DESIGN OF SM RETAINING

WALLS, SM BREAST
WALLS, and CC RETAINING
WALLS

Authority:

GOVT. OF MEGHALAYA

Office of the Chief Engineer P.W.D.(Roads)

National Highway Meghalaya, Shillong

AUTHORITY ENGINEER:

Superintending Engineer, PWD Roads

TURA CIRCLE, TURA

EPC CONTRACTOR

Midas Constructions
GUWAHATI, ASSAM
 Design of RRM Gravity Breast Wall of 1 m Height with Surcharge
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

300 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 1300
hB = 1500

500
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F 6H E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 1000

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 1.5 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 1.3 M
Width of the base = 1 M
Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
0
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 18
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.604044244 > Ca2= 0.5146

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.20942113

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 18.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.394623

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 1.5 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 4.43868

Therefore ,
P= 12.79868 KN/ m
= 1.279868 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 1.2027 T/m3

Unit weight of material used (Stone Masonry) 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 1.038 + 1.134
= 2.172 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 0.43774 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 2.172 + 0 + 0.438 = 2.60974 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 1.203 0.500 0.601

Total = 0.000 1.203 0.601

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)

Static Condition

Section ABCD 1.038 0.85 0.88

1
Section CDE 1.134 0.46 0.52

2 Vertical Earth Component 3.2 0.00

Total = 2.172 1.40

safety factor againts overturning

= 1.404 / 0.601

= 2.33 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.1)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,
 Pa = Total vertical force or load
Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 2.172

Putting the values Pa = 2.172 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.370 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.13 m < 1/6= 0.16667 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 2.610 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 2.61 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 2.61 X 0.13
 ( 1 + 0)^2
Pe = 2.036 T/m2

Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 2.61+2.036 = 4.646 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 2.61-2.036 = 0.574 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.394623109162867 X 2.08 X 2.7^2)

Tan µ =
2 X2.61 + 4.646 X 1

Tan µ = 0.607

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.5774

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.44 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity Breast Wall of 2 m Height with Surcharge
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 2600
hB = 2800

800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F 6H E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 1400

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 2.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 2.6 M
Width of the base = 1.4 M
Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
0
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 18
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.604044244 > Ca2= 0.5146

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.20942113

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 18.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.394623

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 2.8 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 15.4663

Therefore ,
P= 44.60634 KN/ m
= 4.460634 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 4.1916 T/m3

Unit weight of material used (Stone Masonry) 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 3.27 + 2.898
= 6.168 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 1.52563 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 6.168 + 0 + 1.526 = 7.69363 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 4.192 0.933 3.912

Total = 0.000 4.192 3.912

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)

Static Condition

Section ABCD 3.27 1.15 3.76

1
Section CDE 2.898 0.6 1.74

2 Vertical Earth Component 1.525627 1.4 2.14

Total = 7.693627 7.64

safety factor againts overturning

= 7.635 / 3.912

= 1.95 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.1)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,
 Pa = Total vertical force or load
Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 7.694

Putting the values Pa = 5.495 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.484 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.216 m < 1.4 / 6 = 0.23333 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 7.694 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 5.496 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 7.694 X 0.216
 ( 1.4 + 0)^2
Pe = 5.087 T/m2

Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 5.496+5.087 = 10.583 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 5.496-5.087 = 0.409 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.394623109162867 X 2.08 X 3.4^2)

Tan µ =
2 X7.694 + 10.583 X 1.4

Tan µ = 0.314

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.5774

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.15 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity Breast Wall of 3 m Height with Surcharge
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 3500
hB = 3800

800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F 6H E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 1900

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 3.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 3.5 M
Width of the base = 1.9 M
Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
0
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 18
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.604044244 > Ca2= 0.5146

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.20942113

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 18.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.394623

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 3.8 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 28.4865

Therefore ,
P= 82.16647 KN/ m
= 8.216647 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 7.7211 T/m3

Unit weight of material used (Stone Masonry) 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 4.42 + 6.019
= 10.439 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 2.81026 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 10.439 + 0 + 2.81 = 13.2493 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 7.721 1.267 9.780

Total = 0.000 7.721 9.780

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)

Static Condition

Section ABCD 4.42 1.65 7.29

1
Section CDE 6.019 0.94 5.66

2 Vertical Earth Component 2.810259 1.9 5.34

Total = 13.24926 18.29

safety factor againts overturning

= 18.29 / 9.78

= 1.87 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.1)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,
 Pa = Total vertical force or load
Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 13.249

