Lubrication system: Types, Oil pumps,

Filters
• To supply lubrication oil between the moving parts is simply
termed as lubrication.

• Improper lubrication of the engine will cause serious trouble

such as scored cylinders, dirty spark plugs, worn or burned-
out bearings, misfiring cylinders, stuck piston rings, engine
deposits and sludge and excessive fuel consumption.
 Objects of Lubrication
The primary objects of lubrication are as follows:
1. Reduce friction between the moving parts.
2. Reduce wear of the moving parts.
3. Act as a cooling medium for removing heat.
4. Keep the engine parts clean, especially piston rings and ring grooves, oilways
and filters.
5. To absorb shocks between bearings and other engine parts, therefore, reducing
engine noises and increasing engine life.
6. To form a good seal between piston rings and cylinder walls.
7. Prevent deposition of carbon, soot and lacquer.
8. Absorb and carry away harmful substances resulting from incomplete
combustion.
9. Prevent metallic components from corrosive attack by the acid formed during
the combustion process.
10. To resist oxidation which causes sludge and lacquers.
Types of Lubrication System
Following are the 6 main types of lubrication system:
1. Petrol system
2. Splash system
3. Pressure system
4. Semi-pressure system
5. Dry sump system
6. Wet sump system
Petrol System
• In these types of the lubrication system, it is commonly used in
the two-stroke petrol engines such as scooters and motorcycles. It is
the simplest form of the lubricating system. For lubrication purpose, it
does not have any separate part like an oil pump.
• But the lubricating oil is added to the petrol itself during filling in the
petrol tank of the vehicle in a specified ratio. When fuel enters the
crank chamber during engine operation, oil particles go down into the
bearing surfaces and lubricate them. The piston rings, cylinder walls,
piston pins, etc. are easily lubricated in the same way.
• If the engine is allowed to remain unused for a considerable time, the
lubricating oil separates off from petrol and starts to clogging of
passages in the carburettor, occurring in engine start problems. Thus is
the main disadvantages of this system.
Splash System
• In these types of lubrication system, the lubricating oil accumulates
in an oil trough or sump.
• A scoop or dipper is made in the lowest part of the connecting rod.
• When the engine runs, the dipper dips in the oil once in every
revolution of the crankshaft and cause the oil to splash on the cylinder
walls.
• This action affects engine walls, piston rings, crankshaft bearings, and
large end bearings.
• Splash system mostly works in connection with the pressure system in
an engine, some parts being lubricated by splash system and the other
by a pressure system.
 Pressure System
• In these types of lubrication
system, engine parts are lubricated
under pressure feed.

• The lubricating oil is stored in a

separate tank or the sump, from
which an oil pump receives the oil
through a strainer and transfers it
through a filter to the central oil
gallery at a pressure of 2-4 kg/cm2.
Semi-pressure System
• It is the combination of a splash
system and pressure system of
the lubrication system.

• Some parts are lubricated by

splash system and some parts by
a pressure system
Dry Sump System
• The system in which lubricating
of oil collects in the oil sump is
known as a wet sump system as a
pressure system.
• The system in which the
lubricating oil is not located in
the oil sump is known as the dry
pump system.
• In this system, the vanes sweep
the oil from the inlet to the outlet
side.
 Wet Sump System
• In this system, oil is transported to
various engine parts with a sump
strainer.
• In this wet sump system, oil pressure
is of about 4 to 5 kg/cm2. After
lubrication, the oil is carried back to
the oil sump.
Types of Lubrication System in Automobile:
In motor vehicles, there are two separate systems of lubrication;
1. Engine lubrication system.
2. Chassis lubrication system.
 Engine Lubrication System
• The engine lubrication system may be
either pressure or splash type.
• A single system lubricates the whole
engine of all modern-day motor
vehicles.
• Only equipment outside the engine,
such as starter, generators, water
pump and distributors, are separately
lubricated.
 Chassis Lubrication System
• In the chassis lubrication system, each
lubricating point is lubricated
separately.
• About 34 points are to be lubricated in
the chassis of a modern passenger car.
• These points may vary from 21 to 45
depending upon the design and
construction of the vehicle.
• No single universal lubricant has yet
been devised for all these points. Some
of the points require lubrication more
often than others.
 Oil Pump
• The oil pump is the heart of the lubrication system .
• The oil pump is a highly critical part of the engine - if an oil pump
stops working it will lead to expensive engine failure 100% of the
time.
• That's one reason why the oil pump is so directly driven from the
crankshaft.
• Oil pumps are situated in the oil pan, or more usually at the front of
the engine.
Oil Pump
• The oil pump sucks oil up from the sump through a pipe - called
a pickup pipe.

