CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID VISCOSITY

Ellena C. Siton
Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture

Cebu Institute of Technology – University

N. Bacalso Ave. Cebu City 6000 Philippines

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment is to determine and understand the viscosity of a liquid with the
use of Ostwald’s viscometer, a gravity-dependent apparatus, and the basic principle of it. It is
acknowledged that the viscosity of the liquid is a resistance to flow a liquid. In this experiment
four sucrose solutions were prepared. These solutions were considered by the Newtonian fluid for
it follows the Newton’s law of viscosity which state that the viscosity is independent of shear rate.
Different gravity time were yield in the liquid concentration in travelling point A to B with the use
of the viscometer and with the use of the density from the previous experiment. In the plotting the
graph it showed that there is a direct linear relationship between the viscosity of solution and the
concentration, and it states that when a viscosity increase, the concentration also increases.

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 I. Introduction

One of the physical properties of a substance is its viscosity. This is defined as the
resistance to the flow of liquid. There are several equations and equations for calculating viscosity,
but the most common is viscosity = (2 x (ball density-liquid density) xgxa ^ 2) ÷ (9 xv). Where g
= acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m / s ^ 2, a = ball bearing radius, v = ball bearing velocity
passing through the liquid.

The Ostwald viscometer was used in obtaining the viscosity of liquid. Ostwald viscometer,
known for the U – tube capillary viscometer is a apparatus used in measuring the liquid with the
known density. The Ostwald viscometer consists of a glass U-tube viscometer with two reservoir
bulbs separated by a capillary. It was made out of clear borosilicate glass and constructed in
accordance with the dimensions.

The concept of Newton’s Law of Viscosity influences the Ostwald’s apparatus. Ostwald’s
viscometer used the value of time it takes for a liquid to travel from one container to the reservoir
in a downward motion, it is under the concept of the gravity time. Aside from this, the Ostwald’s
viscometer is used most specially for the Newtonian fluid such as the sucrose solution prepared
which are independent of the shear rate.

For the specific pressure and temperature, the shear stress to shear rate is a constant, and
commonly known as the viscosity coefficient.

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 II. Material and Methods

A sucrose of 25g, 50g, 75g, and 100g were dissolved in a 200 mL distilled water in a flask,
the four sucrose solutions were prepared. In order to stabilize their temperature at 25 oC, the
solutions were immersed in a water bath. Then Ostwald’s viscometer was used in order to measure
the viscosity of the four different solutions.

In the first part of the experiment, the Ostwald’s viscometer was cleaned and dried. After
drying, a distilled water was added into the tube of the vessel of the apparatus with the use of
pipette. Next, a 2L beaker with water was clamped upright and both of the bulb were immersed in
the bath. 25 oC temperature of water was maintained and was put aside for several minutes for the
liquid to come to the temperature of the bath. The time required for the meniscus to pass from
check a to b of the carved lines was at that point decide by the help of a stopwatch, the estimation
was at that point rehashed for three to four times. After doing such estimation, it brought about to
a clean pipette with a steady temperature which implies that the estimation is precise inside 1
portion in 200. The device was at that point purged by washing it with one of the arrangements
and was permitted to dry. A short time later, a chosen volume of arrangement one was pipette into
it.

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 III. Results

The table below is the tabulated data and results base on the experiment determining the
viscosity of a liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer. Graph is also presented after the table.

Table A.1 Determining the Viscosity of a Liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer.

LIQUIDS TIME(sec) TEMPERATURE Density n MOLE

(OC) FRACTION
WATER 24.77 25 1.007 9.85 1
SOLUTION 30.93 25 1.056 11.96 6.53x10-3
1
SOLUTION 39.29 25 1.081 15.55 0.01298
2
SOLUTION 59.26 25 1.106 24.00 0.0193
3
SOLUTION 77.61 25 1.152 32.74 0.0256
4

The tabled shown above is the result of the experiment. Based on the information obtained
above, at 25 at C, water with a flow time of 24.77 C and a density of 1.007 g / mL, a viscosity of
8.95 mp is obtained. Solution 1 achieved a viscosity of 11.96 mp, with a flow time of 30.93 C and
a density of 1.056 g / mL. With a time of 39.29 Efflux and a density of 1.081 g / ml, Solution 2
achieves a viscosity of 15.55 mp Solution 3 achieved a viscosity of 24 mp with a flow time of
59.26s and a density of 1.106 g / mL. Finally, Solution 4 achieved a viscosity of 32.74 mp with a
time of 77.61 Efflux and a density of 1.152 g / mL.

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Graph 1. Viscosity as a function of mole fraction

32.74

24
Viscosity (n) mp

15.55
11.96

0.00563 0.01298 0.0.193 0.0256

Mole Fraction

This graph shows the relationship between the viscosity and the mole fraction. Based on
the graph, the viscosity increases as the mole fraction of the liquid increases from solution 1 to
solution 4

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 IV. Discussion

This experiment accompanies the principle of viscosity, which is a measure of internal friction
or flow resistance. Using four solutions with different concentrations, it was found that they are
also different in adhesives. According to the graph, there is a direct linear relationship between
concentration and liquid desirability. It also has an intermolecular activity which increases the
concentration of sugar. Hydrogen bonding with hydroxyl groups and distortion of the velocity
pattern in the liquid by hydrate-solute molecules also increases the viscosity. Using the concept of
mole fractions, we were able to determine the location of the whole solution and at the same time,
we found that the higher the concentration of sugar in a solution, the stickier it becomes. In addition
to the factors mentioned above, the temperature is also one of the most minor factors to consider
as it greatly affects the viscosity of the liquid. With an increase in the temperature of a liquid, an
increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules decreases the viscosity which exceeds the resistance
due to the intermolecular attraction. That is to say, the temperature and viscosity of the liquid are
directly proportional to each other.