Putting the values Pa = 6.973 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.642 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.308 m < 1.9 / 6 = 0.31667 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 13.249 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 6.973 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 13.249 X 0.308
 ( 1.9 + 0)^2
Pe = 6.782 T/m2

Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 6.973+6.782 = 13.755 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 6.973-6.782 = 0.191 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.394623109162867 X 2.08 X 4.3^2)

Tan µ =
2 X13.249 + 13.755 X 1.9

Tan µ = 0.288

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.5774

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.12 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity retaining Wall of 2 m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 2800
hB = 2800

h= 3400
800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 1500

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 2.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 2.8 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 3.4 D=4m

Width of the base = 1.5 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 3.4 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 11.68

Therefore ,
P= 44.05998 KN/ m
= 4.405998 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 4.140284

Unit weight of Masonry= 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 3.36 + 3.36
= 6.72 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 1.50694 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 6.72 + 0 + 1.507 = 8.22694 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 4.406 0.933 4.112

Total = 0.000 4.406 4.112

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 3.36 1.25 4.20

1
Section CDE 3.36 0.66 2.22

2 Vertical Earth Component 1.50694 1.5 2.26

Total = 8.22694 8.68

safety factor againts overturning

= 8.678 / 4.112

= 2.11 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 8.227

Putting the values Pa = 5.485 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.555 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.195 m < 1.5 / 6 = 0.25 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 8.227 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 5.485 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 8.227 X 0.195
( 1.5 + 0)^2
Pe = 4.278 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 5.485+4.278 = 9.763 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 5.485-4.278 = 1.207 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 3.4^2)

Tan µ =
2 X8.227 + 9.763 X 1.5

Tan µ = 0.230

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.06 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity retaining Wall of 3m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 3800
hB = 3800

h= 4300
800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 1900

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 3.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 3.8 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 4.3 D=4m

Width of the base = 1.9 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 4.3 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 18.6819

Therefore ,
P= 70.4619 KN/ m
= 7.04619 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 6.621253

Unit weight of Concrete= 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 4.56 + 6.384
= 10.944 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 2.40994 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 10.944 + 0 + 2.41 = 13.3539 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 7.046 1.267 8.925

Total = 0.000 7.046 8.925

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 4.56 1.65 7.52

1
Section CDE 6.384 0.94 6.00

2 Vertical Earth Component 2.409939 2 4.82

Total = 13.35394 18.34

safety factor againts overturning

= 18.345 / 8.925

= 2.06 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 13.354

Putting the values Pa = 7.028 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.705 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.245 m < 1.9 / 6 = 0.31667 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 13.354 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 7.028 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 13.354 X 0.245
( 1.9 + 0)^2
Pe = 5.438 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 7.028+5.438 = 12.466 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 7.028-5.438 = 1.59 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 4.3^2)

Tan µ =
2 X13.354 + 12.466 X 1.9

Tan µ = 0.227

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.06 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity retaining Wall of 4.5 m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 5500
hB = 5500

h= 5900
1000
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 2700

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 5.5 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 5.5 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 5.9 D=4m

Width of the base = 2.7 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 5.9 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 35.1713

Therefore ,
P= 132.6613 KN/ m
= 13.26613 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 12.46608

Unit weight of Masonry= 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 6.6 + 14.52
= 21.12 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 4.53728 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 21.12 + 0 + 4.537 = 25.6573 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 13.266 1.833 24.321

Total = 0.000 13.266 24.321

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 6.6 2.45 16.17

1
Section CDE 14.52 1.46 21.20

2 Vertical Earth Component 4.537283 2.7 12.25

Total = 25.65728 49.62

safety factor againts overturning

= 49.62 / 24.321

= 2.04 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 25.657

Putting the values Pa = 9.503 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.986 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.364 m < 2.7 / 6 = 0.45 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 25.657 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 9.503 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 25.657 X 0.364
( 2.7 + 0)^2
Pe = 7.687 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 9.503+7.687 = 17.19 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 9.503-7.687 = 1.816 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 5.9^2)

Tan µ =
2 X25.657 + 17.19 X 2.7

Tan µ = 0.220

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.05 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of RRM Gravity retaining Wall of 4m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 4800
hB = 4800

h= 5200
800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 2450

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 4.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 4.8 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 5.2 D=4m

Width of the base = 2.45 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 5.2 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 27.3206

