A Personal Narrative is a form of writing in Personal Narrative

which the writer relates one event, incident, or

• A personal narrative is typically written in
experience from his/her life. Essentialy, your
first-person about something in the narrator’s
experiences can become materials in writing
life.
your personal narrative, such as an experience
of being bullied, judged or it can also be • Focus can be in the past or present
something good. After all, the keyword in this
text type is found in its name. • It centers on a certain event and relays the
narrator’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Personal Narrative: Techniques and Structure
• A personal narrative may contain information
A personal narrative essay is a story with a plot about what the narrator read, encountered, or
that includes a beginning, middle and end. It heard, and his reactions to these encounters.
also has a thesis statement explaining why this
particular story is significant to you.The • A narrative will develop setting,
narrative you choose for your essay should characterization, speech, and plot, but it is
change the way you see yourself, someone typically limited to the discussion of one
close to you, or the world around you in some particular event or incident.
big or small way. Everyone has a story to tell, Memoir
and the goal is to make a connection with the
reader through shared experiences and • A memoir is an account of a real person’s life.
common expectations. • Focus is on a past event
What makes a Personal Narrative distinct from • The narrator is a character in a story who
other CNF Text Types? reflects on the events of his/her life and,
Ordered List: Large Number usually, draws certain conclusions.

Ordered List: Large Number start copy • A memoir is typically focused on certain
incidents in a person’s life, and those incidents
Personal narratives also incorporate vivid make up the individual stories that contribute
descriptive details, as well as the thoughts, to the overall work.
feelings, and reactions of the writer.
• A memoir is a depiction of how that individual
The personal narrative shares many elements remembers his/her own life.
with fiction: plot, character, setting, conflict,
etc. How do we write a Personal Narrative?

The narrative circles around a particularly Uses the first person

happy, sad, humorous, or outrageous episode in Uses figurative language
one’s life.
Structured similarly to an essay
So, if this is the case, how is Personal Narrative
different from a MEMOIR? The text draws heavily on imagery, to make
vivid descriptions
The difference between a Personal Narrative
and a Memoir can be gleaned by looking at the Depicts ‘change’, as in the change undergone by
comparison matrix below: the character(s) or the narrator him/herself
Must strike some chord of ‘familiarity with the
event/situation being depicted’ (i.e. “Yes, that’s
TECHNIQUES IN LITERARY JOURNALISM
how I was as a student’)
These techniques are taken from Oxford
Introduces the narrator and his/her situation
University Research Encyclopedia:
Closes with a reflection
Scene-by-Scene
Literary Journalism
“telling the story by moving from scene to
Literary Journalism is a type of creative scene and resorting as little as possible to sheer
nonfiction that is closely related to magazine narrative”
and newspaper writing.
Realistic Dialogues
Literary Journalism or Reportage is a form of
“It establishes and defines character more
CNF that presents verifiable data and well-
quickly and effectively.”
researched information.
Third Person
Literary Journalism shares certain aspects from
both Responsible Journalism and Literature “the technique of presenting every scene to the
reader through the eyes of a particular
LITERARY JOURNALISM
character, giving the reader the feeling of being
Thomas Connery (in Barronda, 2016) explained inside the character’s mind and experiencing
that literary journalism is printed nonfiction the emotional reality of the scene as he [sic]
prose in which the verifiable content is shaped experiences it.”
into a story thru narrative and rhetorical
“Status Life”
technique.Furthermore, Barronda (2016) noted
that there are characteristics of both everyday gestures, habits, manners, customs,
responsible journalism and literature that is styles of furniture, clothing, decoration, styles
borrowd by literary journalism. of traveling, eating, keeping house, modes of
behaving toward children, servants, superiors,
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF RESPONSIBLE
inferiors, peers, plus the various looks, glances,
JOURNALISM AND LITERATURE BORROWED BY
poses, styles of walking and other symbolic
LITERARY JOURNALISM
details that might exist within a scene” (Wolfe
RESPONSIBLE JOURNALISM & Johnson, 1975, on Oxford University Research
Encyclopedia)
• Sociocultural Reality
Travelogue
• Analyze collected data
Travelogue is a kind of creative nonfiction that
• Historical antecedent
deals with travels. It is written in a first person
LITERATURE point of view and describes the place or places
where one (narrator) has travelled (Moratilla
• Poetic Truths and Teodoro, 2016).
• Psychological Insights You can copy one, or more, of the specific
• Condensed Language elements from this page and paste them into
other pages. By combining elements, you can In the introduction, you can provide some
create new layouts for your courses. background about the place you are writing
about and also describe your traveling
WHAT MAKES A TRAVELOGUE?
conditions. In the main body, introduce the
According to Aguila et.al. (2018), travel writing information you want to convey to your readers
is a form of creative nonfiction that describes based on the recordings and notes you’ve made
the narrator’s experiences in a foreign places during the journey.
that includes a narration of the journey
Finally, summarize the experience from the trip.
undertaken by the narrator from his or her
Share your thoughts about it, your findings, and
point of origin to the eventual destination, with
what you will be contemplating after in regard
all the hazards and inconveniences encountered
to the trip.
along the way.
You don’t necessarily need to write about the
Aside from this, travelogue may also be written
attractiveness of the place you’ve visited. The
to call public attention to the problems in the
journey most likely won’t consist only of nice
place (such as poverty, crime, or poor
events, places, and people. Describe the
sanitation) and suggest corresponding solutions
difficulties you faced, strange customs, sanitary
(Moratilla and Teodoro, 2016).
conditions and more.
Possible Focus of Travel Writing
In writing a travelogue, remember that you
Aside the mentioned foci of Travel Writing, here could not only identify the personal
are other things to focus on in writing a experiences, but also information that will be
travelogue: useful for those who will want to visit the
country you describe(transportation costs,
• Food Writing – focuses on gustatory delights hotels, resorts, and interest to visit).
or disasters while simultaneously narrating an
interesting story, as well as sharing an insight or • Mention some do’s and don’ts in the place
two about the human condition. you visit.