• The pipe’s nozzle sits below the surface of the oil, and it is covered by
a guaze filter which prevents large particles from being sucked up into
the pump.
Oil Pump
• All oil pumps are called positive displacement pumps - the amount
of oil that leaves is the same as that enters.

• As engine RPM increases, the pump turns faster and more oil is
pumped.

• This is convenient because at higher engine speeds lubcrication and

cooling requires a greater flow of oil.
A note on oil pressure
• It is important to note that oil pressure is not produced by the oil
pump.

• The oil pressure is caused by restrictions to the flow of oil - through

narrow passageways, jet nozzles, and tight bearing clearances.
Oil pump mechanisms
• Rotor-type pumps
• Gear-type pumps
• Electronic oil pumps
 Rotor type pumps
• Rotor type pumps are the most common.
• Sometimes called gerotors , or trochoidal pumps .
• The pump has two gears - one inner gear, which is driven and one
outer gear which rotates around the inner gear.
• The inner gear has one less tooth than the outer gear, leaving a space
into which expands and sucks oil in to fill it. As the rotation continues,
that space is slowly closed as the gear teeth mesh together once again,
and the oil is forced out of the gap and out of the pump.
 Gear-type oil pump
• A gear-type oil pump has two gears of the same size, which mesh
against each other.

• One gear is driven, and interlocks with the undriven gear to mean that
they both rotate at the same time.

• As the teeth move around, they carry oil in the gap, until meeting in
the middle and meshing together once more - forcing the oil out.
Pressure-relief valve
• Both these pump mechanisms will continue pumping oil up to extremely
high pressures.
• In order to prevent damage to the engine, an oil pump includes a pressure-
relief valve which will open when oil pressure becomes to high.
• The pressure relief valve is on the output side of the pump.
• The oil on the output side pushes on a piston, or ball bearing.
• That piston is held closed by a calibrated spring and once the pressure
reaches a determined level, the spring will flex and the piston will unseat,
allowing oil to return either to the inlet side of the pump or directly down
into the sump.
Electronic oil pump
• An electronic oil pump would be more controllable in relation to
engine speed, and engines are now starting to use electronic water
pumps.
• But it's unlikely that oil pumps will ever be electronic.
• Pumping cold, viscous oil is hard, and more importantly, the failure of
an oil pump is disastrous for an engine.
• With a mechanical pump there is the guarantee that if the engine is
running, the pump is turning.
• That said, some huge industrial engines and race engines are pre-oiled
using an electrical oil pump that runs before engine startup and after
shutdown.
Oil Pumps – Heartbeat of the engine
• The oil pumps primary purpose is to circulate engine oil
under pressure to the bearings, pistons and the camshaft.
• This lubricates these systems, allows the use of higher-
capacity fluid bearings and also assists in engine cooling.
• As well as lubrication, pressurized oil is increasingly used as
a hydraulic fluid to power small actuators.
• One of the first notable uses in this way was for hydraulic
tappets in camshaft and valve actuation.
 Filters
• Car filters are a must if you want your beloved car to run like a
Champion.

• When one of your filters gets clogged, it can cause problems and affect
performance.

• You may notice a loss of power, dirty smoke, oil light or even engine
failure.
Get to know the filters in your car
Every car has four main filters:
1. The cabin filter,
2. Oil filter,
3. Fuel filter and
4. Air filter.
What is a cabin filter?
• The cabin filter cleans the air that
comes into the interior of your car
through the heating and air
conditioning.
Reasons to change your cabin filter on time:
1. To breathe fresher air
2. To avoid safety and visibility issues
3. To increase the life of your car’s A/C heating system
 What is an air filter?
• Just as humans need oxygen to
breathe, a car needs oxygen for the
combustion process.

