DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Numerical Solutions (CENUMES 313)

CHAPTER 1: PROPERTIES OF MATRICES

1. Properties of Matrices
Systems of linear algebraic equations can be expressed very conveniently in terms of matrix notation. Solution methods for
systems of linear algebraic equations can be developed very compactly using matrix algebra.
1.1 Matrix Definitions
A matrix (plural, matrices) is a rectangular array of elements (either numbers or symbols), which are arranged in orderly
rows and columns.
Matrices are generally represented by either a boldface capital letter, for example, 𝑨.
Example 1.1.1:
2 4 −2 10
𝐴 = [9 −3 3 0]
6 12 −5 −1
The size of a matrix is specified by the number of rows times the number of columns. A matrix with 𝒏 rows and 𝒎 columns
is said to be an 𝒏 by 𝒎, or 𝒏 × 𝒎, matrix.
➢ So, matrix 𝑨 in the above example is considered as a 𝟑 × 𝟒 matrix because it has 𝒏 = 𝟑 rows and 𝒎 = 𝟒 columns.
Elements of a matrix are generally identified by a double subscripted lowercase letter, for example, 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , where the first
subscript 𝒊 identifies the row of the matrix and the second subscript 𝒋 identifies the column of the matrix.
➢ Looking at matrix 𝑨 above, the element located at the intersection of the first row and the first column, 𝒂𝟏𝟏 , of matrix
𝑨 is 𝟐.
j=1 j=2 j=3 j=4
⏞
2 ⏞
4 ⏞ 10
−2 ⏞ i=1
𝑨=[ ]
9 −3 3 0 i=2
6 12 −5 −1 i = 3
➢ Next, the element, 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , which is located at the intersection of the first row 𝒊 = 𝟏 and second column 𝒋 = 𝟐 is 𝟒.
➢ Then, the element, 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , which is located at the intersection of the second row 𝒊 = 𝟐 and first column 𝒋 = 𝟏 is 𝟗.

1.2 Types of Matrices

1. A square matrix, 𝑺, is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns, that is, 𝒎 = 𝒏.
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝑆=[ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛
Example 1.2.1:
2 4 −2 10
𝑆 = [ 9 −3 3 0]
6 12 −5 −1
−8 −7 11 13
➢ The matrix above is a 𝟒 × 𝟒 matrix; thus, a square matrix.
The left-to-right downward-sloping line of elements—which consists of 𝒂𝟏𝟏 to 𝒂𝒏𝒏 —is called the major diagonal of the
matrix.

2. A diagonal matrix, 𝑫, is a square matrix with all elements equal to zero except the elements on the major diagonal.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering

𝑎11 0 0 0 0 0
0 𝑎22 0 0 0 0
0 0 𝑎33 0 0 0
𝐷=
0 0 0 𝑎44 0 0
0 0 0 0 ⋱ 0
[ 0 0 0 0 0 𝑎𝑛𝑛 ]
The matrix above is and 𝒏 × 𝒏 diagonal matrix.

3. The identity matrix, 𝑰, is a diagonal matrix with unity diagonal elements. The identity matrix is the matrix equivalent
of the scalar number unity.
1 0 0 0
𝐼 = [0 1 0 0]
0 0 ⋱ 0
0 0 0 1
Example 1.2.2:
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
𝐼= 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
[0 0 0 0 0 1]
The matrix above is a 𝟔 × 𝟔 identity matrix.

4. Scalar matrix – is a square matrix for which all elements on the main diagonal are equal. Identity matrix, is also
considered as scalar matrix.