• Nature Writing – highlights the beauty and “A person does not grow from the ground like a
majesty of the natural world, as well as vine or a tree, one is not part of a plot of land.
humanity’s special relationship with Mother Mankind has legs so it can wander.”
Earth, replete with scientific facts and figures
- Roman Payne, The Wanderess
about the natural world.

Things to Consider in writing a Travelogue

Check List start copy

Travelogue should not simply give descriptions,

however it should integrate elements of the
narrative and reflective essays as well the
different literary devices such as figurative
language to make the writing more vivid.

Keeping a travelogue within the structure of an

essay is a sound way to present your material.
MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY developing a heightened dependency with
media and information.
BULLYING An unwanted, aggressive behavior
among school aged children which involved a The opportunities and challenges of media
real or perceived imbalance. information in the economic and educational
sector of the society
Cyber bullying or bullying through electronic
means as one of the major problem brought Economics:
about by advancements in technology.
• It is the social science that studies how
Digital Divide individuals, organizations, and societies manage
the scarce resources under their control for the
Refers to the disparities in access to telephone,
satisfaction of their needs and desires.
personal computers, and the internet across
certain demographic groups. • In correlation to media it can be explained
through the equation ratings = revenues.
Different segments have varying levels of access
to digital developments due to a number of • In commercial industry, the media earns profit
factors which includes but not limited to race, through advertisement such as the expenses for
gender, age, employment, income, location and the commercial’s air time or ad space in media
religion. platform to reach or promote their goods or
services.
Defamation Is defined as a statement that
injures a third party’s reputation. Ratings:

The civil wrong of defamation includes both • Colloquial term for audience measurement
libel and slander that influences timing, placements, and media
markets for media content and advertising.
libel - written statement
Revenues:
slander - spoken statement
• It is defined as the income generated from
Pornography and Obscenity
sale of goods or services, or any other use of
pornography is a term used to refer to any capital or assets associated with the main
material that uses the elements of nudity to operations of an organization before any costs
cause sexual arousal among the audience while or expenses are deducted.
a pornographic material is considered obscene
The Opportunities of Media to Economics:
when it crosses a line to a point that it may be
offensive already. • One of the great asset of the country’s
economy come from the media sectors which
But remember that the concept of obscenity
includes the creative or copyright-based
may be vague or subjective for it may vary from
industries (industries engaged in creation,
one person to another.
production and manufacturing, performance,
Addiction Defined as an overdependence on broadcast, communication and exhibition, or
something or damaging needs to do something. distribution of sales of works and other
protected subject matter) that contributed
Due to smartphones and mobile internet data almost 661.23 billion to the Philippine
services, more and more individual are now economy.
 Immediacy: Wherever learners are, they can
get any information immediately. Thus, learners
The Challenges Brought by Media to the
can solve problems quickly. Otherwise, the
Economy:
learner can record the questions and look for
Despite thriving as an industry, the media the answer later.
remains vulnerable to economics which the
Interactivity: Learners can interact with
most notorious among them is piracy.
experts, teachers, or peers in the form of
Piracy is defined as the unauthorized use of synchronies or asynchronous communication.
another’s production, invention, or conception Hence, the experts are more reachable and the
especially in infringement of a copyright which knowledge becomes more available.
hampers the profitability aspect of media
Situating of instructional activities: The
wherein the right of owner to sell –either
learning could be embedded in our daily life.
directly or indirectly through advertising is
The problems encountered as well as the
violated. This challenge actually cost the media
knowledge required are all presented in their
industry considerable monetary losses having a
natural and authentic forms. This helps learners
greater impact to the sector of economy.
notice the features of problem situations that
Ubiquitous Learning It refers to constant, ever- make particular actions relevant.
present, and ongoing.
Adaptability: Learners can get the right
It is equivalent to some form of simple mobile information at the right place with the right
learning, e.g. that learning environments can be way.
accessed in various contexts and situations.
Advantages
Can be defined as an everyday learning
Permanent availability of information.
environment that is supported by mobile and
embedded computers and wireless networks in Quick communication and Information
our everyday life. (Ogata et al. 2009) exchange.

Provide learners with content and interaction Gadgets used in searching information may be
anytime and anywhere. (Hwang et al. 2008) used everywhere.

Simply means learning at any time and any Disadvantages

place.
Many students do not have ubiquitous access to
Characteristics of Ubiquitous Learning the internet.

Permanency: Learners never lose their work Students may have a strong dependence to the
unless it is purposefully deleted. In addition, all technical references or tools.
the learning processes are recorded
Example of Ubiquitous Learning
continuously everyday.
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
Accessibility: Learners have access to their
documents, data, or videos from anywhere. A model for delivering learning content online
That information is provided based on their to any person who wants to take a course, with
requests. Therefore, the learning involved is no limit on attendance.
self-directed.
Utilizes information technologies like analytics Provide information coming from their expert
to help instructors gauge the learning process knowledge or first-hand experience of events.
of students as it provides a means to improve
Types of journalist by medium
learning. Focuses on connectedness thus it
allows learners and educators all over the world Print Journalist
to connect to one another to maximize
education. Photo journalist

People Media Broadcast journalist

People who are well-oriented to media sources Multimedia journalist

and messages and able to provide information People in Media
as accurate and reliable as possible.
media practitioners
Media practitioners who provide information
coming from their expert knowledge or first- experts
hand experience of event. provide information to media users
Opinion Leaders People as Media
highly exposed to and actively using media media users
source of viable interpretation of messages for well-oriented to media sources and messages
lower- end media users
intermediaries, provide information to lower-
opinions are accepted by a group end media users
Citizen Journalism Lower End Media User
◦ People without professional journalism people with limited access to media and
training can use the tools of modern information
technology and internet to create,
augment or fact-check media on their ADVANTAGES OF PEOPLE IN MEDIA
own or in collaboration with others.
 Genuine inspirational people in media
Social Journalism that are down to earth and willing to
volunteer. But should be wary of people
Journalists are using social media to make their trying to manipulate others
content available to more people.
 Serves as great mentors and role
Crowd Sourcing models for young people who wants to
The practice of obtaining needed services, be famous and work in the media
ideas, or content by soliciting contributions industry. But be careful of people doing
from a large group of people and especially it just for a show.
from the online community  Can make a lot of money with little
PEOPLE IN MEDIA effort. But needs to have a strong
interpersonal or communication skills.
Media Practitioners
  Can offer huge success to people with both in content and in the workforce.
strong interpersonal skills. The open content contribution nature
of the new media has made it possible
 Can have the power of "word of
for ordinary individuals to offer their
mouth" wherein with the right market
materials for consumption often for
can be influenced more people. Can
free, or at times for a cost. Online
easily manipulate people through their
content is free but has gained
power.
popularity, advertisers will offer to buy
 Can often tell all good things about a digital ad-space on a web page.
product that no commercial could tell.
 The open content contribution nature
Can tell bad things about a product if
of the new media has made it possible
they have to.
for ordinary individuals to offer their
DISADVANTAGES OF PEOPLE IN MEDIA materials for consumption often for
free, or at times for a cost.
 Facilitates open communication,
leading to enhanced information  If online content is free but has gained
discovery and delivery. Some popularity, advertisers, will offer to buy
information is being misunderstood by digital ad space on a web page.
people because of limited personal
 Youtube, a free video host, pays video
contact.
contributors if their videos get enough
 Allows employees to discuss ideas, post views or if their channels have a high
news, ask questions and share links. subscriber rate.

