765 KV
765 KV
765 KV
Abstract—This paper describes the analysis of 765 kV Extra the magnitude of switching overvoltages. Switching overvolt-
High Voltage(EHV) transmission system which is a typical expan- ages are therefore a focal point in carrying studies for these
sion of Indian power grid system, under Steady State and Tran- systems. Switching transients are fast transients that occur in
sient Conditions. The first step involves exhaustive power flow
analysis, based on constraint power transfer capabilities of lines the process of energizing transmission line, load capacitances
with series and shunt compensation. Later switching over voltage immediately after a power source is connected to the network.
studies are carried out. Acceptable bus voltage profiles and Power transformers, surge arresters and circuit breakers are
satisfactory equipment loadings during all foreseeable operating equipments which are first affected by overvoltages. Digital
conditions for normal and contingency operation are the guiding computer tool such as Electro Magnetic Transients Program
criteria. This paper presents steady state and switching transient
studies on two typical 765kV EHV transmission systems. (EMTP) [3] which is universally accepted as industry standard
for computation of both switching and temporary over voltages
I. I NTRODUCTION is used in this paper. At the planning stage of the 765 kV
Increasing demand of electric power and addition of new systems, the insulation level of apparatus is to be decided
generation capacity to meet the demand, necessitate enhance- on the basis of peak value of transient over voltages, so
ment of large transmission capacity between generation and enormous numbers of cases are considered to arrive at the
bulk consumption points. This can be achieved either by maximum magnitude. Methods are proposed for reducing
development of new transmission corridor or by enhancing the overvoltages,Of the several methods to mitigate transient
the power transfer intensity of existing transmission assets. overvoltages, Pre-Insertion Resistors(PIR) are used.
In India the available generation and installed capacity has
been increased many folds in the last two decades. It is II. S TEADY STATE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
estimated that India would need a total installed capacity of Steady state performance analysis of the system includes
212GW by 2012 (Eleventh National Power Survey) [1]. To • Analysis of loadability characteristics
cater this bulk power from generating stations to the distant • Pre and post charging studies to determine steady-state
load centers upgradation of transmission system is required. overvoltage
Line loadability and overvoltages are two important aspects • Compensation requirements
that must be addressed when upgradation of transmission
Detailed power flow analysis is carried out to address the first
system is contemplated. Shunt and series compensation can
three aspects. Three major factors that can limit the power-
cause considerable variations in loadability characteristics of
transfer capability or loading of a transmission line are:
lines fed by high impedance sources. VAR sources such as
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) increase line • Thermal constraints
loadability. It is generally accepted that maximum allowable • Line voltage drop, and
terminals of sending end and receiving end (not including For short lines (0-50 miles) loadability is governed by thermal
source impedances) and angular separation of 400 to 440 limit and for medium lines(50-200 miles) voltage drop consid-
between sources (at sending and receiving ends) are good erations limit the power transfer whereas for long lines(>200
guidelines [2]. miles) stability plays a key role in limiting line loadability.
The reliable operation of any electrical power system is Thus for EHV and UHV transmission lines, practical limita-
determined to a great extent by the amplitude, duration and tions to line loadability are imposed by line voltage drop and
frequency of the transient voltages appearing in different steady-state stability margin considerations. Dunlop et al.[4]
places in the network. Also the insulation level of EHV and give the details of a conceptual study of UHV transmission
Ultra High Voltage(UHV) ac systems is largely determined by line loadability. The steady state stability limitation is usually
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
defined in terms of the desired margin between the maximum load generation scheduling. The L-indices for a given load
power transfer capability(Pmax ) of the system and the oper- condition are computed for all load buses. The point at which
ating level(Pop )as Lj closed to a predetermined maximum limit (=1) indicates
Pmax − Pop the maximum possible connected load to a bus termed as
% stability margin = ∗ 100 maximum loadability and its value close to zero indicates
Pmax
near no load condition. The stability of the complete system
This margin is chosen so as to provide stable operation is given by global indicator, L= maximum of Lj for all j
following a variety of credible contingencies which may cause (Load buses). An L-index value away from 1 and close to
steady-state and/or transient voltage increases in a given line zero indicates an improved system security. The stability
loading. Such changes in loading may be caused by line margin is obtained as the distance of L from a unit value
switching operations, generation dispatch, and by transient i.e.(1-L).
disturbances such as temporary faults or loss of generation.
