A. Aristotle's Model: Communication Models

COMMUNICATION MODELS
A model is often abstract. It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to different

forms. These are the common conceptual models for human communication:
A. Aristotle’s Model
Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process: speaker, speech, and
audience. The speaker variable here is very important, without it there will be no speech produced. The
audience decode the message depending on its profile.
Speaker Speech Audience

B. Laswell’s Communication Model (1948)
The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the
recipient of the message. This model is also called as “linear model of communication”, it describes a
one- way within a communication.
C. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1949)
Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was originally conceptualized
for the technical communication and, later on, adopted in the field of communication. In this, other
components such as noise, reception, destination, and feedback have been identified.
D. Berlo’s Communication Model (1960)

David Berlo’s model is probably the most well-known among the communication models. It was called
SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver but was
modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN.
The source of the message acts as the encoder and the receiver as the decoder. Both should have good
communication skills for the communication to be effective.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the principles to be observed to
make it effective. Below are the principles to be applied for both oral and written communication.
1. Be clear with your purpose. Know by heart your objective in communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Fact check to support your claims.
3. Be concise. Brevity in speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Exude confidence.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.
Principles of Effective Written Communication: the 7C’s

1. Clear. Always be guided by your purpose.
2. Concise. Always stick to the point. Focus on your main point.
3. Concrete. Support claims with facts.
4. Correct. Observe grammatical correctness in writing.
5. Coherent. Convey a logical message. Ideas should be connected to each other.
6. Complete. Include all necessary and relevant information.
7. Courteous. Tone of writing should be respectful ad friendly.
COMMUNICATION MODES
-It refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her communicative intent. It is a
medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts.
a. face-to-face: the most common among the modes. It is an informal or casual conversation
between two or more people. How to speak, what to speak, when to speak, and to whom to speak are
all important considerations in building relationships through conversation.
b. video: if there are no technical glitches encountered, this could be very effective mode of
communication especially for people separated by distance.
c. Audio: Audio means transmitted sound, thus in communicating, only the voice of the speaker is
heard. This mode can be difficult if you are listening to people with different accents.
d. Text-based: e-mails, text messaging, and instant messaging are common examples of this mode. It
has a wider range and can disseminate information to a bigger audience.
The last three modes are virtual in nature in which we are able to communicate in real time
simulating the actual physical setting.
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication. It is important to note that one’s behavior should
be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity and moral uprightness.
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
1. Seek to “elicit the best” in communications and interactions with other group members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be “right” or “more ethical than thou”).
6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding, or
by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them.
7. Manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others.
9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal “air time” if they want it.
Communication and Globalization

The Globalization Phenomenon
‘Globalization’ and ‘global’ are terms we often encounter today. They are associated with realities outside
the territories of nation-states. All countries are engaged in globalization. Because of this we need to understand
exactly what it is, and more importantly, how it impacts communication.
The Impact of Globalization on Communication
As more people cross borders because of globalization, more language contact happens, making
communication more challenging.

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A. Aristotle's Model: Communication Models

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COMMUNICATION MODELS

A model is often abstract. It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to different

Speaker Speech Audience

C. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1949)

D. Berlo’s Communication Model (1960)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Principles of Effective Written Communication: the 7C’s

Ten Basics of Ethical Communication

Communication and Globalization

The Impact of Globalization on Communication

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