Vanets and Internet of Things (Iot) : A Discussion
Vanets and Internet of Things (Iot) : A Discussion
Vanets and Internet of Things (Iot) : A Discussion
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Shahirah Mohamed Hatim, Shamsul Jamel Elias, Norkhushaini Awang, Mohd Yusof Darus
Faculty of Computer and M athematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi M ARA, Shah Alam, M alaysia
Corresponding Author:
Shahirah Mohamed Hatim,
Department of Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Email: shahirah88@uitm.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowdays, the number of vehicles on the road has been increased rapidly, thus leads to traffic
congestion. Traffic congestion can be defined as the consequence of the imbalance traffic flow and the
capacity. This situation occurs when the number of vehicles circulat es on a specific zone increases to the
peak level and exceeds the limit of possible capacity [1], [21]. Technologies that are based on computerized
mechanism which are able to distribute the traffic information to the road drivers are needed to overcome the
problem. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is one of the solution that is widely used in various domain
of vehicle industry as the communication pace among vehicles and road side units (RSUs). VANETs is a
self-organizing network, which is a sub-class of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) [1-5], [23-24]. It used
vehicles as mobile nodes. These vehicles act as the intelligent machine to collect and process data from
devices, connected to the Internet by various transmissions through system such as Globa l Positioning
System (GPS) [1], [3], [4].
VANETs interconnected wirelessly via embedded On Board Units (OBUs) wireless device. OBUs
act as a platform which permits vehicle to form a short range of wireless ad -hoc networks with the capability
of disseminating data and application to vehicular networks [14], [23], [25]. Apparently, VANETs has been
successfully supported route safety-related applications and surveillance services, and expected to assist in
traffic alert dissemination, context-aware infotainments and mobile vehicular cloud services [1], [4], [6-7].
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is important in supporting traffic safety and traffic efficiency
applications [24-25]. It is an important component in developing smart city, where it supports
communications between vehicles in the network [1-2], [25], [28], [31]. ITS comes with the capacity to
predict, observe and manage traffic movement [5].
Thus, VANETs help ITS in accommodating Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Base Station and
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications which are standardized by IEEE WAVE, standardized for
short range communication [1-2], [25], [28]. However, VANET are usually integrated with other algorithms
or paradigm such as Dijkstra algorithm, Software Defined Networking, fog computing, Taguchi method etc.,
due to the challenges differ from the existing VANETs systems, such as inflexibiltity, non -intelligence and
broadcast network congestion (excessive amount of broadcast messages) which lead to ne twork data
loss [1], [9], [23].
Network with vehicles which can interact with other vehicles and RSUs can be established with the
aid of Internet of Things (IoT) [9]. IoT has been increasingly a growing topic in the area of road safety
which produces great impacts on society and their life. IoT network connects millions of components, from
human to small non-living things. With the support of IoT, waste can be reduced and efficiency can be
increased since transportation networks involve the usage of energy [10-11].
2. VANETS CHALLENGES
Previous research have shown that VANETs suffers from several challenges; which need to be
highlighted, due to the possibility of increasing number of connected devices in the system, resources
utilization, unbalanced traffic flow, geographical circumstances, unreliable network connectivity and
broadcast storm [1], [19], [26]. However, this paper aims to address the issues of routing protocols and
security and privacy in VANETs.
2.1.1 Broadcast
This type of protocols is essential in VANETs since there is a need of disseminating message to
unknown destination [3]. The recent message broadcast protocols on vehicular ad hoc networks, such as a
spatially aware packet routing algorithm, predicts the permanent topology holes and conducts the geographic
forwarding, whereas DV-CAST based protocols search the best path to forward the packet [3].
2.1.2 Geocast
Geocast routing is based on specified location. It is established with the aim of delivering the packet
from source node to all other nodes within a specified geographical region [32]. This type of routing is also
considered as multicast routing where it defines a forwarding zone where it directs t he packets flooding in the
network to reduce message overhead and congestion [32]. Example of geocast protocols available are
distributed robust geocast protocol (DRG) and robust vehicular routing (ROVER) [2, 3].
VANETs and Internet of things (Iot): A Discussion (Shahirah M. Hatim)
220 ISSN: 2502-4752
2.1.3 Unicast
The unicast communication protocols for VANETs can be represented in three ways which are
greedy, opportunistic and trajectory-based. Through greedy, nodes forward the packets to their outermost
neighbors towards the destination [3], [25]. Example of routing protocols for greedy is greedy traffic-aware
routing (GyTAR) [3]. For opportunistic, nodes employ the carry -toward technique in order to speculatively
deliver the data to the destination; whereas trajectory based allows nodes calculate possible paths to the
destination and deliver the data through nodes along one or more of those paths such as trajectory -based data
forwarding (TBD) [3], [27]. Table 1 shows the example of routing protocols in existing VANETs.