• The air filter prevents any insects,

dust, particles, sand or debris reaching
the engine and ensures a good mixture
of air and fuel to support performance.
Reasons to change your air filter:
1. For a better car performance
2. To save on fuel
3. To avoid black smoke
 What is an oil filter?
• The oil filter maintains continuous oil
flow and removes particles (dirt, oxidized
oil, metallic particles) that may appear in
the motor oil due to engine wear.
Reasons to change your fuel filter
1. To maintain your engine performance
2. To keep your car parts in good condition
Cooling system: Types, Water pumps, Radiators,
Thermostats, Anti-freezing compounds.

https://youtu.be/V7inC4lOpGs
Purpose of Cooling System

• To remove the excessive heat from the

engine to avoid components in the
engine damages
• Too much of cooling is also not
desirable because it reduces the thermal
efficiency.
• The engine will perform best in the
desired operating temperature
 Types of Cooling System
• Air Cooled System
• Water cooled System
 Air Cooled System
• Air cooled system is generally used in small engines
such as 15-20 kW and in aeroplane engines
• In this system fins or extended surfaces are provided
on the cylinder walls, cylinder head, etc.
• Heat generated due to combustion in the engine
cylinder will be conducted to the fins and when the
air flows over the fins, heat will be dissipated to air
Factors affecting Cooling Efficiency
The amount of heat dissipated to air depend
upon
1. Amount of air flowing through the fins
2. Fin surface area
3. Thermal conductivity of metal used for
fins
 Advantages of air cooling systems
• Systems is light because radiator/pump is absent
• There are no leakages
• Coolant and antifreeze solutions are not required
• Can be used in cold climates where if water is used it
may freeze
 Disadvantages of air cooling system
• Comparatively it is less efficient
• It is used in aeroplanes and motorcycle engines where
the engines are exposed to air directly
 Water Cooled System
• In this method, cooling water jackets are provided around the cylinder,
cylinder head, valve seats etc.
• The water when circulated through the jackets, it absorbs heat of
combustion
• This hot water will then be cooling in the radiator partially by a fan
and partially by the floe developed by the forward motion of the
vehicle.
• The cooled water is again recirculated through the water jackets.
 Types of water cooled system
• Thermo siphon system
• Pump circulation system
Thermo Siphon System
Pump Circulation System
Working Principle of Water cooled system
 Components of Water cooled systems
• Radiator
• Water pump
• Thermostat
• Radiator pressure cap
• Expansion tank
• Radiator fan
• Water temperature indicator
 Radiator
• The radiator is basically a
heat exchanger, transferring
heat from the engine to the
air passing through it
• The radiator itself is series of
tubes and fins (collectively
called the core) that expose
the coolants heat to as much
surface area s possible
 Radiator
• Attached to the sides or top and bottom of the core are plastic or
aluminium tanks
• One tank holds hot coolant and the other holds the cooled coolant
• Cores are normally comprised of flattened aluminium tubes
surrounded by thin aluminium fins
• The fins conduct the heat from the tubes to the air flowing through the
radiator
• Most radiator have drain cock or plugs near the bottom
• Coolant is added at the radiator cap or the recovery tank
Design of radiators
• Radiators are normally based on type of coolant flow
1. Cross flow
2. Down flow
Water Pump
• The heart of the cooling system is the
water pump
• Its job is to move the coolant through the
systems
• Typically the water pump is driven by the
crankshaft through pulleys and a drive belt
Water Pump
• The pumps are centrifugal type
pumps with a rotating impeller to
move the coolant
• The shaft is mounted in the water
pump housing and rotates on
bearings
• The pumps has a seal to keep the
coolant from passing through it
• The inlet of the pumps connects to
the lower radiator hose, and its
outlet connects to the engine block
 Thermostat
• A thermostat is a temperature-
responsive coolant flow control
valve.
• It controls the temperature and
amount of coolant entering the
radiator.
• Most thermostats are located on the
top and front of an engine
How it works?
• While the engine is cold, the thermostat remains closed, allowing
coolant to only circulate in the engine.
• This allows the engine to uniformly warm up.
• When the coolant reaches a specified temperature, the thermostat
begins to open and allows coolant to flow to radiator.
• The hotter the coolant gets, the more the thermostat opens, sending
more coolant to the radiator.
• The thermostat permits fast engine warm up.
• Slow warm-up causes condensation in the crankcase, which can cause
the formation of sludge.
Radiator Pressure Cap
• Radiator caps keep the coolant from splashing out of the radiator
• They also keep the coolant’s temperature within a desired range by
keeping the coolant pressurized to a specified level.
• The pressure raises the boiling point of the coolant.
• This allows the coolant to reach higher than-normal temperatures
without boiling.
• This also allows the coolant to absorb more heat fromt eh engine and
more heat to transfer from the radiator core to outside air.

