Smart Materials and Its Applications
Smart Materials and Its Applications
SMART MATERIALS
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
BY
G.S.RAGHAVENDRA
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Introduction
construction materials and systems
durable
cost effective
high performance
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Smart materials
Smart materials are materials that have the intrinsic
and extrinsic capabilities
firstly to respond to environmental changes and
secondly to activate their functions according to
these changes.
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Smart Structure
Structure that incorporates smart materials
Perform particular functions like sensing,
transmitting and recording of data.
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Components of a Smart Structure
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Control system
monitors the sensors signal
processing the information in order to determine
action required.
If an action is required, then a signal is applied to
the appropriate actuator.
Sensor
To monitor environmental changes
and generate signals proportional to the changing
measured.
Actuator
used to change the properties of the smart structure
in order to achieve the desired response
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Smart structure aims at 5 basic function
Data Acquisition
Data Transmission
Command and control process
Data instructions
Action Device
CONTROL SENSOR
Data
Transmission
Data
Transmission
ACTUATORS
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Classification Of Smart Materials
Piezoelectric
Electrostrictive
Magnetostrictive
Optical fibers
Shape memory alloys
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Piezoelectric Materials
They have two unique properties which are
interrelated.
When a piezoelectric material is deformed, it
gives off a small but measurable electrical
discharge.
Alternately, when an electrical current is
passed through a piezoelectric material it
experiences a significant increase in size
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Illustration of the Piezoelectric Effect
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Advantages
Compact and light weight.
Displacement proportional to applied voltage.
Operate over large temperature range.
Disadvantages
Brittle due to crystalline structure.
Produce small strains compared to SMA and
magnetostrictives.
Cannot withstand high shear and tension.
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Electrostrictive and Magnetostrictive
materials
These are ferromagnetic materials
Experience an elastic strain when subjected to
an electric field and magnetic field respectively.
used in high precision actuation.
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Shape memory alloys (SMA's)
Shape memory alloys are metals, which
exhibit two very unique properties,
pseudo-elasticity, and
shape memory effect.
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
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Crystal Structures Of SMA
The two phases which occur in shape memory
alloys, are
Martensite and
Austenite
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Martensite
is the relatively soft and easily deformed phase of
shape memory alloys,
which exists at lower temperatures.
It is stable in low energy level having a sheared
version of structure.
Austenite
the stronger phase of shape memory alloys,
occurs at higher temperatures.
It is stable in high energy level with a bcc
structure.
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Pseudo-elasticity
It is stress induced, phase transformation mechanism
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Shape Memory Effect
It is temperature induced, phase transformation
mechanism
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Properties of shape memory Alloys
Repeated absorption of large amount of strain
energy
Usable strain range of 70%
Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain
cycle
There great durability and reliability in the long
run
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Structural uses
Active control of structures
Passive control of structures
Smart material tag
Retrofitting
Self healing
prestressing
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Active control of structures
concept of adaptive behavior of smart materials
Test Setup of the Cantilevered Beam with SMA Wire
Actuators, (Baz et al., 1990)
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Passive control of structures
special braces for framed structures
isolation devices for buildings and bridges
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Arrangement of SMA braces in framed model
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The Structure and the SMA Actuators (Shahin et al).
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Smart Material Tag
Used in composite structures
Can be monitored externally throughout the life
of the structure
The internal material conditions like moisture,
voids, cracks may be interpreted via sensing.
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Retrofitting
SMAs can be used as self stressing fibers and
thus they can be applied for retrofitting
SMA tendons are placed into the composite in
non stressed state
Prestressing force is introduced into the system
by providing heating
Treatment can be applied at any time after
hardening of the matrix
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Self-healing
The deformation beyond the first crack can be
fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.
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Smart prestressing
prestressing concrete using shape memory alloy
tendons
prestressing force in beams can be changed by using
heat activated SMA tendons
Jacking equipment is not needed
it requires an electrical source of heat to trigger the
tendons
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Other Applications Of Smart Materials
Structural Health Monitoring
Monitoring can be done by the use of
piezo transducers, bonded to the surface of the structure
optical fibre composites in retrofitting
local damage detection can be done.
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Smart concrete
Addition of 0.5% of carbon fibers enables the
increase of electrical conductivity of concrete
Addition of load reduces the conductivity of the
concrete, on removing of load concrete regains its
original conductivity
Functions as a traffic sensing recorder when used
as road pavement
Used to lay smart highways to guide self steering
cars which at present follow tracks of buried
magnets
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Substitute for steel?
The fatigue behavior of CuZnAl- SMAs is
comparable with steel
Larger diameter rods manufacture has potential
for use in civil engineering applications
require future investigations
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ACTIVE RAILWAY TRACK SUPPORT
The train will pass the bridge with reduced track deflection
and vibrations and thus velocity could be safely increased
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Active Structural Control Against Wind
Aerodynamic control devices reduces the bi-
directional wind induced vibrations in tall
buildings
Aerodynamic flap system (AFS) is an active
system driven by a feed back control algorithm
based on information obtained from the vibration
sensors
36 ACTIVE AERODYNAMIC CONTROL DEVICE
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Smart building materials remove
pollutants
These are special construction materials and
coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2)
They can capture organic and inorganic air
pollutants after they have been exposed to ultra-
violet and/or sun rays.
The degraded polluting substances can then be
washed away by rainwater.
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Flagpole in Dupont court
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Sensor box mounted on flag pole
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Flagpole in Dupont court
102-foot-tall
Outfitted with a specially designed system of
sensors
These sensors provide measurements of the
response of the structure to the wind
Monitoring station on top of Building.
Data from sensors is continuously transmitted to
computers through wireless and wired connections.
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Rion Antirion Bridge,Greece
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The technologies using smart materials are useful
for both new and existing constructions.
Of the many emerging technologies available the
few described here need further research to
evolve the design guidelines of systems.
Codes, standards and practices are of crucial
importance for the further development.
CONCLUSION
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