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Exam 3
1. The two main theories of 20th century physics are
(a) relativity and quantum theory.
(b) quantum theory and electromagnetism.
(c) electromagnetism and thermodynamics.
(d) relativity and Newtonian mechanics.
(e) relativity and electromagnetism.
2. Quantum theory was developed
(a) almost in its entirety by Max Planck.
(b) almost in its entirety by Erwin Schroedinger.
(c) almost in its entirety by Albert Einstein.
(d) in its entirety by Planck, Schroedinger, and Einstein.
(e) by Planck, Schroedinger, Einstein, and many other scientists.

3. The special theory of relativity was developed

(a) almost in its entirety by Max Planck.
(b) almost in its entirety by Erwin Schroedinger.
(c) almost in its entirety by Albert Einstein.
(d) in its entirety by Planck, Schroedinger, and Einstein.
(e) by Planck, Schroedinger, Einstein, and many other scientists.

4. The post-Newtonian revolution began in 1900 when

(a) Max Planck introduced the quantum of energy.
(b) Einstein introduced the special theory of relativity.
(c) Einstein introduced the general theory of relativity.
(d) Michelson declared that the Newtonian age had ended.
(e) Werner Heisenberg had one beer too many and declared that he was uncertain about his
own identity.

5. particle of light is called an

(a) electron.
(b) photon.
(c) proton.
(d) neutron.
(e) quark.
6. Orange light of frequency 5 x 1014 Hz, and violet light of frequency 7 x 1014 Hz, both
shine on a metal surface whose photoelectric threshold frequency is 6 x 1014 Hz. This
will cause the metal surface to emit
(a) photons, because of the violet light but not because of the orange light.
(b) photons, because of the orange light but not because of the violet light.
(c) nothing at all.
(d) electrons, because of the violet light but not because of the orange light.
(e) electrons, because of the orange light but not because of the violet light.

7. One aspect of the photoelectric effect that is difficult to explain in terms of 19th century
concepts is that, in this experiment,
(a) electrons are emitted immediately.
(b) photons are emitted immediately.
(c) radiation is able to affect electrons.
(d) electrons can produce radiation.
(e) mass changes into energy.

8. Which of the following colors has the most energy per photon?
(a) red.
(b) yellow.
(c) violet
(d) all the same.
(e) The answer depends on the intensity of the light.

9. Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the photoelectric effect?

(a) Matter is made of tiny particles.
(b) Energy equals mass times the square of lightspeed.
(c) Radiation is made of continuous waves.
(d) The speed of light in empty space is the same for all nonaccelerated observers.
(e) Radiation is made of tiny particles.

10. Who discovered the particle theory of radiation?

(a) Max Planck.
(b) Erwin Schroedinger.
(c) Neils Bohr.
(d) Albert Einstein.
(e) Donald Duck.

11. Which of the following is based on the particle aspect of light is

(a) interference with light.
(b) the photo-voltaic cell.
 (c) both of the above.
(d) none of the above.
(e) this is absolutely the wrong answer; go back and start over.
12. Explain why, in terms of photons, ultraviolet light can damage cells in your skin but
visible light cannot.
(a) Ultraviolet photons have more energy.
(b) Ultraviolet photons have a longer wavelength.
(c) Ultraviolet photons move faster.
(d) Ultraviolet photons have a smaller uncertainty in position.
(e) Ultraviolet photons have a smaller uncertainty in energy.

13. The photoelectric effect is the basis of

(a) the electron double-slit experiment.
(b) the operation of ordinary [or "incandescent"] electric light bulbs.
(c) light-activated pocket calculators.
(d) all of the above.
(e) none of the above.

14. Which of the following provides evidence that light is made of waves?
(a) The individual dots seen on a photographic plate when a photo is taken at extremely
short exposure times.
(b) Interference effects seen when light passes through a narrow opening.
(c) Both of the above.
(d) Experiments that spread light out into a spectrum of colors.
(e) All of the above.

15. One phenomenon that supports a wave theory of light is

(a) interference effects with light.
(b) the tiny flashes when an electron beam strikes a screen.
(c) the photoelectric effect.
(d) the electron microscope.
(e) none of the above.

