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    Compilation of Lectures, Readings, Textbook Notes and Activities in

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    This document provides an overview of different philosophical perspectives on the self, including: 1) Socrates' view that knowing oneself through self-examination is essential for virtue and happiness. 2) Plato's view that people should strive to imitate their ideal, perfect self through living virtuously. He saw the soul as having rational, appetitive, and spirited parts. 3) Kant's view that people should respect themselves and others as ends in themselves, not merely as means. 4) Descartes' view that the self is the mind, distinct from the body, as expressed by his famous quote "I think, therefore I am." The document discusses these perspectives to help

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    Compilation of Lectures, Readings, Textbook Notes and Activities in

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    23 views37 pages
    This document provides an overview of different philosophical perspectives on the self, including: 1) Socrates' view that knowing oneself through self-examination is essential for virtue and happiness. 2) Plato's view that people should strive to imitate their ideal, perfect self through living virtuously. He saw the soul as having rational, appetitive, and spirited parts. 3) Kant's view that people should respect themselves and others as ends in themselves, not merely as means. 4) Descartes' view that the self is the mind, distinct from the body, as expressed by his famous quote "I think, therefore I am." The document discusses these perspectives to help

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    UTS WEEK2

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    This document provides an overview of different philosophical perspectives on the self, including: 1) Socrates' view that knowing oneself through self-examination is essential for virtue and happiness. 2) Plato's view that people should strive to imitate their ideal, perfect self through living virtuously. He saw the soul as having rational, appetitive, and spirited parts. 3) Kant's view that people should respect themselves and others as ends in themselves, not merely as means. 4) Descartes' view that the self is the mind, distinct from the body, as expressed by his famous quote "I think, therefore I am." The document discusses these perspectives to help

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    23 views37 pages

    Compilation of Lectures, Readings, Textbook Notes and Activities in

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous
    This document provides an overview of different philosophical perspectives on the self, including: 1) Socrates' view that knowing oneself through self-examination is essential for virtue and happiness. 2) Plato's view that people should strive to imitate their ideal, perfect self through living virtuously. He saw the soul as having rational, appetitive, and spirited parts. 3) Kant's view that people should respect themselves and others as ends in themselves, not merely as means. 4) Descartes' view that the self is the mind, distinct from the body, as expressed by his famous quote "I think, therefore I am." The document discusses these perspectives to help

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    of 37

    COMPILATION OF LECTURES,

    READINGS, TEXTBOOK NOTES AND


    ACTIVITIES IN
    UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
    TOPIC 2 (WEEK2) THE SELF FROM DIFFERENT
    PERSPECTIVES
    OVERVIEW

    • This module outlines the basic concepts, theories and


    principles with emphasis on the self and identity as presented on
    different perspectives. This will help the student learn the self as
    a construct from various perspectives – philosophy, religion and
    psychology.
    OBJECTIVES

    1. Explain the various philosophical perspectives of the self


    2. Describe the nature of the self from own point of view
    3. Examine one’s self as against the different views of the self
    that were discussed
    SPRINGBOARD FOR DISCUSSION

    • Listen to the song “WHO AM I?” and reflect. Make a short narrative
    (not more than 100 words) based on the message of the song using
    the following guide questions:
    • Who are you?
    • What are you most grateful for in life?
    • What are the biggest and most important things you have learned in
    life so far?
    • Start your narrative with this: I am…
    • Do you know how you came to be called by your name?
    • Have you tried asking your parents why you have such
    unique or a very common name? Some of you were named after
    patron saints. Some came from famous celebrities, or an event
    or just a plain combination of the names of your parents.
    • Our names represent us, who we are. We cannot separate the
    name from the person. When someone calls you by your name, it’s
    not only a mere mention of the name but the person and this is
    the reason why we respond to them because our names represent
    who we are. Our names signify us. But is the name really the
    person? The name only serves as the signifier. The self is thought
    to be something else than the name. The self is something that a
    person perennially molds, shapes and develops. The self is not a
    static thing that one is simply born with. Everyone is tasked to
    discover one’s self.
    A. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

    SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF

    I know that I don’t know.”