3 2 0 1 0 0
Scalar matrix : 𝐴 = [−1 3 4] 𝐼 = [0 1 0]
5 0 3 0 0 1
5. Symmetric matrix – is a square matrix wherein the elements about its main diagonal are symmetric (i.e. a ij = aji).
5 3 −7
Symmetric matrix : 𝐵 = [ 3 1 0 ]
−7 0 4
6. Zero or null matrix – a matrix wherein all its elements are zero; usually denoted by O.
Null or Zero matrix :
0 0 0 0
𝑂 = [0 0 0 0]
0 0 0 0
7. Vectors are a special type of matrix which has only one column or one row. Vectors are represented by either a
boldface lowercase letter, for example, 𝒙 or 𝒚.
A column vector is an 𝒏 × 𝟏 matrix.
𝑎11 10
𝑎21
𝑋 = [𝑎 ] = [−3]
31 5
𝑎41 8
𝑋 is a column vector, which is also considered as a 𝟒 × 𝟏 matrix since it has 4 rows and only one column.
A row vector is an 𝟏 × 𝒎 matrix.
𝑌 = [𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 ] = [9 −5 −6 13]
𝑌 is a row vector, which is also considered as a 𝟏 × 𝟒 matrix since it has one row and four columns
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Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering

8. A triangular matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements on one side of the major diagonal are zero. The
remaining elements may be zero or nonzero. There are two types of triangular matrices.
An upper triangular matrix, 𝑼, has all zero elements below the major diagonal.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14
0 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24
𝑈=[ 𝑎33 𝑎34 ]
0 0
0 0 0 𝑎44
➢ The matrix, 𝑼, above is an upper triangular matrix.
An lower triangular matrix, 𝑼, has all zero elements below the major diagonal.
𝑎11 0 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 0 0
𝐿 = [𝑎 ]
31 𝑎32 𝑎33 0
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44
➢ The matrix, 𝑳, above is a lower triangular matrix.
9. A tridiagonal matrix, 𝑻, is a square matrix in which all the elements not on the major diagonal and the two diagonals
surrounding the major diagonal are zero. The elements on these three diagonals may or may not be zero.
𝑎11 𝑎12 0 0 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 0 0
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0 0
𝑇=
0 0 𝑎43 𝑎 44 𝑎45 0
0 0 0 𝑎54 𝑎55 𝑎56
[ 0 0 0 0 𝑎65 𝑎66 ]
➢ The matrix, 𝑻, above is a 𝟔 × 𝟔 tridiagonal matrix.

10. A banded matrix, 𝑩, has all zero elements except along particular diagonals.
𝑎11 𝑎12 0 𝑎14 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 𝑎25 0
0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0 𝑎36
𝐵=
𝑎41 0 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎45 0
0 𝑎52 0 𝑎54 𝑎55 𝑎56
[ 0 0 𝑎63 0 𝑎65 𝑎66 ]
➢ The matrix, 𝑩, above is a 𝟔 × 𝟔 banded matrix.

11. A sparse matrix is one in which most of the elements are zero. Most large matrices arising in the solution of ordinary
and partial differential equations are sparse matrices.

1.3 Transpose of a Matrix

The transpose of an 𝒏 × 𝒎 matrix 𝑨 is the 𝒎 × 𝒏 matrix, 𝑨𝑻 , which has elements, 𝒂𝑻𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 . One must interchange the
value of the column with the row subscripts.
The transpose of a column vector is a row vector and vice versa.
Symmetric square matrices have identical corresponding elements on either side of the major diagonal. That is, 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 .
In that case, 𝑨 = 𝑨𝑻 .
Example 1.3.1:
Determine the transpose of the 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix, 𝑪.
2 −5 −1
𝐶 =[7 6 4 ]
0 −3 8
Solution:
The transpose of any matrix retains the elements on its main diagonal. In which case,
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Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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2
𝑇
𝐶 =[ 6 ]
8
You must flip over the matrix elements over the main diagonal. Consider element 𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕. Applying the idea of
“transposition,” which is done by flipping the subscripts of the element, 𝟕 is now located at 𝒂𝟐𝟏 .
2 7
𝐶𝑇 = [ 6 ]
8
Applying the same to element 𝒂𝟐𝟏 = −𝟓, −𝟓 is now located at 𝒂𝟏𝟐 .
2 7
𝐶 𝑇 = [−5 6 ]
8
Applying the same with all the remaining elements of the matrix, the transpose of the given matrix is not obtained.
2 7 0
𝑇
𝐶 = −5 6 −3]
[
−1 4 8
Doing the transpose of a square matrix is easy enough to imagine. Now, let’s try the tranpose of a non-square matrix.
Example 1.3.2:
Determine the transpose of the 𝟑 × 𝟓 matrix, 𝐹.
10 −2 −5 0 7
[
𝐹 = −3 1 3 0 4]
9 2 −1 8 6
Solution:
For a non-squre matrix, start by making a blank matrix whose number of rows and columns are reversed that of the given
one.
Also, the elements along the main diagonal (those elements whose substcripts are the same, i.e, 𝒂𝒊𝒊 which could be 𝒂𝟏𝟏 ,
𝒂𝟐𝟐 , etc).
10
1
𝐹𝑇 = = −1

