Alwachi The Digestive System consists of the : oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal. The digestive system accessory organs are: - salivary glands, - liver & gallbladder, - pancreas The Tongue is a muscular organ located in the oral cavity.
The core of the tongue consists of :
connective tissue
skeletal muscle fibers.
The S.M. Fibers are distributed in a way to allow
free movement for chewing, swallowing, and speaking .
Papillae Are irregular epithelium on the dorsal surface of the tongue. These are indented by the underlying connective tissue called lamina propria. All papillae on the tongue are covered by stratified squamous epithelium with partial (incomplete) keratinization * In contrast, the epithelium on the ventral surface of the tongue is smooth. Types of tongue papillae filiform,
fungiform,
circumvallate,
foliate. Filiform Papillae The most numerous and smallest papillae on the surface of the tongue . conical in shape. They cover the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. Fungiform Papillae Are less numerous but larger, broader, and taller than the filiform papillae. has a mushroom-like shape . Mostly in the anterior region of the tongue. are interspersed among the filiform papillae. Circumvallate papillae are : much larger than the fungiform or filiform papillae.
8 - 12 circumvallate papillae are located in the
posterior region of the tongue.
These papillae are characterized by deep moats or furrows that
completely encircle them.
serous (von Ebner’s) glands
- located in the connective tissue under the
Circumvallate papillae .
-They empty into the base of the furrows.
Foliate papillae well developed in some animals but are rudimentary or poorly developed in humans. Taste Buds are barrel-shaped structures. Located in the epithelium of the foliate and fungiform papillae, and on the lateral sides of the circumvallate papillae, within each there are elongated neuro-epithelial (taste) cells . The cells that are receptors for taste are closely associated with small afferent nerve fibers . Esophagus is a soft tube approximately 10 inches long. extends from the pharynx to the stomach. is located posterior to the trachea and in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. After descending in the thoracic cavity, the esophagus penetrates the muscular diaphragm. In the thoracic cavity it is surrounded only by adventitia layer. . The wall of the esophagus is composed of four layers (inner to outer): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria , adventitia .
This is a general structural organization of
the entire gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa is composed of three components (inner to outer): a non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, a lamina propria muscularis muscosa. The submucosa is composed of : loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphoid follicles, the plexus of nerves and submucosal glands. Internal histology of Esophagus The lumen is lined with moist, non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
When it is empty, the lumen exhibits
numerous but temporary longitudinal folds of mucosa. Mucus glands are present in the lamina propria and submucosal layers to : 1 - protect the mucosa. 2- facilitate the passage of food material. The muscularis externa, ( outer wall ) contains a mixture of different types of muscle fibers. In the upper third of the esophagus, striated skeletal muscle fibers. In the middle third, both skeletal and smooth muscle fibers, The lower third : smooth muscle fibers only. The stomach is an expanded hollow organ situated between the esophagus and small intestine. At the esophageal-stomach junction, there is an abrupt transition from the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach. The luminal surface is pitted with numerous tiny openings called gastric pits. These are formed by the luminal epithelium that invaginates the underlying connective tissue lamina propria of the mucosa. The tubular gastric glands are located below the luminal epithelium . open directly into the gastric pits to deliver their secretions into the stomach lumen. The gastric glands descend through the lamina propria to the muscularis mucosae. Below the mucosa is the dense connective tissue submucosa containing large blood vessels and nerves. The muscularis externa : thick muscular wall of the stomach, exhibits three muscle layers instead of the two that are normally seen in the esophagus and small intestine. The outer layer is covered by the serosa or visceral peritoneum. The fundus and the body comprise about two thirds of the stomach and have identical histology. Anatomically, it is divided into the narrow cardia, where the esophagus terminates, an upper dome-shaped fundus, a lower body or corpus, a funnel-shaped, terminal region called the pylorus . The mucosa ( of fundus & body ) consists of : different cell types
& deep gastric glands that produce most of
the gastric secretions or juices for digestion. Rugae, ( s: ruga) are longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa.
Present in all stomach regions.
These folds are temporary and disappear
when the stomach is distended with fluid or solid material .