    • Principally concerned with man.
    • Considers man from the point of view of his inner life.
    • The famous line of Socrates, “Know Thyself” tells
    each man to bring his inner self to light. A bad man
    is not virtuous through ignorance; the man who
    does not follow the good fails to do so because he
    does not recognize it.
    • The core is the concept of VIRTUE and KNOWLEDGE
    • Virtue is the deepest and most basic propensity of man.
    Knowing one’s own virtue is necessary and can be
    learned. Virtue is innate in the mind.
    • Self-knowledge is the source of all wisdom
    • •An individual may gain possession of oneself and be
    one’s own master through
    • knowledge
    • “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
    SOME OF SOCRATES IDEAS:

    • The soul is immortal


    • The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
    • Virtue is necessary to attain happiness
    • Self-knowledge or the examination of one’s self, would
    open your eyes to your true nature
    • The state ofyour inner being (soul/self) determines the
    quality of your life
    2 KINDS OF EXISTENCE:

    1. the visible – changes


    2. the invisible – remains constant
    • The goal of life is to be happy.Virtue is the one and only supreme
    good that will secure his/her happiness
    • Virtue – moral excellence, e.g., courage, temperance, prudence, justice
    PLATO: THE IDEAL SELF, THE PERFECT SELF

    “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions


    in others.”

    • Man was omniscient or all-knowing before he came to be born into this world. With
    this separation from the paradise of truth and knowledge and his long exile on earth,
    he forgot most of the knowledge he had. But by constant remembering through
    contemplation and doing good, he can regain his former perfection
    • Man now an exile on earth has a guiding star, a model, or a divine exemplar which he
    must follow to reach and attain his destiny.
    • Man in this life should imitate his former self; more specifically, he
    should live a life of virtue in which true human perfection exists
    • Happiness, which is the fruit of virtue, is attained by the constant
    imitation of the divine
    • exemplar of virtue, embodied in man’s former perfect self.
    • Balance between Mind and Body
    • The “soul” is indeed the most divine aspect of the human being
    THE THREE PARTS OF THE SOUL:

    1. the APPETITIVE (sensual) – the element that enjoys sensual


    experiences, such as food, drink and sex
    2. the RATIONAL (reasoning) – the element that forbids the person to
    enjoy the sensual experiences; the part that loves the truth, hence,
    should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of
    reason
    3. the SPIRITED (feeling) – the element that is inclined toward reason
    but understands the demands of passion; the part that loves honor
    and victory
    IMMANUEL KANT: RESPECT FOR SELF

    “Reason is the final authority of morality. Morality is achieved only when


    there is absence of war because of the result of enlightenment”

    • Man is the only creature who governs and directs


    himself and his actions, who sets up ends for
    himself and his purpose, and who freely orders
    means for the attainment of his aims
    • Every man is thus has an end in himself and
    should never be treated merely as a means – as
    per the order of the Creator and the natural order
    of things.
    • The rule is a plain dictum of reason and justice : Respect others as
    you would respect yourself.
    • A person should not be used as a tool, instrument, or devise to
    accomplish another’sprivate ends.
    • Thus, all men are persons gifted with the same basic rights and
    should treat each other as equals.
    RENE DESCARTES: COGITO, ERGO SUM

    “I think, therefore I am.”

    • Conceived that the human person as having a body and a


    mind
    • States that the self is a thinking entity distinct from the
    body.
    • Famous principle was “Cogito ergo sum”, which means
    “I think, therefore I am.”
    THE SELF IS A COMBINATION OF TWO DISTINCT
    ENTITIES:

    1. the cogito – the thing that thinks, the mind


    2. The extenza – the extension of the mind, the body

    • The body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind

    • Although the mind and the body are independent from each other and
    serve their own function, man must use his own mind and thinking
    abilities to investigate, analyze, experiment, and develop himself
    ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
    ASSIGNMENT
    • THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!

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