Graphs and transformations, Mixed Exercise 4

1 a y = x2(x − 2) 6
2 b =1+x
0 = x2(x − 2) x
So x = 0 or x = 2 6 = x + x2
The curve crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) and 0 = x2 + x − 6
touches it at (0, 0). 0 = (x + 3)(x − 2)
x → ∞, y → ∞ So x = 2 or x = −3
x → − ∞, y → − ∞ Using y = 1 + x:
y = 2x − x2 when x = 2, y = 1 + 2 = 3
= x(2 − x) when x = −3, y = 1 − 3 = −2
As a = −1 is negative, the graph has a So A is (−3, −2) and B is (2, 3).
shape and a maximum point.
0 = x(2 − x) c Substituting the points A and B into
So x = 0 or x = 2 y = x2 + px + q:
The curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) and A: −2 = 9 − 3p + q (1)
(2, 0). B: 3 = 4 + 2p + q (2)
(1) − (2):
−5 = 5 − 5p
p=2
Substituting in (1):
−2 = 9 − 6 + q
q = −5

d y = x2 + 2x − 5
As a = 1 is positive, the graph has a
shape and a minimum point.
b x2(x − 2) = x(2 − x) y = (x + 1)2 − 6
x2(x − 2) − x(2 − x) = 0 So the minimum is at (−1, −6).
x2(x − 2) + x(x − 2) = 0
x(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0 3 a f(2x) is a stretch with scale factor 1
in the
2
So x = 0, x = 2 or x = −1
x-direction.
Using y = x(2 − x):
when x = 0, y = 0 × 2 = 0
when x = 2, y = 2 × 0 = 0
when x = 0, y = (−1) × 3 = −3
The points of intersection are (0, 0), (2, 0)
and (−1, −3).

6 1
2 a y = x is like y = x . ( 3 , 4 ) , B′(0, 0)
y = 1 + x is a straight line. A′ 2
The asymptote is y = 2.

b 1
2
f(x) is a stretch with scale factor 1
2
in the
y-direction.

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3 b e A′(6, 4), B′(3, 0)
The asymptote is y = 2.

0
f f(x) +1 is a translation by   , or one
1
unit up.

A′(3, 2), B′(0, 0)

The asymptote is y = 1.

0
c f(x) −2 is a translation by   , or
 −2 
two units down.
A′(3, 5), B′(0, 1)
The asymptote is y = 3.

4 2 = 5 + 2x − x2
2
x − 2x − 3 = 0
(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0
So x = −1 or x = 3

A′(3, 2), B′(0, −2) 5 a y = x2(x − 1)(x − 3)

The asymptote is y = 0. 0 = x2(x − 1)(x − 3)
So x = 0, x = 1 or x = 3
The curve touches the x-axis at (0, 0) and
 −3  crosses it at (1, 0) and (3, 0).
d f(x + 3) is a translation by   , or
0 x → ∞, y → ∞
three units to the left. x → − ∞, y → ∞

A′(0, 4), B′(−3, 0)

The asymptote is y = 2.

 3
e f(x − 3) is a translation by   , or
0 b y = 2 − x is a straight line.
three units to the right. It crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) and the y-axis
at (0, 2).

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5 b 7 a Let y = a(x − p)(x − q)
Since (1, 0) and (3, 0) are on the curve then
p = 1 and q = 3.
So y = a(x − 1)(x − 3)
Using (2, −1):
−1 = a(1)(−1)
a=1
So y = (x − 1)(x − 3) = x2 − 4x + 3

b i f(x + 2) = (x + 1)(x − 1), or a translation

c As there are two points of intersection,  −2 
x2(x − 1)(x − 3) = 2 − x has two real by   , or two units to the left.
0
solutions.

0
d y = f(x) + 2 is a translation by   , or
 2
two units up.
So y = f(x) + 2 crosses the y-axis at (0, 2).

6 a f(−x) is a reflection in the y-axis.

ii f(2x) = (2x − 1)(2x − 3), or a stretch with

scale factor 12 in the x-direction.

b −f(x) is a reflection in the x-axis.