Therefore ,
P= 103.0506 KN/ m
= 10.30506 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 9.683593

Unit weight of Concrete= 2.4 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 5.76 + 11.232
= 16.992 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 3.52454 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 16.992 + 0 + 3.525 = 20.5165 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 10.305 1.600 16.488

Total = 0.000 10.305 16.488

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 5.76 2.2 12.67

1
Section CDE 11.232 1.3 14.60

2 Vertical Earth Component 3.524539 2.45 8.64

Total = 20.51654 35.91

safety factor againts overturning

= 35.909 / 16.488

= 2.18 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 20.517

Putting the values Pa = 8.374 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 0.947 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.278 m < 2.45 / 6 = 0.40833 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 20.517 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 8.374 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 20.517 X 0.278
( 2.45 + 0)^2
Pe = 5.701 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 8.374+5.701 = 14.075 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 8.374-5.701 = 2.673 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 5.2^2)

Tan µ =
2 X20.517 + 14.075 X 2.45

Tan µ = 0.221

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.05 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of Concrete M20 Gravity retaining Wall of 4m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

500 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 4800
hB = 4800

h= 5200
800
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 2400

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 4.8 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 4.8 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 5.2 D=4m

Width of the base = 2.4 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 5.2 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 27.3206

Therefore ,
P= 103.0506 KN/ m
= 10.30506 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 9.683593

Unit weight of Concrete= 2.5 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 6 + 11.4
= 17.4 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 3.52454 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 17.4 + 0 + 3.525 = 20.9245 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 10.305 1.600 16.488

Total = 0.000 10.305 16.488

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 6 2.15 12.90

1
Section CDE 11.4 1.26 14.36

2 Vertical Earth Component 3.524539 3 10.57

Total = 20.92454 37.84

safety factor againts overturning

= 37.838 / 16.488

= 2.29 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 20.925

Putting the values Pa = 8.719 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 1.020 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.18 m < 2.4 / 6 = 0.4 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 20.925 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 8.719 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 20.925 X 0.18
( 2.4 + 0)^2
Pe = 3.923 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 8.719+3.923 = 12.642 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 8.719-3.923 = 4.796 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 5.2^2)

Tan µ =
2 X20.925 + 12.642 X 2.4

Tan µ = 0.232

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.06 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK
 Design of Concrete M20 Gravity retaining Wall of 6m Height ( superimposed load considered)
As per IRC:SP:48-1998 & IRC 6 2017

700 v
β
A D FRONT FACE OF THE
α WALL

Weep holes

hF = 7200
hB = 7200

h= 7500
1200
BACK FACE OF
THE WALL G
F E
B
1V C v
v v PCC (1:3:6)
100 3050

Figure 1: Typical section of the earth Reataining wall

General
Height of the wall at back face, h B = 7.2 M
Height of the wall at front face, h F = 7.2 M
Height of considering Superimposed Considering W = 12 T
𝐻1 = ℎ +W/Hdɣ
load as per IRC SP 48 h1 = 7.5 D=4m

Width of the base = 3.05 M

Angle of back batter (back face) of the wall with
0
horizontal (θb)= 90 (Vertical)
H V
Inward Dip of foundation = 6 1

Properties for backfill soil :

Unit weight of backfill soil (dry)(ϓ) = 18 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m

Unit weight of backfill soil (70% dry+ 30% sta)(ϓ ) = 18.84 kN/m3
3
Unit weight of backfill soil (staurated)(ϓ sat) = 20.8 kN/m
Angle of shearing resistance, (φ ) = 30 0
0
Angle of back face of the wall (α) = 0
0
Slope of backfill soil above the height of wall, (β) = 0
Angle of wall slope friction (δ) = 20 0
The forces acting on the retaining wall to be considered are :

Principles of Design : (As per IRC:SP:48-1998)

The pricipal cause of failure of a retaining wall are :
a) Overturning

b) Tension in Masonry

c) Sliding

d) Pressure in foundations
 Ca= Coefficient of seismic Active pressure
Ca=

SEISMIC ANALYSIS
From IS 1893:1984 Clause 3.4.2, the horizontal coefficent αh can be calculated as follows

Z= 0.36 (Seismic zone factor for Zone V)

I= 1 (Importance factor 1.0 taken for retaining wall)
R= 1.5 (Response Reduction factor taken for unreinforced wall)
Sa/g= 1 (Spectral acceleration coefficeint or flexibility factor)

The solid retainig wall is almost rigid and no differential displacement shall take place in the wall
during seismic acceleartion. Hence the wall is taken as zero period structure and the spectral
acceleration coefficient of the wall is taken as 1.00.

