5.smart Materials and Its Application

By
Priya Goyal
Department of civil engineering
Thapar institute of engineering and technology
Patiala
SMART MATERIALS??
✓ Also known as intelligent materials, active materials and, adoptive materials
✓ Have one or more properties that respond to changes in their environment or

the condition to which they are exposed, in a useful and controlled manner
by external stimuli, such as electric or magnetic fields, stress or strain,
moisture, temperature, light, or chemical compounds.
✓ Because of their unique properties, it is considered as crucial material in

many fields of engineering and science.
SMART MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
In construction, smart materials and systems could be used in „smart‟ buildings,
✓ Increasing performance
✓ Comfortability
✓ Energy efficiency (acoustics, temperature variations)
✓ Security and
✓ Structural health monitoring ( damage evaluation)
e.g. strain measurement in bridges using embedded fibre optic sensors
✓ Structural Engineering
Reducing the effects of earthquake, wind
REQUIREMENTS OF SMART MATERIALS
❑ Mechanical properties : strength
❑ Behavioural characteristics: health
❑ Technological characteristics: maintenance
❑ Economic criteria: efficient and cost effective
❑ Environmental characteristics: pollution free and environment friendly

COMPONENTS OF SMART SYSTEM
• The aim of this component is to collect the required raw data

needed for an appropriate sensing and monitoring of the structure.
Data
Acquisition • E.g. Fibre optic sensing.
• The purpose of this part is to forward the raw data to the local
Data and/or central command and control units.
Transmission
• The role of this unit is to manage and control the whole system by
analysing the data, reaching the appropriate conclusion, and
Command and
Control Unit
determining the actions required
TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM OF SMART MATERIAL
Smart materials exist as two stable phases under different temperatures:
1. Austenite: High-temperature phase
2. Martensite : Low-temperature phase
During the transformation between these two phases, the smart

materials exhibit unique properties with the change in temperature or
loading conditions.
FIBER
OPTIC
SENSORS
PIEZOELECTRIC
SHAPE
MEMORY
ALLOYS
SMART
MATERIALS RHEOLOGICAL
FLUIDS
MAGNETO
STRICTIVE
ELECTRO
CHROMIC
FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
❑Any device in which variations in the transmitted
power or the rate of transmission of light in optical fiber
are the means of measurement or control
❑To measure physical parameters such as strain,

temperature, pressure, velocity, and acceleration
❑The principle of operation of a fiber sensor is that the

transducer modulates some parameter of the optical
system (intensity, wavelength, polarization, phase, etc.)
which gives rise to a change in the characteristics of
the optical signal received at the detector.
❑Mainly used for structure health monitoring of civil

structures
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
❑ These materials possess capability to produce

voltage when surface strain is introduced.
❑ Conversely, the materials undergo mechanical
change as deformation (stress) when an electric Piezoelectric Materials
field is applied across it.
❑ These events are called the direct and converse
effects
❑ Piezoelectric material when integrated into a
structural member, generates an electric field in
response to mechanical forces (changes in pressure,
acceleration, temperature, strain, or force).
❑ Used in industrial and aerospace applications where
they'll be exposed to high temperatures and
pressures.
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMAs)
✓ Such materials have the ability to regain to some

previously defined shape or size when subjected to
thermal changes.
✓ Possess great durability and reliability.
✓ Applications in civil engineering:
▪ SMA dampers for seismic protection of Smart Alloy Materials Working Principle
buildings.
▪ Repeated absorption of strain energy without
permanent deformation,
▪ To resist fatigue resistance under large strain
cycles.
Rheological Fluids
✓ They are the colloidal suspensions that

undergo changes in viscosity when
subjected to an electric or magnetic field.
✓ Such fluids are highly sensitive and respond
instantaneously to any change in the applied
electric or magnetic field. Rheological Fluids
✓ When electric or magnetic field is applied,
the microscopic particles align themselves
along the lines of magnetic flux Due to this
flux, viscosity of rheological fluid increases
and helps to reduce shock.
✓ Has application in shock absorbers.
Magnetostrictive materials
✓ Magnetostrictive materials undergo

mechanical deformation (material quality
of changing size) in response to either an
electric or magnetic field,
✓ Mechanical deformation is proportional to
the square of the electric field,
✓ It also has converse effect, that is producing
a voltage when stretched.
✓ This effect can be used to create sensors
that measure a induced mechanical strain
or magnetic field.
✓ These materials show applications ranging
Magneto strictive Materials Change Their
from pumps and valves, to aerospace wind
Shape in Response to Applied Magnetic Field
tunnel.
Electrochromic materials
These materials has the ability to alter their light

transmission properties when voltage is applied across
it.
Electrochromic Materials
Applications of Smart Materials in Construction
SMART
CONCRETE
STRUCTURE SMART
HEALTH BUIDINGS
MONITORING
STRUCTURAL
SMART
ENGINEERING BRIDGES
SMART CONCRETE
✓ Smart concrete is a composite material prepared with