L-Index [5] is used in order to estimate voltage stability margin
of a particular load bus in the system. The process involves TABLE I
an evaluation of voltage stability condition of a system by PARAMETERS AND THERE AFFECT ON SWITCHING TRANSIENT PEAK
OVERVOLTAGES DURING LINE ENERGIZATION [1]
computing the L-Index for load buses. System considered for
S.No Factor/parameter Influence
analysis is shown in Fig.1, represents the 765kV single circuit 1 Line Length Strong
transmission line. 2 Degree of shunt compensation Strong
3 Line Termination Strong
4 Trapped charges Strong
400kV 5 Line parameters Strong
15kV
220kV 6 Value of closing resistors Strong
~ 765kV 7 Insertion times of closing resistors Strong
430km
8 Pole closing instants Strong
9 Nature of source-inductive or complex Strong
~
765kV
10 Total short circuit level Strong
400kV
11 Frequency dependence of line parameter Medium
15kV
12 Trapped charges when PIR is used Medium
Receiving End
Sending End 13 Saturation of reactor Medium
14 Total pole closing span Medium
Fig. 1. Single line diagram of 765kV Transmission system between Unnao 15 Corona of lines weak
and Anpara
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
1.3
• Metal Oxide Arrester(MOA)
0.6
V with compensation
voltage in pu
V without compensation
L−Index
0.5
• Point on wave controlled switching
1.2 L−Index without compensation
L−Index with compensation 0.4
usage is being reduced [9]. On the other hand PIR’s are 200 400 600 800
LOAD in MW
1000 1200 1400
1.3
IV. S IMULATED STUDIES AND RESULTS 0.6
1.2 0.5
voltage in pu
In this paper two transmission lines, one is connected
L−Index
1.1 0.4
between Unnao and Anpara of UPSEB and other one is
connected between Agra and Fatehpur(PGCIL) are considered
0.3
1
0.1
compensation,reduced excitation generators this problem can 1.2 v with compensation 0.7
be limited upto some extent. But loads less than some level v without compensation
0.6
L−Index
voltage
Unnao and Anpara. Here for case-1 maximum loadability 1.2 0.8
0.3
Line loadability increasing with compensation and varying 0.8
0.2
Agra and Fatehpur and the simulated results are shown in Fig.4
and Fig.5. With unity power factor load variation, for case-1 Fig. 5. Variation of voltage and L-Index at receiving end of Agra-Fatehpur
system as the load(0.894 lagging power factor) is increasing for case(1) and
maximum loadability of line is 1150MW with stability margin case(2).
of 1.5%, for case-2 maximum loadability of line is 1200MW
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
voltage in pu
B. Transient performance analysis 2
1.9
mission line and a load are considered. Thus, sample systems 1.6
50 100 150 200 250 300
for both represented as shown in Fig.6. pir in ohms
voltage in pu
1.6
G: Generator
1.55
1.4
Fig. 6. Euivalent system for switching transients 100 150 200 250
pir in ohms
300 350 400
0 0
• Switching angle: 0-90 in step of 30
10000MVA
4000MVA
2.6
5000MVA
1.8
150MVAR, 30deg.