αh= 0.12 αv= 2/3*αh= 0.08

λ= 6.340191746 This value will be used

λ= 7.431407971

Ca1= 0.404572746 > Ca2= 0.344636

Therefore, Dynamic increment in active pressure

= 0.10725889

The Earth pressure (P) can be computed by the following formulae or vertical-backed wall :

where Ka = Coefficient of earth pressure

and β = Angle of Surcharge

Putting the values
β= 0.00 Degrees
φ= 30 Degrees

Ka = 0.297314

Now , in this case

3
ɣ= 18.84 kN/m
H= 7.5 m

Dynamic Increment in Active pressure = 56.8338

Therefore ,
P= 214.3738 KN/ m
= 21.43738 T/m
 Forces action on the wall

Horizotal forces
Active earth pressure = Pa Cos(δ + 90 - α)= 20.14455

Unit weight of Concrete= 2.5 T/m3

Dead weight of the Retaining Wall
W b= Weigth of (ABCD + CDE)
=( 12.6 + 21.15
= 33.75 T/m

Weight of backfill between the back of wall and a vertical line through the heel
Wm = 0

Vertical component of backfill pressure

Pb= 7.33202 T/m

Therefore Total vertical force = 33.75 + 0 + 7.332 = 41.082 T/m

Check for Overturning

Calculation of Overturning Moments Lever Arm from Overturning
Vertical
Horizontal
Sl No. Description Weight
Force(MT)
(MT)
Static Condition
1 Active Earth Pressure 21.437 2.400 51.450

Total = 0.000 21.437 51.450

Calculation of Restoring Moments

Vertical Lever Arm from Toe Restoring
Sl No. Description Horizontal forces
Forces (T) of the wall (M) Moment (MT)
Static Condition

Section ABCD 12.6 2.7 34.02

1
Section CDE 21.15 1.56 32.99

2 Vertical Earth Component 7.332016 3.6 26.40

Total = 41.08202 93.41

safety factor againts overturning

= 93.409 / 51.45

= 1.82 Hence OK
(The minimum required factor of safety for base with inward dip is 1.5)

Check for tension in Masonry

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

 Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 41.082

Putting the values Pa = 13.47 T/m2

d= Mr-Mo
ΣV
= 1.021 m

Therefore ,
e= b/2-d = 0.504 m < 3.05 / 6 = 0.50833 Hence ok

Check for Sliding : (Cl.9.2.10.5) IRC : SP:48-1998

The wall must have a factor of safety of two against sliding.To meet the condition, tan µ must not exceed half
where,
µ = angle of resultant force on the wall and the vertical
1/q = foundation slope
Ka ɣ H2
Tan µ =
2V + PB

Where,
V= Vertical load per metre of wall , from the vertical component of
B= Width of base without toe projection

P= Toe pressure on base B in Kg/sqm

Ka = Coeff. Of active earth pressure
ɣ= Density of backfill soil

The average pressure on the foundation ,

Pa = Total vertical force or load

Width of Base

F
=
B

Where ,
F= Total vertical force or load = 41.082 T/m

Putting the values Pa = 13.47 T/m2

The difference in pressure at the tow and heel due to eccentricity 'e' of the resultant from the centre of the base.

6Fe
Pe =
(B+T)2
Putting the values ,

Pe = 6 X 41.082 X 0.504
( 3.05 + 0)^2
Pe = 13.355 T/m2
 Therefore ,
2
Maximum pressure at Toe Pt = Pa+Pe = 13.47+13.355 = 26.825 < 30 T/m ok
2
Maximum base pressure at heel = Pa-Pe = 13.47-13.355 = 0.115 > 0 T/m ok

**The Pressure on foundation materail at the toe of the wall must not be greater then the safe working

Therefore , putting the values ,

0.297313857205451 X 2.08 X 7.5^2)

Tan µ =
2 X41.082 + 26.825 X 3.05

Tan µ = 0.212

Here,

q=
6
The value of Tan µ-1/q must not exceed half the coefficient of friction of the wall on the foundation material

Here , Coeff of friction = Tan φ = 0.57735

Therefore ,
Tan µ - 1/q = 0.05 < Tan φ / 2 = 0.289 Hence OK