16. In the electron double-slit experiment with electrons,

(a) the impact point of each electron can be predicted, and so can the overall pattern of
impact points of a large number of electrons.
(b) the impact point of each electron can be predicted, but the overall pattern of impact
points cannot be predicted.
(c) the impact point of each electron cannot be predicted, but the overall pattern can be
predicted.
(d) the impact point of each electron cannot be predicted, and neither can the overall
pattern of impact points.
(e) electrons turn into giraffes.
17. What is the difference, if any, between the outcome of the double-slit experiment with
electrons and the outcome of a similar experiment performed with bullets instead of
electrons?
(a) There is no difference--both patterns on the screen are interference patterns.
(b) There is no difference--both patterns are just the sum, or superposition, of two single-
slit outcomes.
(c) Electrons strike the screen at only two precise points, one behind each slit, while
bullets strike all over the screen.
(d) The electron pattern is the superposition of two single-slit outcomes, while bullets
form an interference pattern.
(e) Electrons form an interference pattern while the bullet pattern is the superposition of
two single-slit outcomes.

18. One practical application of "matter waves" or "psi waves" is

(a) lasers
(b) television
(c) x-rays
(d) photovoltaic cells
(e) the electron microscope.

19. One similarity between electrons and photons is

(a) both are particles of matter.
(b) both are small particles.
(c) both of the above.
(d) both are forms of radiation.
(e) none of the above.

20. E. Schroedinger discovered

(a) the fact that electrons sometimes behave like waves.
(b) the probabilistic interpretation of matter waves.
(c) the particle theory of radiation.
(d) the proper way to precisely predict the behavior of individual sub-atomic particles.
(e) a way to predict the wave patterns seen in experiments involving "matter waves".

21. Which of the following scientists was not associated either relativity or quantum
mechanics?
(a) Joule.
(b) Schroedinger.
(c) Planck.
(d) Einstein.
(e) de Broglie.
22. How does quantum uncertainty differ from the uncertainty involved in a coin flip?
(a) They don't differ in any essential way--no amount of information can remove either
uncertainty.
(b) With sufficient information, a coin flip's outcome can be predicted, but no amount of
information can remove quantum uncertainties.
(c) With sufficient information, quantum uncertainties can be removed, but no amount of
information can make a coin flip's outcome predictable.
(d) They don't differ in any essential way--with sufficient information, both types of
uncertainty can be removed.

23. The "wave-particle dilemma" arises in connection with

(a) only those experiments that involve radiation.
(b) only those experiments that involve matter.
(c) experiments involving matter and experiments involving radiation.
(d) only those phenomena that occur at high energies.
(e) on very large-scale phenomena, occurring over very large distances.

24. According to quantum theory,

(a) matter is made of particles while radiation is made of waves.
(b) matter is made of waves while radiation is made of particles.
(c) matter and radiation both exhibit themselves purely as particles, without any wave-
like behavior.
(d) matter and radiation both exhibit themselves purely as waves, without any particle-
like behavior.
(e) matter and radiation both exhibit themselves as particles, but the overall pattern
formed by these particles is wave-like.

25. One problem with the planetary model of the atom is that it
(a) cannot explain the observed spectrum of the various types of atoms.
(b) cannot explain electrical effects.
(c) cannot explain boiling, freezing, and other transitions between the three common
states of matter.

26. A key component of one type of spectroscope for visible radiation is the
(a) magnet for bending the radiation beam.
(b) mirror for separating the radiation beam.
(c) filter for separating the different gases.
(d) electrostatic plate for bending and separating the radiation beam.
(e) prism for separating the radiation beam.
 Diagram for questions 40-43

27. A certain type of atom has only four energy levels, as shown in the diagram. The
"spectral lines" produces by this element are all visible, except for one ultra-violet line.
The quantum jump that produces the UV line is
(a) state 2 to 1.
(b) state 4 to 1.
(c) state 4 to 3.
(d) state 1 to 4
(e) impossible to determine without further information.

28. Continuing the preceding question, the total number of spectral lines produced by this
element is
(a) 3.
(b) 4.
(c) 6.
(d) 10.
(e) impossible to determine without further information.

