens shall be of uniform color, gloss, and texture; clean
chromatic conversion coating, and the light source is a com- and free of fingerprints.
bination of very high-output cool white fluorescent lamps and 9.3.1 Warning: When handling test specimens, be careful
soda lime glass-filtered fluorescent UV sunlamps. Accessories not to contaminate the surface by touching with fingers.
include a broad-band detector (250 to 400 nm) and a tempera- 9.4 For visual evaluation, the specimen size indicated in
ture sensing device. Practice D 1729 is a minimum of 90 by 165 mm. For
6.2 Apparatus for Print Evaluation: instrumental evaluation, the specimen must be large enough to
6.2.1 Standard Daylight, (for visual evaluation), preferably cover the specimen port; a minimum size of 35 mm2 is
a D50 light source conforming to ANSI Standard PH 2.30. satisfactory for many instruments. In the case of samples
6.2.2 Gray Scale Chart and Masks, (optional, for visual intended for xenon-lamp or carbon-arc exposure, the speci-
evaluation) conforming to Test Method D 2616. mens should be of sufficient dimensions to be accommodated
6.2.3 Color Measuring Instrument, (for instrumental evalu- in the specimen holders.
ation), such as a spectrophotometer conforming to Test Method 9.5 Prepare file specimens (unexposed controls) in the
E 1331 or E 1349, or a tristimulus colorimeter conforming to following manner:
Test Method E 1347, or, if the specimens are fluorescent, to (1) For visually evaluated tests, set aside a replicate print or
Practice E 991. cut off a segment of suitable size; store in a dark dry place.
(2) For instrumentally evaluated tests, make color measure-
7. Materials ments on the relevant specimen area(s) prior to exposure; see
11.3.1 and 11.3.2.
7.1 Control (Reference Standard), preferably a printed
specimen of known lightfastness or weatherability; alterna- NOTE 4—The file specimen should not be a masked specimen. Even
tively, AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards in accor- though shielded from radiation, some materials may undergo color
dance with Practice G 151. changes due to the heat or moisture present during the test.
7.2 Mounting Material, such as light-weight card stock, on 9.6 Mount nonrigid specimens onto cardstock. If masking is
which to mount non-rigid specimens (paper, plastic, or foil) specified in order to obtain multiple exposures on a single
during exposure tests. specimen, make certain that the size of each exposed area
7.3 Masking Material, (optional), such as white card stock, conforms to 9.4. Place specimens intended for xenon-arc or
aluminum foil, or other opaque material with a non-UV- carbon-arc exposure in specimen holders; provide a sufficient
reflecting surface. number of blanks so as to fill the specimen rack.
7.4 Unprinted Stock, (optional), identical to that used for the
printed specimens. 10. Procedures for Light and Weather Exposure
7.5 Backing Material, (for use during instrument measure- 10.1 Expose the test specimens simultaneously with the
ments on nonopaque specimens), such as several sheets of the control in the apparatus and under the conditions agreed upon
unprinted stock, a standard white (card) stock, or a spare between the producer and the user. When conditions have not
calibration standard. been specified, use the following guidelines:
TEST METHOD 1 DAYLIGHT BEHIND WINDOW
8. Hazards
GLASS
8.1 Precaution: Never look directly at sunlight or the
10.1.1 Common commercial exposure sites are southern
operating light source of an accelerated apparatus unless
Florida (a high humidity area) and Arizona (a low humidity
wearing UV protective eyewear.
area).
8.2 Newer accelerated apparatus are equipped with safety
switches that turn the lamps off prior to gaining access. Users NOTE 5—Either site averages about 0.5 MJ/m2 of total ultraviolet
of very old carbon-arc apparatus must be certain to turn the radiation under glass per day.
switch off before opening the test chamber door. 10.1.2 Mount the test and control specimens under glass on
8.3 Users of carbon-arc apparatus are cautioned that burning open racks at an angle of 45° facing the equator.
carbon rods become very hot. After the device is turned off, 10.1.3 Monitor cumulative ultraviolet radiant exposure of
wait at least 15 min for the arcs to cool, and wear canvas or the glass-filtered daylight (for example, 295 to 385 nm, little of

3
 D 3424
which will be below 310 nm), relative humidity, and air 10.1.14 Same as in 10.1.9-10.1.11.
temperature, in accordance with Practice G 24.
TEST METHOD 5 ENCLOSED CARBON-ARC
TEST METHOD 2 OUTDOOR WEATHERING WITHOUT WATER SPRAY
10.1.4 Commercial sites are the same as in 10.1.1. 10.1.15 Set up the carbon-arc apparatus to operate in
accordance with the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 and
NOTE 6—Either site averages about 1 MJ/m2 of total ultraviolet
radiation per day.