 Provides an opportunity to widen  Paid content, on the other hand creates

business contacts. Should also be wary direct revenue.
of people trying to use personal data.
 Free or not, media and information
 Targets a wide audience, making it a gives contributors a platform for
useful and effective recruitment tool. earning additional outcome.
Data can be used by personal interest
Media and Information for improvement of
of people.
learning environment
 Improves business reputation and client
 Many believe that media and
base with minimal use of advertising.
information have made learning easy,
Can target inappropriate audiences.
accessible, and inexpensive. With these
 Expands market research, implements are true, the improvement in the
marketing campaigns, delivers learning environment brought by media
communications and directs interested and information goes beyond
people to specific web sites. convenience, availability, and cost.

Media and Information promoting economic  Since the media is a source of

opportunities information, and information age is
characterized by the abundance of
 The media industry has grown in data, media and information have been
number on today’s information age closely linked to the improvement of
 the learning environment in the present ◦ Also called font, font type, or type,
age. A media and information literate refers to the representation or style of a
individual take advantage of this to text in the digital format. It is usually
further his or her lifelong learning comprised of alphabets, numbers,
process punctuation marks, symbols and other
special characters.
Media and Information individuals as more
cohesive social units Types of typefaces

 The concept of unit cohesion stems

from a military concept of bond soldiers
have that makes them more effective in
working together to complete a
mission. Media and information literate
individuals are said to be more cohesive
social units than those who are not.

 Media and information literate

individuals are said to be more cohesive
social units than those who are not. By
keeping them informed, as well as
connecting them in ways that weren’t
possible before, media and information
literates become more cohesive social
units. This creates a bond that does not
only have relational impact but also
creates societal impacts.

Media and Information individuals as more

cohesive social units

 The media is said to have the power to

affect social change. While it is true, it is
not the media that does the heavy
lifting to create change in the society, it
is the individuals In the society who
developed a clamoring need for change
because of media. The media play a
hand towards a holistic development of
the society, but without media and
information literate individuals sharing
that same goal, development would not
occur.

What is a Typeface?
COMMON FILE FORMATS

TXT (text)

◦ Unformatted text document by an

editor as notepad on Windows
platform

DOC (document)

◦ a native format for storing documents

created by MS Word package

◦ contain a rich set of formatting

capabilities

◦ RTF (Rich Text Format)

◦ Cross platform document exchange;

default format for Mac OS X’s default
editor TextEdit

PDF (Portable Document Format)

◦ developed by Adobe systems for cross

platform exchange of documents,
supports image and graphics

PS (PostScript)

◦ a page description language used

mainly for desktop publishing
ComEng directs issue discourses into tangible dilemmas
that can be solved and operationalized by
Community
efforts, ideas, expertise and experience of the
Defined by location (group of people living in a group.
specific area) social identification(collective
INCLUSION
that identifies common traits, goals or
customs)A living social entity that is made •It is integral binding the collective into a
up of people acting the same way and of same whole.
importance. Molded by the environment in
•Echoes the need for the community to be
accordance to the demands of survival.
compromising and tolerant despite the
SENSE OF COMMUNITY“A feeling of that differences in personalities, culture, race,
members have belonging, a feeling that religion and other social identities.
members matter to one another and to the
•A community should always consider not only
group, and a shared faith that members’
the needs of the majority but also the needs of
needs will be met through their commitment
the minority.
to be together.” (McMillan, 1986)
ACCESS AND EQUITY
MEMBERSHIP Belongingness or sharing of a
sense of personal relatedness. •The ease in which various individuals and
groups can attain the necessities.
INFLUENCE Refers to the sense of having
importance or feeling of valued, wherein there •Just allocation of goods and opportunities
is balance between: -members feeling that they without discrimination and prejudice towards
have a say in the community-a community people.
being a body that also has the power to make
its member conform. •Providing power and social protection.