29. Referring to the diagram, the photons of lowest energy are produced by
(a) quantum jumps from state 4 to 3.
(b) state 4.
(c) quantum jumps from state to state 1.
(d) the ground state.
(e) impossible to determine without further information.

30. Referring to the diagram: The psi-wave representing the electrons will be spread out the
furthest from the nucleus when
(a) the atom is in state 1.
(b) the atom is in state 4.
(c) the atom makes a quantum jump from state 4 to state 3.
(d) the atom makes a quantum jump from state 4 to state 1.
(e) the atom is feeling angry and alienated from society.

31. The spectrum of the hydrogen atom differs from the spectrum of the helium atom due to
 (a) their different energy levels.
(b) the different frequencies of their emitted photons.
(c) both of the above.
(d) neither of the above.

32. When an atom emits a photon, the atom's mass

(a) increases slightly.
(b) decreases slightly.
(c) remains exactly the same.
(d) could do any of the above.
(e) becomes negative--i.e. less than zero.

33. When an atom emits radiation

(a) it emits a small portion of its electric charge.
(b) a proton strikes a neutron to create a photon.
(c) a photon makes a quantum jump from one quantum state to another.
(d) an electron moves in precisely one complete orbit around the nucleus.
(e) an electron makes a quantum jump from one quantum state to another.

34. A "standing wave" is a wave that

(a) doesn't vibrate.
(b) vibrates but whose "loops" don't move from one place to another.
(c) vibrates and moves from one place to another but whose shape does not change.
(d) vibrates at zero amplitude.
(e) a wave that is in the process of reversing its direction of motion.

35. The difference between the "ground state" and an "excited state" for a hydrogen atom is
(a) the excited state has more energy.
(b) the atom can radiate when it is in an excited state, but not when it is in a ground state.
(c) both of the above.
(d) a ground state's psi field is a standing wave but an excited state's psi field is not a
standing wave.
(e) all of the above.

36. According to Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, electrons are more unpredictable than
protons. This is because electrons
(a) have a smaller mass.
(b) have a smaller volume
(c) interact more strongly with other particles.
(d) interact more weakly
(i.e. less strongly) with other particles.
(e) are negatively charged rather than positively charged.

37. Does a baseball have large quantum indeterminacies, or small ones?

 (a) Large, because the baseball has such a large mass.
(b) Large, because the baseball has such a small mass.
(c) Small, because the baseball has such a large mass.
(d) Small, because the baseball has such a small mass.
(e) It's impossible to tell unless we know how fast the baseball is moving.

38. Which has the more predictable behavior, an electron or a proton, and why?
(a) An electron, because of its smaller mass.
(b) A proton, because of its larger mass.
(c) An electron, because it doesn't feel the nuclear force.
(d) A proton, because it does feel the nuclear force.
(e) An electron, because of its smaller charge.

39. In quantum theory, a "wave packet"

(a) represents many particles, each one having a range of possible positions and a range
of possible speeds.
(b) represents many particles, each one having both a specific position and a specific
speed.
(c) represents one particle having a specific position but a range of possible speeds.
(d) represents one particle having a range of possible positions but a specific speed.
(e) represents one particle having a range of possible positions and a range of possible
speeds.

40. Which of the following is a consequence of Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle?

(a) The fact that atoms don't collapse.
(b) The unpredictability of radioactive decay.
(c) The indeterminacies involved in determining a person's genetic inheritance when
DNA molecules are combined.
(d) All of the above.

41. Which one has the largest range of possibilities [or quantum indeterminacy range]?
(a) water molecule.
(b) helium atom.
(c) dust grain.
(d) proton.
(e) electron.
 42. In quantum theory, what happens if an electron's wave packet is squeezed into a smaller
region of space?
(a) You decrease the electrons indeterminacy in speed while leaving its indeterminacy in
position unaffected.
(b) You decrease the electrons indeterminacy in position while leaving its indeterminacy in
speed unaffected.
(c) You increase the electron's indeterminacy in position while decreasing its indeterminacy
in speed.
(d) You decrease the electron's indeterminacy in speed and also decrease its indeterminacy in
position.
(e) You decrease the electron's indeterminacy in position while increasing its indeterminacy
in speed.

