FIGURE 9-1 Basic class A amplifier operation. Output is shown 180∞ out of phase with the input (inverted).

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-2 Maximum class A output occurs when the Q-point is centered on the ac load line.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-3 Q-point closer to cutoff.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-4 Q-point closer to saturation.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-5

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-6 Basic class B amplifier operation (noninverting).

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-7 Common-collector class B amplifier.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-8 Transformer coupled push-pull amplifiers. Q1 conducts during the positive half-cycle; Q2 conducts during the negative half-
cycle. The two halves are combined by the output transformer.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-9 Class B push-pull ac operation.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-10 Illustration of crossover distortion in a class B push-pull amplifier. The transistors conduct only during the portions of the
input indicated by the shaded areas.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-11 Biasing the push-pull amplifier to eliminate crossover distortion.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-12 Eliminating crossover distortion in a transformer-coupled push-pull amplifier. The diode compensates for the base-emitter
drop of the transistors and produces class AB operation.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-13 Load lines for a complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier. Only the load lines for the npn transistor are shown.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-14

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-15

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-16 Single-ended push-pull amplifier.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-17

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-18

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-19 A darlington class AB push-pull amplifier.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-20 MOSFET push-pull amplifiers.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-21

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-22 Basic class C amplifier operation (noninverting).

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-23 Basic class C operation.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-24 Class C waveforms.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-25 Tuned class C amplifier.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-26 Resonant circuit action.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-27 Tank circuit oscillations. Vr is the voltage across the tank circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-28 Tuned class C amplifier with clamper bias.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-29 Clamper bias action.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-30 Class A power amplifier with correct output voltage swing.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-31 Oscilloscope displays showing output voltage for the amplifier in Figure 9-30, for several types of failures.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-32 A Class AB push-pull amplifier with correct output voltage.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-33 Incorrect output waveforms for the amplifier in Figure 9-32.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-34 Basic public address/paging system block diagram.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-35 Schematic of the power amplifier circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-36 Partial data sheet for complementary darlington transistors 2N6040 (npn) and 2N6043 (pnp).

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-37 Power amplifier circuit board and transistor pin configuration.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-38 Test bench setup for the power amplifier board.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-39 The complete public address/paging system before packaging.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-40 Test results for two faulty circuit boards.

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-41 File circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to
figure numbers (e.g., F09-41).

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-42

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-43

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-44

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-45

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-45

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-46

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-47

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-48

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-49

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-50

Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e All rights reserved.