8 a f(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 1)

When x = 0, y = (−1) × (−2) × 1 = 2
So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 2).

b y = af(x) is a stretch with scale factor a in

the y-direction.
The y-coordinate has multiplied by −2,
therefore y = −2f(x).
a = −2

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8 c f(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 1) 9 b P(4, 3) is transformed to (2, 3).
0 = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 1) Either the x-coordinate has halved, which
So x = 1, x = 2 or x = −1 is a stretch with scale factor 12 in the
The curve crosses the x-axis at (1, 0), (2, 0) x-direction, or it has had 2 subtracted from
and (−1, 0).
 −2 
y = f(x + b) is a translation b units to the it, which is a translation by   , or two
left. 0
For the point (0, 0) to lie on the translated units to the left.
curve, either the point (1, 0), (2, 0) or
(−1, 0) has translated to the point (1, 0). So the transformation is y = f(2x) or
For the coordinate (1, 0) to be translated to y = f(x + 2).
(0, 0), b = 1.
For the coordinate (2, 0) to be translated to c i P(4, 3) is translated to the point (8, 6).
(0, 0), b = 2. The x-coordinate of P has 4 added to it
For the coordinate (−1, 0) to be translated to and the y-coordinate has 3 added to it.
(0, 0), b = −1. y = f(x − 4) + 3
b = −1, b = 1 or b = 2
ii P(4, 3) is stretched to the point (8, 6).
9 a i y = f(3x) is a stretch with scale factor 1
3
The x-coordinate of P has doubled and
the y-coordinate has doubled.
in the x-direction. Find 13 of the
y = 2f ( 12 x )
x-coordinate.
P is transformed to ( 43 ,3) .
a k
10 a y = − 2
is a y = 2 graph with k < 0.
x x
ii 1
y = f(x)
2 x2 is always positive and k < 0, so the
y = 2f(x), which is a stretch with scale y-values are all negative.
factor 2 in the y-direction.
P is transformed to (4, 6). y = x2(3x + b)
0 = x2(3x + b)
5 b
iii y = f(x − 5) is a translation by   , or So x = 0 or x = −
0 3
five units to the right.  b 
The curve crosses the x-axis at  − , 0
P is transformed to (9, 3).  3 
and touches it at (0, 0).
iv −y = f(x) x → ∞, y → ∞
y = −f(x), which is a reflection of the x → − ∞, y → − ∞
   

curve in the x-axis.

(4, −3)

v 2(y + 2) = f(x)
y = 12 f(x) − 2, which is a stretch with
scale factor 12 in the y-direction and
0
then a translation by   , or two
 −2 
units down.
P is transformed to ( 4, − 12 ) .

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10 b From the sketch, there is only one point of 12 a y = x(x − 2)2
intersection of the curves. This means there 0 = x(x − 2)2
is only one value of x where So x = 0 or x = 2
a The curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) and
− 2 = x2(3x + b)
x touches it at (2, 0).
−a = x4(3x + b) x → ∞, y → ∞
x4(3x + b) + a = 0 x → − ∞, y → − ∞
   

So this equation has one real solution.

11 a x3 − 6x2 + 9x
= x(x2 − 6x + 9)
= x(x − 3)2

b y = x(x − 3)2
0 = x(x − 3)2
So x = 0 or x = 3
The curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) and
touches it at (3, 0).
x → ∞, y → ∞
x → − ∞, y → − ∞  −3 
b y = f(x + 3) is a translation by vector  
   

0
of y = f(x), or three units to the left.
So the curve crosses the x-axis at (−3, 0)
and touches it at (−1, 0).
When x = 3, f(x) = 3(3 − 2)2
=3
So f(x + 3) crosses the y-axis at (0, 3).

c y = (x − k)3 − 6(x − k)2 +9(x − k) is a

translation of the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + 9x by
k 
  , or k units to the right.
0

For the point (−4, 0) to lie on the translated

curve, either the point (0, 0) or (3, 0) has
translated to the point (−4, 0).
For the coordinate (0, 0) to be translated to 0
(−4, 0), k = −4. 13 a y = f(x) − 2 is a translation by   , or
 −2 
For the coordinate (3, 0) to be translated to
two units down.
(−4, 0), k = −7.
k = −4 or k = −7

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13 a The horizontal asymptote is y = −2. Challenge
The vertical asymptote is x = 0.
R(6, −4)
b From the sketch, the curve crosses the  −c 
x-axis. y = f(x + c) − d is a translation by   ,
0
y = f(x) − 2 or c units to the left and a translation by
1  0 
= −2   , or d units down.
x  −d 
1 So R is transformed to (6 − c, −4 − d).
0 = −2
x
x= 2 1

So the curve cuts the x-axis at ( 12 , 0 ) .

 −3 
c y = f(x + 3) is a translation by   , or
0
three units to the left.

d The horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

The vertical asymptote is x = −3.
y = f(x + 3)
1
=
x+3
When x = 0, y = 13
So the curve cuts the y-axis at ( 0, 13 ) .

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