Finally, the solution can also affect the chicken. Because the viscosity is resistant to flow, the
higher the viscous force, the higher the viscosity of the liquid. In general, Ostwald obtained the
vector.

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 V. Conclusion

In the determination of the viscosity of the liquid, it is possible to use the Ostwald
viscometer. You can get fairly reasonable results to use with data and results. That being said, we
can measure the viscosity of common fluids around us and it gives us insight into how a particular
fluid behaves in the real world. However, different factors that change the value obtained by the
viscometer must be considered, such as temperature, density, and density. Also, this experiment
does not add to our science background of knowledge in terms of viscosity, but it is also a principle
that is followed when analyzing how different products behave in the world. For example, if
toothpaste producers do not get the proper viscosity, people will have a hard time getting the
toothpaste out of the container.

To sum it up, the viscometer, a gravity-dependent instrument, is useful enough to measure

the viscosity of various liquids.

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Appendices:

A. Equations

𝜋𝑃𝑟 4 𝑡
Eq.A.1 Coefficient of viscosity: η = 8𝐿𝑉
η1 𝜋𝑝1 𝑟 4𝑡1 8𝐿𝑉 𝑃1 𝑡1
Eq.A.2 Ration of the viscosity coefficient: η2 = =
8𝐿𝑉 𝜋𝑃2 𝑟 4𝑡2 𝑃2 𝑡2

η1 𝑃1 𝑡1 𝑃1𝑡1 𝑃1 𝑡1 η2
Eq.A.3 Ratio of the viscosity coefficient: η2 = = η1 =
𝑃2 𝑡2 𝑃2𝑡2 𝑃2 𝑡2

ηs 𝑚𝑠
Eq.A.4 Mole Fraction: x2 = η where: η = 𝑀𝑠
𝑠+η𝐻2 𝑂

B. Figures

Figure B.1 Ostwald’s Viscometer

C. Computations

Viscosity of water = 8.95 mp Water : 200mL

Solution 1 : 25 g

Solution 2: 50 g

Solution 3: 75 g

Solution 4: 100

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Solution 1:

𝑛1 𝑝2 𝑡2
= 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂
𝑛𝐻20

𝑔
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 𝑝1 𝑡1 (8.95𝑚𝑝) (1.056 )(30.93 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿
n1 =𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑔 = 11.96 mp
(1.007 )(24.27 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿

Solution 2:

𝑛2 𝑝2 𝑡2
= 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂
𝑛𝐻20

𝑔
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 𝑝2 𝑡2 (8.95𝑚𝑝) (1.081 )(39.29 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿
n1 = 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑔 = 15.55 mp
(1.007 )(24.27 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿

Solution 3:

𝑛3 𝑝3 𝑡3
= 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂
𝑛𝐻20

𝑔
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 𝑝3 𝑡3 (8.95𝑚𝑝) (1.106 )(59.26 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿
n1 = = 𝑔 = 24.00 mp
𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 (1.007 )(24.27 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿

Solution 4:

𝑛4 𝑝4 𝑡4
= 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂
𝑛𝐻20

𝑔
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 𝑝3 𝑡3 (8.95𝑚𝑝) (1.152 )(77.61 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿
N1 = 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑔 = 32.74 mp
(1.007 )(24.27 𝑠)
𝑚𝐿

MOLE FRACTION:

MM of C12H22O11 = 342.3 g/mL

Solution 1 (25 g of C12H22O11):

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
XC12H22O11 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11+𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
25 𝑔 𝑥 ( )
342.3 𝑔
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(25 𝑔 𝑥 )+(200 𝑔𝑥 )
342.3 𝑔 18 𝑔

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XC12H22O1 = 6.53x10-3

Solution 2 (50g of C12H22O11) :

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
XC12H22O11 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11+𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
50 𝑔 𝑥 ( )
342.3 𝑔
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(50 𝑔 𝑥 )+(200 𝑔𝑥 )
342.3 𝑔 18 𝑔

XC12H22O11 = 0.01298

Solution 3 ( 75g of C12H22O11):

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
XC12H22O11 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11+𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
75𝑔 𝑥 ( )
342.3 𝑔
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(75 𝑔 𝑥 )+(200 𝑔𝑥 )
342.3 𝑔 18 𝑔

XC12H22O11 = 0.0193

Solution 4 ( 100g of C12H22O11):

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
XC12H22O11 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11+𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
100 𝑔 𝑥 ( )
342.3 𝑔
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(100 𝑔 𝑥 )+(200 𝑔𝑥 )
342.3 𝑔 18 𝑔

XC12H22O11 = 0.0256

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 VI. Reference

Determination of viscosity of organic SOLVENTS (theory) : Physical chemistry Virtual lab :

Chemical Sciences : Amrita VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM Virtual Lab. (n.d.). Retrieved
February 11, 2021, from
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?brch=190&cnt=1&sim=339&sub=2

Newtonian fluid. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/newtonian-fluid

Coefficient of viscosity. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/coefficient-of-viscosity

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