• This is due to a basic las of nature that states that the greater the heat
difference is between two objects, the faster the heat of the hotter
object will move to the cooler object.
Expansion Tank
• All late-model cooling systems have an expansion or recovery tank
• Cooling systems with expansion tanks are closed-cooling systems
• They are designed to catch and hold any coolant that passes through
the pressure cap.
How it Works?
Radiator Fan
• The efficiency of the cooling system depends on the amount of heat
that can be removed from the system and transferred to the air.
• At jigh speeds, the ram air through the radiator should be
sufficient/enough to maintain proper cooling.
• At low speeds and idle, the system needs additional air. This air is
delivered by a fan.
• The fan may be driven by the engine, via a belt, or driven by an
electric motor.
• A belt-driven fan by an electric motor.
• A belt-driven fan is bolted to a pulley on the water pump and turns
constantly with the engine.
• Thus, belt-driven fans always draw air through the radiator from the
rear.
Problem of belt-driven fan
• Fan air is usually only necessary at idle and low speed opration
• Horsepower is required to turn the fan. The operaion of a cooling fan
reduces the available horsepower to the drive wheel and the fuel
economy of the vehicle.
• Fans are also very noisy at thigh speed, adding to driver fatigue and
total vehicle noise.
Solution?
• To eliminate this power waste during times when fan operation is not
needed, many of todays belt-driven fans operate only when the engine
and radiator heat up.
• This is accomplished by a fan clutch.
• When the engine and fan clutch are cold, the fan moves independently
from the clutch and moves little air.
• In most cases, the clutch slips at thigh speed; therefore, it is not
turning at full engine speed
Water Temperature Indicator
• Coolant temperature indicators alert the driver of an overheating
condition.
• These indicators are a temperature gauge and/or a warning light.
• A temperature sensor is threaded into a bore in a water jacket.
Coolant/Anti-freeze
• Engine coolant is a mixture of water and antifreeze/coolant.
• Water alone has a boiling point of 100 oC and a freexing point of 0 oC
at sea level
• Engine coolant has a higher boiling temperature and a lower freezing
point than water.
• The exact boiling or freezing temperatures depend on the mixture.
• The typical recommended mixture is a 50/50 solution of water and
antifreeze/coolant.
Types of Coolant / Anti-freeze
• Ethylene glycol
• Propylene glycol
• Organic acid technology (OAT)
• Hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT)
Ethylene glycol
• This is the most commonly used antifreeze coolant.
• It is green in color and provides good protection regardless of climate,
but it is poisonous.
• Should be handled carefully and disposed of properly.
• Sweet tasting (accidental ingestion or as a murder weapon)
Propylene glycol
• This type has the same basic characteristics as ethylene glycol-based
coolant but it not sweet tasting.
• Less harmful to animals and children. (non-taxic antifreeze)
• Used when ethylene-glycol is inappropriate such as in foof processing
system or water pipes system in homes.
• Propylene glycol-based coolants should not be mixed with ethylene
glycol.
Organic acid technology (OAT)
• This coolant is also environmentally friendly and contains zero
phosphates or silicones.
• This orange coolant is often referred to by a brand name “DEX-
COOL” and is used in all late-model GM vehicles.
• Extended service life of 240 000 km.
Hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT)
• This is similar to OAT coolant but has been enhanced with additives
(silicates or phosphates) that make the coolant less abrasive to water
pumps.
Advantages of Water-Cooled System
• Uniform cooling of cylinder, cylinder head and valves.
• Specific fuel consumption of engine improves by using water cooling
systems.
• If we employ water cooling systems, then engine need not be provided
at the front end of moving vehicle.
Disadvantages of water cooled system
• It depends upon the supply of water
• The water pump which circulates water absorbs considerable power
• If the water cooling system fails then it will results in severe damage
of engine
• The water cooling system is high cost as it has more number of parts.
• Also it requires more maintenance and care for its parts.
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