1.6
2.3
10000mva
5000mva 1.4
2.2
6000mva
7000mva
2.1 8000mva 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
pir in ohms
2
voltage in pu
1.9
Fig. 10. Effect of source strength on optimum value of PIR for Agra-Fatehpur
1.8 line
1.7
1.6
Without PIR and shunt reactor the peak over voltage ob- −1
For the same system with PIR the peak over voltage obseved
at receiving end is 1.858. Transients can heavily be damped −3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
time in sec
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5
voltage in pu
0.5
voltage in pu
0
0
−0.5
−1 −0.5
−1.5 −1
−2
−1.5
−2.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time in sec −2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time in sec
Fig. 12. voltage waveforms with PIR and without reactor operated at 765kV,
va=-2.137pu, vb=-1.928pu, vc=2.153pu for UNNAO-ANPARA system Fig. 14. voltage waveforms with PIR and with reactor operated at 765kV,
va=-1.88pu, vb=1.735pu, vc=1.861pu for UNNAO-ANPARA system
overvoltages during energization. If switching takes place at SS 6000MVA, 0 MVAR, 0 PIR, 90DEG
along the whole line length to almost twice the value of the 2
voltage in pu
switching of circuit breaker as shown in Fig.19, in which line 0
strength. −2
strength of 5000 MVA, closing angle 900 for different cases 1.5
are shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 and are listed 1
Refering to Fig.7, Fig.8, Fig.9, Fig.10., one can conclude that −1.5
the optimum pir value for a fixed length increases with source −2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
voltages reduced with increase in source strength and shunt Fig. 16. voltage waveforms with PIR and without reactor operated at 765kV,
reactor values. va=1.708pu, vb=1.62pu, vc=1.858pu for AGRA-FATEHPUR system
1.5
2
1
0.5
voltage in pu
1
voltage in pu
0
0
−0.5
−1
−1
−1.5
−2 −2
−2.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time in sec −3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time in sec
Fig. 13. voltage waveforms without PIR and with reactor operated at 765kV,
va=-2.139pu, vb=2.498pu, vc=-2.086pu for UNNAO-ANPARA system Fig. 17. voltage waveforms without PIR and with reactor operated at 765kV,
va=2.507pu, vb=2.275pu, vc=2.523pu for AGRA-FATEHPUR system
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
0.5
0
them. To mitigate the switching over voltages both the
−0.5
systems required 8000 MVA of source strength,with the
source strength between 4000 MVA and 8000 MVA by
−1
taking certian precaution the line can be charged but the
source strength with less than 4000 MVA the line can not be
−1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time in sec
0 IEEE(1985) 1252-78.
−0.5 [3] Herman W. Dommel,Techniques for analyzing electromagnetic transients,
−1 IEEE comput. Appl. Power(1997) 18-21.
−1.5 [4] R. D. Dunlop, R Gutman, and P. P. Marchenko, Analytical development
−2
of loadability characteristics for EHV and UHV transmission lines, IEEE
−2.5
Trans. Power App. Syst. Vol. PAS-98, pp 606 - 617, Mar / Apr. 1979.
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
time in sec
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
[5] D. Thukaram, K. Parthasarathy, H. P. Khincha, Narendranath Udupa and
A. Bansilal,Voltage Stability improvement: case studies of Indian power
networks, Electric power systems research, Vol.44, 1998, pp. 35-44.
Fig. 19. voltage waveforms with PIR and with reactor operated at 765kV
[6] D Thukaram, B S Sharma, UPSEB Lucknow, Overvoltage studies for
and closing angle is 00 , va=1.765pu, vb=-2.198pu, vc=-1.651pu for AGRA-
UPSEB 765kV ANPARA-UNNAO line operated at 400kV, technical report,
FATEHPUR system
Second Workshop & conference on EHV Technology Bangalore, Aug 7-
10, 1989.
[7] K. Ragaller, Surges in High voltage Networks, Plenum Press, 1980.
[8] Cigre working group,switching overvoltages in EHV and UHV systems
V. C ONCLUSION with special reference to closing and reclosing of transmission lines,
Electra 30(1973) 70-122.
Two 765kV transmission lines considered for studies. [9] C.D. Tsirekisl and N.D. Hatziargyriou2,Control of Shunt Capacitors
Preliminary basic studies for steady state and transient state and Shunt Reactors Energization transients, International Conference on
Power Systems Transients - IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA.
are carried out. It was observed that the loadability level of [10] K Joseph, et al.,Controlling switching surges on 1100kV transmission
systems based on voltage stability, L-Index and are improved systems, IEEE Trans. Power App. System PAS - 89 vol. 8, 1970, pp
by using series and shunt compensation. For EHV and 1752- 1762.
[11] Alessandro Clerici, G. Ruckstuhl and A. Vian, et at.,Influence of shunt
UHV lines there is limitation for load for lower side and reactors on switching surges, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. PAS - 89,
upper side. At lighter load conditions the reactive power vol 8, 1970, pp 1727 - 1736.
compensation requirement is more.So the lines are below
TABLE II
C OMPARISSION OF PEAK SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES OF
AGRA - FATEHPUR SYSTEM OPERATING WITH SOURCE STRENGTH OF 6000
MVA, CLOSING ANGLE 900 FOR DIFFERENT CASES
TABLE III
C OMPARISSION OF PEAK SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGES OF UNNAO - ANPARA
SYSTEM OPERATING WITH SOURCE STRENGTH OF 5000 MVA, CLOSING
ANGLE 300 FOR DIFFERENT CASES
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