Topic - 5B-Earthing System

│ Topic 5B │
Earthing System Arrangement
© VTC 2015 1
1. Earthing Arrangement
2. Types of Earthing System
3. Protective Conductor
2
1. Earthing Arrangement
* In the main switchroom, a copper earthing electrode (接地
棒) is inserted to ground and connected to the main
earthing terminal (MTC) (總接地終端)of the building.
* All the metal covers of electrical equipment (the ‘exposed
conductive parts’ - ECP parts 外露非帶電金屬部分(外露可
導電部分)) are connected to the main earthing terminal of
the building via a system of circuit protective conductors
(CPC).
* Besides, the water pipes, gas pipes, and all structural steel
(the ‘extraneous conductive parts’ - ETC parts非電氣裝置
金屬部分(外界可導電部分)) are connected to the main
earthing terminal via equipotential bonding conductors
(EBC).
3
Types of Earthing System

TT System
TN-S System
TT & TN-S System
TN-C System
TN-C-S System
IT System
4
 The first letter describes the earthing

arrangement of source:
 T = direct connection earth
 I = no direct connection to earth
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 The second letter describes the earthing

arrangement of installation:
 T = direct connection of ‘exposed
conductive parts’ to earth, independent of
earthing of source
 N = direct connection of ‘exposed
conductive parts’ to earth, via the earthing
of the source
6
 TN system is further subdivided, according

to third/fourth letter :
 S = neutral conductor and
protective conductor are
separate
 C = neutral conductor and
protective conductor
combined
7
2. Type of earthing system
TT system
 All exposed-
conductive-parts of
an installation are
connected to its own
earth electrode
which is electrically
independent of the
source earth
8
TN-S system
• Separate neutral and
protective conductors
throughout the system
• All exposed conductive
parts of an installation
are connected to the
protective conductor
provided by the source
via the earthing terminal
of the installation
9
TN-S and TT system
• Initially it is a TT
System. The local

electricity suppliers will
normally require the
consumers’ earthing
system to connect with
their earthing system.
As a result, the overall
earthing system will
become a combined
TN-S and TT system.
10
3. Protective Conductors
(a) Types of Protective Conductors
(b) Sizing of Protective Conductor
(c) Adiabatic Equation
(d) Sizing of Earthing conductor
(e) Types of Earth Electrode
(f) Main Equipotential Bonding
(g) Supplementary Bonding Conductors
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(a) Types of Protective conductors
• Circuit protective conductor
(cpc)電路保護導體(Code
11D(3) P68)COP-11
• Main equipotential bonding
總等電位接駁導體(Code 11E
P69)
• Supplementary bonding 輔助
接駁導體(Code 11F P70)
• Earthing conductors 接地導
體(Code 11H P71)
12
Local Earthing System 13

Types of Protective conductors (CoP11c)
14
Main Earth Terminal (MET)
15
(b) Sizing of protective conductors
Protective conductor may be formed

 A separate conductor or cable
 The metallic sheath or armour of a cable
 Part of the same cable containing the
associated live conductors

 Rigid steel conduits, trunking or ducting
 The metal enclosure of the wiring system
16
(b) Sizing of circuit protective conductors
 Table 11(1) - minimum size of separate
protective conductors Table 11 P73
 Table 11(2) - minimum size of protective
conductor in relation to the cross-sectional
area of associated phase conductor
S ≦16 cpc size= S
16 < S ≦ 35 cpc size=16
S>35 cpc size=S/2
 Table 11(3)-(8) - minimum size of protective
conductor for circuits protected by HRC
fuses, MCB, and MCCB
17
(c) Adiabatic Equation 絕熱
By calculation using the adiabatic equation:
2
Ie t
S
k
• Where
k- a constant associated with the type of

conductor and insulation
S - cross-sectional area of conductor
(mm2)
Ie - prospective earth fault current (A)
t - disconnection time of the related
protective device
18
(d) Sizing of Earth Conductor (CoP 11H)
 The Size of an earth conductor should comply CoP
11C(2)P72 and in addition when burried
underground:
 minimum of 2.5 mm2 with mechanical protection and
corrosion;
 minimum of 16 mm2 with corrosion protection;
 minimum of 25 mm2 for bare copper
 A warning notice “SAFTY ELECTRICAL CONNECTION-
DO NOT REMOVE” with characters each > 5mm high
must be displayed.
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(e) Type of earth electrode (Code 12C)
 Earth rod or pipes (Dia. 12.5mm cu, 16mm fo Al)
 Earth tapes or wires (3mm x 25mm)
 Earth plates (3mm x 120mm x 120mm)
 Metallic reinforcement of concrete, including sheet
piles
Notes:
 Metalwork of gas and water services should not
be used as an earth electrode

 Basic technical requirements of different kinds
of earth electrodes refer to Code 12C P81
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(f) Main equipotential Bonding (COP 11E)
Within each installation, main equipotential bonding
conductors should be connected to the main earthing
terminal for all extraneous conductive parts to create an
equipotential zone, such conductive parts include:
– Main water pipes
– Gas installation pipes
– Risers and ductings of central heating and air-conditioning
systems
– Exposed metallic parts of structural framework; and
– The lightning protection system
Size of Main bonding conductor (copper): > ½ of the Earth
Conductor subject to 6mm2 (min) and 25mm2 (max)
and 150mm2 for connecting MET and supplier’s bonding
facilities
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(g) Supplementary bonding (Code 11F)
• Within the zone formed by the main equipotential
bonding, local supplementary bonding connections
should be made to metal parts, to maintain the
equipotential zone, where those parts are:
• Extraneous conductive parts, and
• Simultaneously accessible (separation < 2m) with
exposed conductive parts or other extraneous
conductive parts
• Size of bonding conductor (copper): 2.5mm2
(sheathed cable); 4.0mm2 (non-sheathed cable)
Table 11(1) P73
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│ Topic 5B │

Earthing System Arrangement

Types of Earthing System

 The first letter describes the earthing

 The second letter describes the earthing

 TN system is further subdivided, according

System. The local

Local Earthing System 13

Protective conductor may be formed

 Part of the same cable containing the

associated live conductors

 The metal enclosure of the wiring system

k- a constant associated with the type of

be used as an earth electrode

of earth electrodes refer to Code 12C P81

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