Routing protocols is very important to ensure scalability but few focused on introducing routing
protocols for communication of data dissemination [3]. This challenge can be overcome by integrating IoT in
the VANET [1, 9].
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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Co mp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 221
interconnected to IoT in terms of keeping the data on the internet, or also known as cloud. The concept of
smart city is important to increase the quality of services (QoS) provided to citizens and eventually improve
their quality of life in this new era of technology [30]. Table 2 shows the relationship or the needs between
VANET and IoT. It can be said that both are interrelated to each other.
4. RELATED WORKS
Due to the weakness of the existing VANET, some research have tried to emerged networking
paradigms such as Software Defined Networking (SDN); proposed for wired environment with Fog
Computing (for real-time processing purpose) since Fog is considered as a cloud server known a s IoT to
provide attractive approach in existing VANET [1]. SDN can enable VANET to alter the network topology
changes [5]. The proposed architecture by combining safety through data streaming and non -safety services
through lane-change assistance, managed to reduce the latency of the VANET.
VANET also has been proved to work for Smart Accident Management System [9] where the
authors combine IoT and VANET to propose a new framework for automated accident alerting and traffic
optimization. Surprisingly, the combination produces great result which allows the VANET entities vehicles,
ambulance and hospitals to sustain the network themselves. In this framework, ambulance can receive the
information on the shortest path (using A* algorithm) to the accident zo ne and also obtain the information on
the nearest nearby hospital through GPS and the cloud server whereas hospital can prepare for the suitable
treatment before the patient reach the hospital according to the patient’s condition signal sent by the
ambulance [9]. The system organization is illustrated in Figure 2.
IoT in VANET has also successfully applied in real-time decision making for IoT-based traffic light
control using game theoretical approach whereby the authors proposed an approach to control congestion or
traffic flow at intersections [13]. Their approach is able to identify the priority vehicles that need to be treated
immediately such as patrol car, ambulance and fire engines, thus improve the average waiting time of these
priority vehicles at intersections [13]. There is a serious need for this type of system due to the urbanization
growth day to day.
The idea in [13] is the same as in [14] where both system proposed to solve congestion of traffic
flow. A city lane and intersection model has been proposed to manage the challenge of vehicle mobility. As a
result, the system is able to improve congestion and road safety [14].
Similarly, authors in [5] discussed on the importance of Vehicular Cloud Computing in VANET for
traffic control management. Traffic congestion creates more negative consequences. It affects their daily
activities, their safety and their quality of life, thus attract many different scientific interests [5, 16]. Road
traffic safety (RTS) must be the essential issue in any urban environment planning [5, 17]. The author also
addressed the main cause of today’s road congestion is that the number of circulating vehicles in a specific
zone increases and exceeds its critical capacity [5, 17, 21]. Current developments in the field of Command,
Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) technologies have directed to a wide growth in
all the intelligent devices by equipping them with wireless communication technology and embedded
processors [5]. These smart devices can be utilized to offer a suitable and better environment by forming new
useful era of Internet of Things (IoT) [5, 17].
In [25], the authors proposed a scalable congestion control focus on disseminating event -driven
safety messages in VANETs. In dense network, dedicated control channel easily congested by regular
updates of periodic safety messages and broadcast storm from event -driven safety messages. The congestion
control approach is one of the best solutions to so lve congestion wireless communication channel in
VANETs. The proposed framework of congestion control will scan the messages queues and monitor
channel communications based on defined threshold. A priority -based EDF scheduling algorithm was also
proposed for congestion control. The purpose of algorithm is to schedule packets with same high priority in
order to provide reliability performance for event-driven safety messages [25] also proposed to develop a
new rebroadcasting scheme to reduce the channel load.
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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Co mp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 223
5. CONCLUS ION
This paper presents the review on IoT-based VANETs to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional
initial VANET. IoT as the alternative, is expected to support the future ITS with the ultimate goal of making
driving safer and more enjoyable. However, there are needs of further research on this topic since it is still
insufficient.
Upcoming ITS based IoT can offer real-time required responses to vehicles drivers [5]. Integrating
IoT in VANET is expected to ensure more flexibility, low-latency and high-bandwidth communication.
Expectation of creating the future vision enhanced vehicular networks to enhance the traffic management.
Merging these technologies in ITS will be the vital basis for the revolution towards the global automation
environment [5, 18].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences (FSKM),
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) for sponsoring this research.
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