[ ] [ ]
You have to flip over the matrix elements over the main diagonal.
Consider element 𝒂𝟏𝟐 = −𝟐. Applying the idea of “transposition,” −𝟐 is now located at 𝒂𝟐𝟏 . Next, consider element
𝒂𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒. Applying the idea of “transposition,” 𝟒 is now located at 𝒂𝟓𝟐 .
10
−2 1
𝐹𝑇 = −1

[ 4 ]
Applying the same to all other elements—reversing the subscripts of the labels of each element—the transpose of matrix
𝑭 is now
10 −3 9
−2 1 2
𝐹 𝑇 = −5 3 −1
0 0 8
[ 7 4 6]
1.4 Matrix Algebra
Matrix algebra consists of matrix addition, matrix subtraction, and matrix multiplication. Matrix division is not defined. An
analogous operation is accomplished using the matrix inverse.
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Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering

1.4.1 Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Matrix addition and subtraction consist of adding or subtracting the corresponding elements of two matrices of equal size.
Let 𝑨 and 𝑩 be two matrices of equal size. Then
𝑨 + 𝑩 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] + [𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 + 𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒄𝒊𝒋 ] = 𝑪
𝑨 − 𝑩 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] − [𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 − 𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒆𝒊𝒋 ] = 𝑬
Remember that unequal size matrices cannot be added or subtracted.
Matrices of the same size are associative on addition.
𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪
Matrices of the same size are commutative on addition.
𝑨+𝑩=𝑩+𝑨
Example 1.4.1.1:
Add the two 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrices 𝑨 and 𝑩 to obtain the 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix 𝑪, where
1 2 3 3 2 1
𝐴 = [2 1 4] 𝐵 = [−4 1 2 ]
1 4 3 2 3 −1
Solution:
Since the two matrices have the same sizes, then one can easily add these two. Simply add each of the corresponding
elements. Then, the resulting matrix will become
(1) + (3) (2) + (2) (3) + (1) 4 4 4
𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [(2) + (−4) (1) + (1) (4) + (2) ] = [−2 2 6]
(1) + (2) (4) + (3) (3) + (−1) 3 7 2
Example 1.4.1.2:
Given the following matrices
5 6 2 1
𝐴 = [−3 2] 𝐵 = [ 4 −3]
1 0 −5 −2
Evaluate the following: 𝑨 + 𝑩, 𝑨 − 𝑩, and 𝑩 − 𝑨.
Solution:
Since the two matrices have the same sizes, then one can easily apply the abovementioned operations.
(5) + (2) (6) + (1) 7 7
𝐴 + 𝐵 = [(−3) + (4) (2) + (−3)] = [ 1 −1]
(1) + (−5) (0) + (−2) −4 −2
(5) − (2) (6) − (1) 3 5
𝐴 − 𝐵 = [(−3) − (4) (2) − (−3)] = [−7 5]
(1) − (−5) (0) − (−2) 6 2
(2) − (5) (1) − (6) −3 −5
𝐵 − 𝐴 = [(4) − (−3) (−3) − (2)] = [ 7 −5]
(−5) − (1) (−2) − (0) −6 −2
