This document provides an overview of the different mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines each mechanism and provides relevant equations. Sample problems are also included to demonstrate applying the equations to calculate heat transfer rates and temperatures. The key points covered are:
1. Conduction occurs through direct contact and collisions within a material. Convection involves the transfer of heat by a moving fluid. Radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
2. Equations are given for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation based on factors like temperature difference, area, and material properties.
3. Sample problems demonstrate using the equations to find heat transfer rates, total energy transferred, and interface
This document provides an overview of the different mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines each mechanism and provides relevant equations. Sample problems are also included to demonstrate applying the equations to calculate heat transfer rates and temperatures. The key points covered are:
1. Conduction occurs through direct contact and collisions within a material. Convection involves the transfer of heat by a moving fluid. Radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
2. Equations are given for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation based on factors like temperature difference, area, and material properties.
3. Sample problems demonstrate using the equations to find heat transfer rates, total energy transferred, and interface
This document provides an overview of the different mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines each mechanism and provides relevant equations. Sample problems are also included to demonstrate applying the equations to calculate heat transfer rates and temperatures. The key points covered are:
1. Conduction occurs through direct contact and collisions within a material. Convection involves the transfer of heat by a moving fluid. Radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
2. Equations are given for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation based on factors like temperature difference, area, and material properties.
3. Sample problems demonstrate using the equations to find heat transfer rates, total energy transferred, and interface
This document provides an overview of the different mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines each mechanism and provides relevant equations. Sample problems are also included to demonstrate applying the equations to calculate heat transfer rates and temperatures. The key points covered are:
1. Conduction occurs through direct contact and collisions within a material. Convection involves the transfer of heat by a moving fluid. Radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
2. Equations are given for calculating heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation based on factors like temperature difference, area, and material properties.
3. Sample problems demonstrate using the equations to find heat transfer rates, total energy transferred, and interface
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: PHYS 002
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
TOPIC # 6
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
Introduction: In this section, we explore more details about heat as a means of energy transfer. In the kitchen you use a metal or glass pot for good heat transfer from the stove to whatever you’re cooking., but your refrigerator is insulated with a material that prevents heat from flowing into the food inside the refrigerator. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
1. Describe different mechanism of heat transfer
2. Solve sample problems related to heat transfer.
Conduction Conduction occurs when thermal energy moves through a material as a result of collisions between the free electrons, ions, atoms, and molecules of the material. The hotter a substance, the higher the average kinetic energy of its atoms. When a temperature difference exists between materials in contact, the higher-energy atom in the warmer substance transfer energy to the lower-energy atoms in the cooler substance when atomic collisions occur between the two. Heat thus flow from hot to cold.
Consider the slab of material shown in figure. Its thickness is Δx , and its cross sectional area is A. The temperatures of its two faces are T h and Tc , so the temperature difference across the slab is ΔT = Th - Tc. The quantity ΔT/Δx is called temperature gradient. It is the rate of change of temperature with distance. Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: PHYS 002 Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
The quantity of heat ΔQ transmitted from face 1 to face 2 in time Δt is given by
∆Q ∆T = kA ∆x ∆t
where k depends on the material of the slab and is called the thermal conductivity of the W ∆Q material. In the SI unit, k has the unit m−k, and is in J/s or Watts. ∆t
Thermal Resistance (or R value)
R value of a slab is defined by the heat-flow equation in the form
∆x R= k m2 −k ft2 −h−℉ ft2 −h−℉ m2 −k Its SI units is . Its customary unit is , where 1 = 0.176 . W BTU BTU W
For several slabs of the same surface area in series, the combined R value is R = R1 + R 2 + ⋯ + R n where R1 …Rn , are the r values of the individual slabs.
Convection Convection is the transfer of heat by mass motion of a fluid from one region of space to another. Familiar examples include hot-air and hot-water home heating systems, the cooling system of an automobile engine,a nd the flow of blood in the body. If the fluid is circulated by a blower or pump, the process is called force convection; if the flow is caused by temperature differences in density due to thermal expansion, such as hot air rising, the process is called natural convection or free convection.