43. Do quantum uncertainties differ in any essential way from the indeterminacy in a coin
flip, and why or why not?
(a) They don't differ in any essential way--both indeterminacies are "inherent in nature" and
cannot be removed by additional information.
(b) With sufficient information, a coin flip's outcome can be predicted, but no amount of
information can remove quantum indeterminacies.
(c) With sufficient information, quantum indeterminacies can be removed, but no amount of
information can make a coin flip predictable.
(d) They don't differ in any essential way--both are a consequence of the observer's
insufficient information and can be removed by obtaining additional information.
(e) You can make money with coin flips but you can't make a red cent out of quantum theory.

44. Werner Heisenberg's main contribution to the development of quantum theory was
(a) his explanation of the photoelectric effect, in terms of photons.
(b) a method for predicting the position at which electrons or other particles will strike the
viewing screen in such experiments as the electron double-slit experiment.
(c) a method for predicting the overall statistical patterns that appear in the electron double-
slit experiment and other experiments using microscopic particles.
(d) the indeterminacy principle.
(e) the interconnectedness principle.
 45. Which of the following statements best describes Einstein's contributions and views
about quantum theory?
(a) He didn't make any significant contributions to the theory, but he did accept quantum
theory.
(b) His work on the photoelectric effect was an important contribution to quantum theory,
and he accepted the theory as a correct description of the microscopic world.
(c) Despite his important work on relativity, Einstein didn't make any important contributions
to quantum theory, and furthermore he never really accepted quantum theory.
(d) Although his work on the quantum theory of atoms was an important contribution,
Einstein never really accepted quantum theory.
(e) Although his work on the photoelectric effect was an important contribution to quantum
theory, Einstein never really accepted quantum theory.

46. In quantum theory, "entanglement" refers to

(a) the fact that a particle can get trapped in the electric field of another particle.
(b) the communication that occurs when one particle sends an electromagnetic wave to
another.
(c) the forces that two particles can exert on each other even when they are separated.
(d) the intermixing of two particles' psi fields with each other.
(e) the spreading out of a single particle's psi field over a region of space.

47. John Bell is known as

(a) the originator of the most widely-accepted philosophical interpretation of quantum theory.
(b) the discoverer of the indeterminacy principle.
(c) the discoverer of the interconnectedness principle.
(d) the originator of the "many worlds interpretation" of quantum theory.
(e) the first person to actually eat a pizza.

48. In the "position-entanglement experiment," one of the two particles impacts at a

particular point on one of the screens. Is the other particle affected by this observation,
and if so, how?
(a) Yes, the other particle then ceases to feel the force exerted by the first particle.
(b) Yes, the other particle quantum-jumps a little later, after the force exerted by the first
particle has had time to reach the second particle.
(c) Yes, the other particle immediately quantum-jumps into a different quantum state, even
though the two particles are some distance apart.
(d) No, the other particle is not affected because they are separate particles.
(e) No, the other particle is not affected because observations [such as the impact of a
particle] cannot in themselves alter other objects in the real physical world.
 49. The "entanglement experiment" demonstrates that
(a) two separated particles can exhibit instantaneous non-local connections, as predicted by
quantum theory.
(b) quantum theory's prediction of instantaneous non-local connections between separated
particles is incorrect.
(c) any reduction of a particle's position indeterminacy is accompanied by an increase in its
velocity indeterminacy, as predicted by quantum theory.
(d) a particle's energy is not continuous but is instead quantized in specific, discrete
"bundles."
(e) any attempt to observe which slit a particle goes through, in the electron double-slit
experiment, causes the interference pattern to switch to a non-interference pattern.

50. One philosophical difference between Newtonian and quantum physics is

(a) Newtonian physics emphasizes the measurement process whereas quantum physics
recognizes that the observer should not be included in physical theories.
(b) Newtonian physics is unable to deal with such abstractions as energy, whereas quantum
physics is able to deal with these abstractions.
(c) nature is unpredictable according to Newtonian physics, but nature is predictable according to
quantum theory.
(d) nature is predictable according to Newtonian physics, but nature is unpredictable according to
quantum theory.
(e) Newtonian physics is now known to be incorrect, but scientists have proven that quantum
physics is absolutely correct.