1.4.2 Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication consists of row-element to column-element multiplication and summation of the resulting products.
Multiplication of the two matrices 𝑨 and 𝑩 is defined only when the number of columns of matrix 𝑨 is the same as the number
of rows of matrix 𝑩.
Matrices that satisfy this condition are called conformable in the order 𝑨𝑩. Thus, if the size of matrix 𝑨 is 𝒏 × 𝒎 and the
size of matrix 𝑩 is 𝒎 × 𝒓, then
𝑨𝑩 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ][𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒄𝒊𝒋 ] = 𝑪
where
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𝒎
where (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … 𝒏)
𝒄𝒊𝒋 = ∑ 𝒂𝒊𝒌 ∙ 𝒃𝒌𝒋
and (𝒋 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … 𝒓)
𝒌=𝟏
The size of matrix 𝑪 is 𝒏 × 𝒓.
Remember that matrices that are not conformable cannot be multiplied.
Example 1.4.2.1:
Given the following matrices
2 7 −5 −2 7
𝐴=[ −3 −3 6 ] 𝐵 = [ 3 −4]
4 2 −2
−1 1
1 −1 −3
Get the product 𝑨𝑩 to get the resulting matrix 𝑪.
Solution:
First, determine whether matrices are conformable in the said order. Matrix 𝑨 is a 𝟒 × 𝟑 matrix, while Matrix 𝑩 is a 𝟑 × 𝟐
matrix. The number of columns of the first matrix—matrix 𝑨—is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix—matrix
𝑩, which is equal to 𝟑. Thus, matrix 𝑨 and 𝑩 is conformable.
Next, create the resulting blank matrix—Matrix 𝑪. The number of rows of the resulting matrix is equal to the number of
rows of the first matrix. Consequently, the number of columns of the resulting matrix is equal to the number of columns of
the second matrix. Thus, the size of the resulting matrix is 𝟒 × 𝟐.
𝑐11 𝑐12
𝑐 𝑐
𝐶=[ ] = [𝑐21 𝑐22 ]
31 32
𝑐41 𝑐42
Then, solve for the values of each of the elements of the resulting matrix. Start with element 𝒄𝟏𝟏 .
Knowing that the first subscript is 𝟏, get the first row of the first matrix
𝟐 𝟕 −𝟓
Considering that the second subscript of the element is also 𝟏, get the first column of the second matrix
−𝟐
𝟑
−𝟏
Get the summation of the product of corresponding elements.
𝑐11 = (2)(−2) + (7)(3) + (−5)(−1) = 22
To be familiar with the process, let us now solve for the value of element 𝒄𝟏𝟐 .
Knowing that the first subscript is 𝟏, get the first row of the first matrix
𝟐 𝟕 −𝟓
Considering that the second subscript of the element is 𝟐, get the second column of the second matrix
𝟕
−𝟒
𝟏
Get the summation of the product of corresponding elements.
𝑐12 = (2)(7) + (7)(−4) + (−5)(1) = −19
By repeating the process,
𝑐21 = (−3)(−2) + (−3)(3) + (6)(−1) = −9
𝑐22 = (−3)(7) + (−3)(−4) + (6)(1) = −3
𝑐31 = (4)(−2) + (2)(3) + (−2)(−1) = 0
𝑐32 = (4)(7) + (2)(−4) + (−2)(1) = 18
𝑐41 = (1)(−2) + (−1)(3) + (−3)(−1) = −2
𝑐42 = (1)(7) + (−1)(−4) + (−3)(1) = 8
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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Therefore, the resulting matrix is