G 153.
10.1.16 Unless otherwise specified, use the following expo-
10.1.5 Mount the test and control specimens on a rack faced sure cycle:
with unpainted plywood at an angle of 45° facing the equator. 10.1.16.1 Expose samples to 100 % light.
10.1.6 Monitor ultraviolet radiation exposure (for example, 10.1.16.2 Set the uninsulated black-panel temperature to 63
295 to 385 nm), relative humidity, air temperature, hours of 6 3°C (145 6 5°F), and in apparatus with humidity control, set
wetness, and total rain fall in accordance with Practice G 7. the relative humidity to 40 6 5 %.
10.1.17 Fill the rack with mounted test and control speci-
TEST METHOD 3 XENON-ARC APPARATUS WITH
mens making sure that the specimens face the lamp. Fill empty
WINDOW GLASS FILTERS TO SIMULATE
spaces, if any, with blanks.
DAYLIGHT BEHIND WINDOW GLASS
10.1.18 Insert new carbons and clean the globe after each 20
10.1.7 Set up the xenon-arc apparatus with the Window to 22 h of operation. See specific hazards in 8.2 and 8.3.
glass filter system and operate in accordance with the Appara- Reposition the specimens daily in accordance with the Proce-
tus section of Practices G 151 and G 155. dure sections of Practices G 151 and G 153.
10.1.8 Unless otherwise specified, use the following expo-
sure cycle: TEST METHOD 6 ENCLOSED CARBON-ARC WITH
10.1.8.1 Expose the specimens to 100 % light. WATER SPRAY
10.1.8.2 Set the irradiance level to 0.35 watts or higher per 10.1.19 Set up the carbon-arc apparatus to operate in
square metre per unit wavelength (W/m2·nm) at 340 nm, and accordance with the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 and
maintain at 60.02 W/m2·nm. Consult the manufacturer for the G 153.
equivalent 300 to 400 nm or 300 to 800 nm broad band 10.1.20 Unless otherwise specified, use the following expo-
irradiance setting and tolerance applicable to the specific sure cycle:
equipment for which it is needed. 10.1.20.1 Expose specimens to a cycle of 102 min of light
10.1.8.3 Set the uninsulated black-panel temperature to 63 alternating with 18 min of light and water spray.
6 3°C (145 6 5°F), and, in apparatus capable of controlling 10.1.20.2 Set the uninsulated black-panel temperature to 63
humidity, the relative humidity to 40 6 5 %. 6 3°C (145 6 5°F). In apparatus with humidity control, set the
10.1.9 Fill the rack with mounted test and control specimens relative humidity to 40 6 5 %.
making sure that the specimens face the lamp. Fill empty 10.1.21 Same as 10.1.17 and 10.1.18.
spaces, if any, with blanks.
10.1.10 Monitor the cumulative radiant exposure in either TEST METHOD 7 FLUORESCENT LAMP
the narrow or broad band regions. APPARATUS
10.1.11 Reposition the specimens after specified intervals in 10.1.22 Load the specimen trays and perform other steps in
accordance with the Procedure sections of Practices G 151 and accordance with the Procedure Section in Test Method D 4674.
G 155. Select the ultraviolet actinic exposure (UVAE) value equal to
1000 Wh/m2 for specimens of poor lightfastness and 2000 for
TEST METHOD 4 XENON-ARC APPARATUS WITH specimens of reasonably good lightfastness.
WATER SPRAY AND DAYLIGHT FILTERS TO 10.1.23 Reposition the specimen in accordance with Test
SIMULATE OUTDOOR WEATHERING Method D 4674 at time intervals equal to 25 6 5 % of the total