INTEGRATION AND FULFILLMENT OF NEED THE COMMUNITY AS A MOVEMENT

Refers to a feeling of fulfillment, which stems •The community acts much like a living entity
from the personal investments that members that embodies the members’ perspective,
make in maintaining community membership identity, and stand, much like a social
or in participating in community activities and movement.
affairs.
•A community may embody a plethora of social
SHARED EMOTIONAL CONNECTION Refers to a movements within its ecosystem.
sense of shared cultural and historical heritage
and the feeling that common experience will ADVOCACIES
continue to be shared in the future. •It is formed by the community and its leaders.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION •Includes multitude of topics where people are
compelled to push for value-specific agendas
•Individuals can provide their own that are shared through their members.
contributions through act of volunteerism in the •Communities try to garner support from other
projects and other communal initiatives. individuals or groups which are aligned with
•An active community is one of the most their world view.
important facets of a healthy community for it NETWORKING
•The members of the community will find -HUMAN EVOLUTION CAME FROM THE MOLD
commonalities with other member of OF THESE EVOLUTIONARY SHIFTS AND HAS
community to form an avenue for cooperation DRASTICALLY ACCELERATED HUMAN
and partnerships. DEVELOPMENT.

•Mobilization and value creation comes to ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

fruition due to collaboration and partnership of
-(1859)Published by Charles Darwin.
individuals or groups from various backgrounds
that share common identification. -All species of life have descended overtime
from common ancestors, and that this
SOCIAL ACTION
branching pattern of evolution resulted from a
•The community hopes to address the issues of process called natural selection.
the status quo through the combined efforts of
-Now, if we glance into how biological form
the actors.
survive, we can also use this to map out not
•Involves the will of the actors toward meeting only how human survived with the help of their
general compromise to effect social change. biological characteristics and advantages but
also on how the creation of our own social
THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE COMMUNITY
mechanisms secured our place at the top of the
We are all parts of a community that is bound evolutionary chain.
not only by geographical identification but also
MYTHIC PHASE (BEGINNING OF TIME)
a common history, social identity, political
affiliation, and economic bounds. We must Ancestral stories about origin.
reflect not only our history but also on the
Appearance of man and woman.
communities we embody their heritage and
spirit. Functions- Explains the nature of things and
events
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY
-Rationalize culture as a way of life Insights and
Communities are diverse and dependent upon
patterns on continuity of culture
the context used.
- Legitimize leadership (Ideology of Divine Kings)
SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES
FORMATIVE PHASE (CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)
SOCIAL SCIENCES Throughout history, social
sciences concentrated on the factors that -Pattern of life that centers on manufacture and
shaped and dictated the course of our use of stone tools and ceramics.
civilization.
-Paleolithic Period (Ancient Stone).
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Age of hunting and gathering.
-ANTHROPOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE OF
HUMANITY, THAT STUDIES HUMAN BEINGS STONE TOOLS
FROM EVERY TIME PERIOD, IN EVERY POSSIBLE FLAKE TOOLS (ROUGHLY-MADE)
WAY, AND IN ALL THEIR COMPLEXITY.
POLISHED TOOLS (CUT INTO SHAPE)
-IN ANTHROPOLOGY, COMMUNITIES ARE THE
DRIVING FORCE FOR CIVILIZATION.
FLAKING – PROCESS OF REMOVING FLAKES OR -Horticultural and Agricultural, sustainable
STONE FRAGMENTS. sources of food.

CRITERIA FOR STONE TOOL MERGENT PHASE (NEOLITIC PERIOD)

HARDNESS
plants and animals, expansion of population
TENACITY
and communities, and domestic and foreign
HOMOGENIETY trade.

CERAMICS
transactions.
•Porcelain
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TRADE
•Jar Coffins (Anthropomorphic)Pottery making
for ancient burial, habitation sites, ritual objects -TRADE AS MAJOR STIMULUS FOR
and kitchen utensils. DEVELOPMENT.

METHOD -TRANSFORMATION OF LARGE TRADING

CENTERS, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MARITIME
•Kneading TRANSPORTATION.
•Molding -ALLOWED CULTURAL INTERACTION AND
•Drying EXCHANGE.

•Frying -POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION, AFFLUENCE WAS

ASSOCIATED WITH LEADERSHIP.
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
NEOLITHIC AGE (AGRARIAN)

development of tools More efficient than in previous two ages. -

Agriculture as their main source of food. - Metal
was developed. -Develop of water irrigation.
communal behavior and property.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

of the discovery of fire.