22 −19
𝐶=[ −9 −3 ]
0 18
−2 8
Example 1.4.2.2:
Get the product 𝑪𝑬 given the following matrices
−1 −2
9 10 −3
𝐶=[ ] 𝐸 = [ 3 −4]
−4 −8 6
0 6
Solution:
For the product 𝑪𝑬, the resulting matrix will be a 𝟐 × 𝟐, using the idea that matrix of size 𝒏 × 𝒎 multiplied with a matrix
of size 𝒎 × 𝒓 will result to a matrix of size 𝒏 × 𝒓.
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐶𝐸 = [ ] = [𝑎 ]
21 𝑎22
Determining the values of each element,
𝑎11 = (9)(−1) + (10)(3) + (−3)(0) = 21
𝑎12 = (9)(−2) + (10)(−4) + (−3)(6) = −76
𝑎21 = (−4)(−1) + (−8)(3) + (6)(0) = −20
𝑎22 = (−4)(−2) + (−8)(−4) + (6)(6) = 76
So, the product is
21 −76
𝐶𝐸 = [ ]
−20 76
Example 1.4.2.3:
Get the product 𝑬𝑪 given the following matrices
−1 −2
9 10 −3
𝐶=[ ] 𝐸 = [ 3 −4]
−4 −8 6
0 6
Solution:
For the product 𝑬𝑪, the resulting matrix will be a 𝟑 × 𝟑, using the same idea above.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐸𝐶 = [ ] = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
[
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Determining the values of each element,
𝑎11 = (−1)(9) + (−2)(−4) = −1
𝑎12 = (−1)(10) + (−2)(−8) = 6
𝑎13 = (−1)(−3) + (−2)(6) = −9
𝑎21 = (3)(9) + (−4)(−4) = 43
𝑎12 = (3)(10) + (−4)(−8) = 62
𝑎13 = (3)(−3) + (−4)(6) = −33
𝑎31 = (0)(9) + (6)(−4) = −24
𝑎32 = (0)(10) + (6)(−8) = −48
𝑎33 = (0)(−3) + (6)(6) = 36
So, the product is
−1 6 −9
𝐸𝐶 = [ 43 62 −33]
−24 −48 36
Matrices that are suitably conformable are associative on multiplication. Thus,
𝑨(𝑩𝑪) = (𝑨𝑩)𝑪
Square matrices are conformable in either order. Thus, if 𝑨 and 𝑩 are 𝒏 × 𝒏 matrices,
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑪 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑫
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Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
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where 𝑪 and 𝑫 are 𝒏 × 𝒏 matrices. However, square matrices are not commutative on multiplication. That is, in general,
𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨

Exercises:
3𝑥 + 6 𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 −1
1. If 𝐶 = [ 𝑤 ] ,𝐷 = [ ] and 𝐶 = −𝐷, solve for x, y, z, w.
−𝑦 + 4𝑧 𝑧+ 0 2
2

3 −2 5 1 3 −2 3 1 0
2. Given: 𝐴 = [−1 4 2 ], 𝐵 = [2 −1 0 ], and 𝐶 = [−1 −2 3]
3 0 −1 4 3 2 1 3 2

Find if possible: a. A + B – C
b. BT – AT + CT
c. 3B – 2C
d. AB
e. BA
4. Given:
2 1 0
𝐴 = [−3] 𝐵 = [4 −3 −1] 𝐶= [3 2]
1 −1 1
4 1 −1 1 1 0 0
𝐷 = [−3 0 2 ] 𝐸 = [ 1 1 0 0]
0 2 0 0 0 1 1

4.1. Solve if possible:

a. AB
b. BA
c. BC
d. CB
e. D2
4.2. Show that (DE)T = ETDT
4.3. Show that (BDC)T= CTDTBT

5. Determine the derivative dA/dx if

sin 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑒 1−2𝑥

𝐴 = [ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 ) 7𝑥 3 ]
2𝑥 2 + 8 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 52𝑥+1