10.1.12 Install the xenon-arc with the Daylight filter system test time.
in accordance with the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151
and G 155. 11. Evaluations
10.1.13 Unless otherwise specified, use the following expo- 11.1 Exposed Samples Evaluation:
sure cycle: 11.1.1 After one or more mutually agreeable intervals,
10.1.13.1 Use a cycle of 102 min of light followed by 18 remove the test specimens from the exposure apparatus, make
min of light and water spray. visual (see 11.2) or instrumental evaluations (see 11.3), and, if
10.1.13.2 Set the irradiance level to a minimum of 0.40 further exposure is required, return the specimen to the
W/m2·nm at 340 nm and maintain at 60.02 W/m2·nm. Consult apparatus in a rotated order, when specified. The exposure
the manufacturer for the equivalent 300 to 400 nm or 300 to intervals may be as follows:
800 nm broad band irradiance setting and tolerance applicable 11.1.1.1 Specific duration(s) of time,
to the specific equipment for which it is needed. 11.1.1.2 Specific duration(s) of ultraviolet radiant exposure
10.1.13.3 Set the uninsulated black-panel temperature to 63 (if measured), or
6 3°C (145 6 5°F). In apparatus with humidity control, set the 11.1.1.3 A number of intervals (time or ultraviolet radiant
relative humidity to 40 6 5 %. exposure) spanning that required to determine whether the test

4
 D 3424
sample is equal to, better than, or worse than the control after permits the rate of color changes to be determined and
equal exposure periods or based on duration of exposures lightfastness or weatherability to be more thoroughly analyzed
required to produce a predetermined color change in each. than with tests based on a single duration.
11.2 Visual Evaluation:
11.2.1 In order to facilitate direct comparisons, it may be 12. Report
necessary to trim off the unprinted paper border and the 12.1 The report shall contain the following information for
unexposed part of the print, if any, on the longer side of the both the test material and the control:
exposed specimens. 12.1.1 Specimen identification, including the method of
11.2.2 Using standard daylight, preferably the D50 light printing, print area (solid or halftone), and substrate,
source specified in ANSI pH 2.30, examine the specimens in 12.1.2 Exposure apparatus and conditions as indicated in
accordance with Practice D 1729. Compare the exposed speci- the appropriate referenced document. If a radiometer is used,
mens with the exposed control and (if specified) the unexposed include the wavelengths of light that were monitored,
file specimen. If the gray scale is used, follow the procedure in 12.1.3 Procedure for evaluating color changes (either visual
Test Method D 2616. or instrumental), and
11.2.3 Where there is a perceptible color difference, note the 12.1.4 Whether the test sample was equal to, better than, or
nature of the changes in accordance with Practice D 1729, for worse than the control.
example, turns lighter, darker, greener, redder, bluer, or yel-
NOTE 7—In the case of instrumental measurements, a single DE*ab
lower. cannot be used to specify acceptable color differences irrespective of
11.3 Instrumental Evaluation: color. While many colors are visibly different at a DE*ab of 1.0 or less,
11.3.1 Set the spectrophotometer or colorimeter for the oranges may require a D E*ab of at least 4.0 and yellows 5.0.
largest area of view or illumination that can accommodate the
respective specimens, and standardize according to Test Meth- 13. Precision and Bias
ods E 1331, E 1347, or E 1349. If the test substrate is not 13.1 Precision—An interlaboratory test of Test Method 5
completely opaque, provide a background as suggested in 7.5. (enclosed carbon-arc lamp without water spray) was conducted
11.3.2 Make measurements as prescribed in Test Methods in which eight laboratories tested the relative lightfastness of
E 1331, E 1347, or E 1349 using either the CIE 1964 (10°) two pairs of colors (Yellow 12 versus Yellow 13, and Red 53
Supplementary Standard Observer and Standard Illuminant versus Red 57:1). Each color was printed by the sheet-fed
D65 or the CIE 1931 (2°) Standard Observed and Standard offset process as a solid and a 40 % halftone onto a coated
Illuminant C, as long as the same basis is consistently used. If paper and an uncoated paper. The Yellow 13 prints were more
hemispherical geometry is used, the specular component may lightfast than the corresponding Yellow 12 prints, and the Red
be either included or excluded as long as the same condition is 57:1 prints, which darkened, were more lightfast than the Red
consistently used. Make the measurements on each test and 53 prints. Furthermore, the uncoated paper prints were more
control specimen prior to exposure (see 9.5), and after each stable than the corresponding coated paper prints, and the
exposure. Make a minimum of three measurements per speci- solids more stable than the halftones.
men, moving or rotating the specimen between measurements. 13.2 Bias—It is not possible to compute precision and bias
11.3.3 Using the CIE 1976 L* a* b* equation described in because the test is non-quantitative.
Test Method D 2244, calculate DL*, Da*, Db*, and DE*ab
between each exposed specimen and its file specimen (unex- 14. Keywords
posed counterpart). 14.1 accelerated exposure; carbon-arc apparatus; color dif-
11.3.4 (Optional) Plot DE*ab or other specified color differ- ference measurements; daylight behind window glass; fluores-
ence parameter versus time or cumulative ultraviolet radiant cent lamp apparatus; gray scale; lightfastness; outdoor expo-
exposure. Determine by interpolation the duration required to sure; printed matter; printing inks; weatherfastness; xenon-arc
obtain a specified level of color difference. This approach apparatus

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