carbon fibres, fiber reinforced polymers and concrete
✓ Unlike conventional concrete, the smart concrete has
higher potential and enhanced strength.
✓ It can be used in electromagnetic shielding and for enhanced electrical conductivity of concrete.
✓ Under loading and unloading process, Smart concrete will loose and regain its conductivity, thus
serving as a structural material as well as a sensor.
✓ Smart concrete plays a vital role in the construction of road pavements as a traffic-sensing
recorder, and also melts ice on highways and airfields during snowfall in winter season by
passing low voltage current through it.
SMART BUILDING
✓ A smart building is an intelligent space that

will transform efficiency, comfort, and safety
for people and assets.
✓ Integrates sensors and intelligent systems
to control building operations and facilities.
✓ Smart buildings contain a high level of
electronic microprocessor based control
systems that operate a wide range of
services such as lighting, heat, ventilating
and air conditioning, power, vertical
transportation, fire and life safety, and
security.
✓ Smart materials reduce the effects of
earthquakes
SMART BRIDGES
✓ The use of smart materials permit the construction of smart bridges with a
wider span to avoid the increased susceptibility to vibrations caused by
ambient factors such as wind, rain or traffic.
✓ Highly sensitive fibre optics is used as sensors, which respond to a change in
intensity, phase, frequency, polarization, wavelength.
✓ The application of smart materials for bridges provides the following benefits:
a) Less maintenance
b) Real time monitoring of the response of the structure.
c) Monitoring the performance of the new advanced composite materials
Details of Smart Bridge
STRUCTURE HEALTH MONITORING
Embedding sensors within structures to monitor stress and damage

can reduce maintenance cost and increase life span
For instance, the six-lane, 2.9 km (2 mile) Charilaos Trikoupis

Bridge (Rion-Antirion Bridge) in Greece has 100 sensors (300
channels) that monitor its condition. Soon after opening in 2004,
the sensors detected abnormal vibrations in the cables holding
the bridge, which led engineers to install additional weight to
dampen the cables.
The Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong, the world's seventh

longest suspension bridge, is equipped with more than 350
sensor channels. The bridge, which can handle wind speeds
up to 212 miles (341 kilometres) per hour, uses GPS sensors
mounted on the towers and cables to measure wind speed.
About 100 photonic sensors are used to monitor the strain
on the bridge’s cables.
IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
✓ Smart materials are used to monitor the civil engineering structures to evaluate their
durability.
✓ A damping system in a building is much larger and is also designed to absorb the
violent shocks of an earthquake
✓ Depending on the size of the building, there could be an array of possibly
hundreds of dampers.
✓ As the building begins to shake, the dampers would move back and forward to
compensate for the vibration of the shock.
✓ India has 25% of area prone to earth quake. This smart technology will help in saving a
lot of men and material.
✓ The health monitoring of structures will help in forecasting failure and will provide
time for rehabitation.
REFERENCES
▪ Bashir Ahmed Mir. Smart Materials and Their Applications in Civil Engineering: An
Overview. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Science. Vol. 4,
No. 2, 2017, pp. 11-20.
▪ https://theconstructor.org/building/smart-construction-materials-applications/13/
▪ Kumar Dr. Rakesh and Kumar Dr. Ram: ICI journal; pp. 15-18; April- June 2005.
http://dbtindia.nic.in Source: Abstracted from Materials World, vol. 4, pp. 16-18, 1996
▪ “Smart materials: the emerging technology”. http://amptial.alionscience.com/products
and services/product.html http://smart-material.com
▪ Priyanka Dixit1, Ajma Kausar2, Prof.N.K.Dhapekar3 “FUTURE POTENTIALS OF SMART
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY” KITE/NCISRDC/IJARIIT/2018/CIVIL/107

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✓ Also known as intelligent materials, active materials and, adoptive materials

✓ Have one or more properties that respond to changes in their environment or

✓ Because of their unique properties, it is considered as crucial material in

In construction, smart materials and systems could be used in „smart‟ buildings,

❑ Mechanical properties : strength

❑ Behavioural characteristics: health

❑ Technological characteristics: maintenance

❑ Economic criteria: efficient and cost effective

❑ Environmental characteristics: pollution free and environment friendly

• The aim of this component is to collect the required raw data

Smart materials exist as two stable phases under different temperatures:

1. Austenite: High-temperature phase

2. Martensite : Low-temperature phase

During the transformation between these two phases, the smart

❑To measure physical parameters such as strain,

❑The principle of operation of a fiber sensor is that the

❑Mainly used for structure health monitoring of civil

❑ These materials possess capability to produce

✓ Such materials have the ability to regain to some

✓ They are the colloidal suspensions that

✓ Magnetostrictive materials undergo

These materials has the ability to alter their light

✓ Smart concrete is a composite material prepared with

✓ A smart building is an intelligent space that

Embedding sensors within structures to monitor stress and damage

For instance, the six-lane, 2.9 km (2 mile) Charilaos Trikoupis

The Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong, the world's seventh

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