-nucleation (seaports as trading centers)
INCIPIENT PHASE (MESOLITHIC PERIOD) vs Nucleation (cities as trading centers)
-Middle Stone Age

-Discovery and use of metal as 1.Existence of Myths and Epics

manufacturing/maintenance tools.
2.Religious Sector
- Expanding of population, beginning of
specialization and stratification, improvement 3.Functional Law and Order
of technology, and establishment of 4.Trading Centers
settlements and trading centers.
STUDY FOCUS OF SOCIOLOGY
-SOCIAL STRATIFICATION -SOCIAL CHANGE

-SOCIAL CLASS POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

-SOCIAL MOBILITY -VIEWS COMMUNITIES AS COMPOSED OF

CITIZENS GUIDED UNDER ONE CONSTITUTION
-RELIGION
AND GOVERNMENT.
-SEXUALITY
NATION
-DEVIANCE
-INDIVIDUALS THAT SHARE A COMMON
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION BACKGROUND.

-TO DISTINGUISH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS STATE

BASED ON THEIR SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
-POLITICAL ENTITY THE HAS 4
AND EXPERIENCES.
CHARACTERISTICS; POPULATION, TERRITORY,
SOCIAL CLASS GOVERNMENT AND SOVEREIGNTY.

-Classifying people in accordance to their NATION-STATE

material wealth, social value, and other
-Unified body that has all four characteristics
quantifiable characteristics.
bound by a common identification of culture,
SOCIAL MOBILITY language and history.

HOW INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS MOVE FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURE

ACROSS CLASSIFICATIONS AND
POPULATION
STRATIFICATIONS.
TERRITORYS
RELIGION
OVEREIGNTY
-Classifying individuals and groups by using
identifiable core beliefs and practices. GOVERNMENT

SEXUALITY POPULATION

-IDENTIFY PEOPLE AND GROUPS THROUGH PEOPLE SHARING A GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE.

THEIR SEXUAL NORMS, ORIENTATION, INTEREST
TERRITORY
AND BEHAVIOR.
Area under jurisdiction of a political system
DEVIANCE
SOVEREIGNTY
-INTERACTION OF SOCIETY WITH A SOCIAL
ANOMALY TO EMPHASIZE THE DYNAMICS AUTHORITY OF THE STATE FOR SELF-RULE.
WITHIN SOCIAL SYSTEMS.
GOVERNMENT
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
ADMINISTERS THE FUNCTION OF THE STATE
-STRENGTHEN GROUP COHESION
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
-DEFINE LIMITS TO PROPER BEHAVIOR
SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT EXHIBIT PATTERNS
-STRENGTHEN THE NORM OF BEHAVIOR THAT CREATE CONVENTIONS
AND NORMS, AND GUIDE INDIVIDUALS WITH Center of the society is the family.
THEIR CHOICES AND CONDUCT.
Structure and Roles
STUDY FOCUS OF INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Government Institutions
Basic education paves the way for individuals to
Economic Institutions be functional in our society.

Religious Institutions School system is to arm us with the needed

skills and knowledge in relation with the
Family Institutions
demand of our environment.
Educational Institution
You are created to contribute something in the
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION society.

Born out of social contracts with the governed WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF INSTITUTIONS?
individuals, should grant citizens with liberties
TO MEET BASIC HUMAN SOCIAL NEEDS.
and rights, and guided by its laws and
constitution. 5 BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Simply agreement between the citizen and the 1 FAMILY - to care for dependents and rear
government. children.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS FAMILY - to care for dependents and rear

children.
MECHANISM IN WHICH GOODS, SERVICES AND
MONEY ARE DISTRIBUTED. 2 ECONOMY- to produce and distribute goods

THE INVISIBLE-HAND ECONOMY- to produce and distribute goods.

THEORYTRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMIC THEORY 3 GOVERNMENT - to provide community

coordination and defense.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
GOVERNMENT - to provide community
Religion is one of the pillars from which our
coordination and defense.
civilization is built. Thousands of years, men
have sought for meaning. 4 EDUCATION - to train new generations.

A communal experience that reminds EDUCATION - to train new generations.

individuals of the concepts and teachings of
5 RELIGION – supply answers about the
faith, and that values and mores are grounded
unknown. RELIGION – supply answers about the
on spirituality.
unknown.
Activities are still tied to concepts and teachings
of their faith. (Example: Fiesta)

FAMILY INSTITUTIONS

Considered as the building blocks of society

where individuals draw foundational patterns of
behavior.