The equation for convection can be expressed as
∆Q = hA∆T ∆t
∆Q where: – heat transferred per unit time ∆t h – convective heat transfer coefficient ∆T – temperature difference between the surface. Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: PHYS 002 Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
Radiation Radiation is the transfer of energy of heat by electromagnetic waves such as visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation. Everyone has felt the warmth of the sun’s radiation and the intense heat from a charcoal grill of the glowing coals in a fireplace. Most of the heat from these very hot bodies reaches you not by conduction or convection in the intervening medium air bu t by radiation. This heat transfer would occur even if there were nothing but vacuum between you and the source of heat.
Supposed a surface of area A has absolute temperature T (in Kelvin) and radiates only a fraction of ε as much energy as would a black body surface. Then ε is called the emissivity of the surface, and the energy per second (power) radiated by the surface is given by the Stefan-Boltzman Law:
P = ε AσT 4 W where σ = 5.67 x 10−8 m2 −K4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin).
A blackbody is a body that absorbs all the radiant energy falling on it. At thermal equilibrium, a body emits as much energy as it absorbs. Hence, a good absorber of radiation is also a good enitter of radiation. The emmisivity of a blckbody is unity.
Energy emission and absorption by radiation
All objects whose temperature is above the absolute zero radiate energy. When an object at absolute temperature T is in an environment where the temperature is T e, the net energy radiated per second by the object is
P = ε Aσ(T 4 − Te4 )
Sample Problems:
1. A glass windowpane in a home is 0.620 cm thick and has dimensions of 1.00 m x 2.00 m. On a certain day, the temperature of the interior surface of the glass is 25.0 °C and the W exterior surface temperature is 0 °C. For glass, k = 0.8 m−k a. What is the rate at which energy is transferred by heat through the glass? b. How much energy is transferred through the window in one day, assuming the temperatures on the surfaces remain constant? Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: PHYS 002 Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
Solution:
a. The rate of energy transfer is by conduction ∆Q ∆T = kA ∆x Important Note ∆t ∆Q W 25℃−0℃ = (0.8 m−k) (1m)(2m) (0.620 x 10−2 m ) ∆t ∆𝐐 𝐉 ∆Tk = ∆T℃ ∴ = 𝐏 = 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟗 𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐬 ∆𝐭
b. The total energy lost per day is E = ∆Q = P∆t J 86400s E = (6451.6129 s ) ( ) 1 day ∴ 𝐄 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐉
2. Two metal plates are soldered together as shown in figure. It is known that A = 80 cm2 , L1 = L2 = 3 mm , T1 = 100°C , T2 = 0°C. For the plate on the left, W W k1 = 48.1 ; for the plate on the right k 2 = 68.2 m−k . Find the heat flow rate m−k through the plates and the temperature T of the soldered junction.
Solution:
We assume equilibrium conditions so that the heat flowing through plate 1 equals through plate 2. Let T be the temperature at the soldered junction. Then
∆Q ∆T = kA ∆x Important Note ∆t The energy transfer through T1 −T T−T2 the compound slab is at the k1 A = k2 A L1 L2 same rate at all points. Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: PHYS 002 Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE
L1 = L2 , so this becomes k1 (T1 − T) = k 2 (T − T2 )
Solving for T, W k1T1 +k2 T2 (48.1 )(100℃) m−k T= = W W k1+k2 48.1 + 68.2 m−k m−k
∴ 𝐓 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟔 ℃
The heat flow rate is then
∆Q ∆T W 1m 2 100℃−41.3586 ℃ = k1 A ∆x = (48.1 ) (80cm2 ) (100cm ) ( ) ∆t m−k 3x10−3 m
∆𝐐 𝐉 ∴ = 𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟕 𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐬 ∆𝐭
3. A student is trying to decide what to wear. His bedroom is at 20.0°C. His skin temperature is 35.0°C. The area of his exposed skin is 1.50 m2. People all over the world have skin that is dark in the infrared, with emissivity about 0.900. Find the net energy transfer from his body by radiation in 10.0 min.
Solution: The rate of energy transfer is by radiation
∆Q P= = ε Aσ(T 4 − Te4 ) ∆t ∆Q W P= = (0.9)(1.50 m2 ) (5.67 x 10−8 m2 −K4 ) [(35 + 273 k)4 − (20 + 273 k)4 ] ∆t J P = 124.7016 W or s The total enery is J 60s E = P∆t = (124.7016 s) (10 min) (1 min ) ∴ 𝐄 = 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝐉
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