Electrical Apparatus and Devices Laboratory Exercise 1 Transformer

Name: Cueva, Mary Grace S.
BSEE 3-H
Electrical Apparatus and Devices

Laboratory Exercise 1
Transformer
Instruction: Provide picture(s) and short description of the following:

I. Transformer Classifications (According to purpose or applications)
1. Power transformer-is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit
to another without changing frequency
2. Distribution transformer- or service transformer is a transformer that provides the
final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down
the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.
3. Instrument transformer- are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or
transform voltage or current levels
a. Potential transformer- may be defined as an instrument transformer used for

the transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower value.
b. Current transformer- is a device that is used for the transformation of current
from a higher value into a proportionate current
4.
Welding transformer- are used in AC machines to change alternating current from the
power line into a low-voltage, high amperage current in the secondary winding.
5. Rectifier transformer- is a transformer which includes diodes or thyristors in the
same tank. Voltage regulation may also be included.
6. Regulating transformer- It is mainly used for controlling the magnitude of bus voltage
and for controlling the power flow, which is controlled by the phase angle of the
transformer.
7. Lighting transformer- Lighting transformers are, just as the name
implies, transformers that are specifically utilized to work with lighting. They are
typically referred to as dimmer switches. By using the ability of a transformer to
alter the voltage going through a circuit, a light can be made brighter or dimmer.
8. Pad mounted transformer- is a ground mounted electric power distribution
transformer in a locked steel cabinet mounted on a concrete pad.
II.
Transformer Windings
1. Core type transformer (concentric windings)- Winding for core type depends on
many factors like current rating, short circuit withstands capacity, the limit of
temperature rise, impedance, surge voltage, transport facilities, etc.
a. Spiral winding- The winding used on ring armatures. This may
diagrammatically be represented by a spiral carried around the ring shaped
core.
b. Helical winding- consist of winding in an axial direction along a screw line with
an inclination. There is only one layer of turns in each winding.
c. Crossover winding- use these windings for high voltage windings of small
transformers. The conductors are paper covered round wires or strips.
d. Continuous disc winding- Primarily used for a high capacity transformer. The
winding consists of a number of flat coils or discs in series or parallel.
2. Shell type transformer (sandwiched windings)- the HV coils are sandwiched
between two LV coils as shown in the figure below. Since, both HV and LV coils
are wound on the central limb surface, the quantity of conductor required for
woundings of shell type transformer is less than that of a similar core type
transformer.
III. Transformer Tank / Bushing

1. Transformer Tanks- is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on
the roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
a. Plain Sheet Steel Tank- are defined as vessels made of steel plates. These steel
tanks with vertical cylindrical surface and flat bottom.
b. Tube Tanks- rectangular tubes of different size spaced at convenient distances

are being much used, as it provides a greater cooling surface for a smaller
volume of oil.
c. Corrugated Tanks- Corrugated walls are made of cold-rolled steel in coils. It has
a wall to endure high mechanical loads which can occur during operation or
transport of the transport of the distribution transformer.
d.
Radiator Tanks- are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one
medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating.
e. Tanks with Separate Coolers- are used to store oil which is used for different
valves on the ship.
2. Transformer Bushings
a. Porcelain bushing- is a hollow porcelain shape that fits through a hole in
a wall or metal case, allowing a conductor to pass through its center, and
connect at both ends to other equipment.
b. Condenser bushing- A bushing in which metallic or nonmetallic
conducting layers are arranged within the insulating material for the
purpose of controlling the distribution of the electric field of the bushing,
both axially and radially by capacitive grading.
IV. Transformer Cooling

A. Cooling Methods
1. Dry type
a. Air- Natural - This method of transformer cooling is generally used in
small transformers (upto 3 MVA). In this method the transformer is allowed to cool by
natural air flow surrounding it.
b. Air blast- For
transformers rated more than 3 MVA, cooling by natural air method is inadequate. In
this method, air is forced on the core and windings with the help of fans or blowers. The
air supply must be filtered to prevent the accumulation of dust particles in ventilation
ducts. This method can be used for transformers upto 15 MVA.
2. Oil immersed type

a. Oil immersed self-cooled- In this type the transformer windings and core are
cooled by the mineral oil. The heated oil circulated through radiator by national
convention and hence cooled by the surrounding air. This type is normally used for
distribution type transformer with low ratings.
b. Oil immersed
forced air cooled- In this type the transformer is cooled by the oil which in turn cooled by
the forced air in radiator. A bank of coolers or blowers is situated in the transformer
radiator which forces the air through the cooling fins. The hot oil enters in these cooling
fins by the natural convention and cooled oil again flows through the windings.
c. Oil immersed water
cooled- This type of cooling is
used for very large transformers with very high power rating above 500 MVA. In this the
Transformer is cooled by oil which then passes through the oil-water heat exchangers.
Two 100 % oil pumps are placed to circulate the hot oil through the two heat
exchangers. The heat oil dissipates the heat to the water and again flows through the
windings and core. The service water is used for cooling. We can operate the
transformer with one cooler but if two fails then we have to trip the transformer.
d.
Oil immersed oil coil- used in power distribution or electrical substations. Their
core and coils are immersed in oil, which cools and insulates. Oil circulates
through ducts in the coil and around the coil and core assembly, moved by
convection. The oil is cooled by the outside of the tank in small ratings, and by
an air-cooled radiator in larger ratings.
3. Conservator- is a cylindrical tank mounted on. The main function of conservator tank
of transformer is to provide adequate space. If there is a pimp connected in the
cooling circuit, it will help generating bubbles .
4. Breather- The air coming in is passed through a device called breather for the
purpose of removing moisture from the air. Silica gel is used as the breather. A dry
silica gel is blue coloured and its color changes to pink when it absorbs moisture. The
color change is an indication to replace it with fresh dry sample of silica gel.

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Name: Cueva, Mary Grace S.

Electrical Apparatus and Devices

Instruction: Provide picture(s) and short description of the following:

a. Potential transformer- may be defined as an instrument transformer used for

III. Transformer Tank / Bushing

b. Tube Tanks- rectangular tubes of different size spaced at convenient distances

IV. Transformer Cooling

2. Oil immersed type

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