Designation: D 409/D 409M – 09

Standard Test Method for

Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 409/D 409M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This test method is structured into the following parts:

The body of the test method discusses the scope, referenced documents, significance and use,
apparatus, gross samples, preparation of test samples, procedure, calculation and report, precision and
bias, and keywords.
Annex A1 through Annex A5 contain the methods used to prepare, homogenize, and assign HGI
values to the international HGI reference materials (primary HGI RMs) and to calibrate an individual
laboratory’s HGI machine using these HGI RMs.
Annex A1 contains the method to obtain and prepare international HGI standard reference coal
sample feedstock for potential use as international (primary) HGI RMs (reference materials).
Annex A2 contains the method to divide and containerize the candidate international HGI standard
reference coal samples (candidate RMs) prepared from the feedstock prepared in Annex A1.
Annex A3 contains the method for homogeneity testing of the candidate international HGI standard
reference coal samples (candidate RMs) containerized in Annex A2.
Annex A4 contains the method for determining the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) to be
assigned to each lot of the candidate international HGI standard reference coal samples (RMs).
Annex A5 contains the method used to calibrate the individual laboratory’s Hardgrove grindability
machine using the international HGI RMs.
Annex A6 through Annex A10 contain the methods used to prepare, homogenize, and assign HGI
values to the national HGI reference materials (secondary HGI RMs) and to calibrate a national HGI
machine using the international (primary) HGI RMs.
Annex A6 contains the method to obtain and prepare national HGI standard reference coal sample
feedstock for potential use as national (secondary) HGI RMs (reference materials).
Annex A7 contains the method to divide and containerize candidate national HGI standard reference
coal samples (candidate national RMs) prepared from the feedstock prepared in Annex A6.
Annex A8 contains the method for homogeneity testing of candidate national HGI standard
reference coal samples (candidate national RMs) containerized in Annex A7.
Annex A9 contains the method for determining the Hardgrove grindability index to be assigned to
each lot of the candidate national HGI standard reference coal samples (national RMs).
Annex A10 contains the method to calibrate a national Hardgrove machine using the international
(primary) HGI RMs.
Annex A11 contains the method for determining the moisture content of the 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No.
16 3 30) test sample.

1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.07 on Physical Characteristics of
Coal.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally
approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 409 – 08.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 409/D 409M – 09
1. Scope from Moving Streams5
1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing
relative grindability or ease of pulverization of coals in Purposes
comparison with coals chosen as standards. A prepared and E 826 Practice for Testing Homogeneity of Materials for
sized sample receives a definite amount of grinding energy in Development of Reference Materials5
a miniature pulverizer, and the size consist of the pulverized NOTE 1—Part stream samples should be used for this test only if all
product is determined by sieving. The resultant size consist is parties find part stream sampling acceptable.
used to produce an index relative to the ease of grinding NOTE 2—If the topsize of the final sample product produced from a
(Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)). mechanical sampling system (whether auger, cross-stream, or cross-belt)
is smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4), the sample is unsuitable for this test
1.1.1 Some coals, such as some high-volatile bituminous, procedure.
subbituminous, and lignite coals, can undergo physical change
as the natural or seam moisture is released during handling and 3. Significance and Use
preparation. This change is often sufficient to alter the grind- 3.1 This test method develops a measurement of grinding or
ability characteristics that will be reported when tested in the pulverizing characteristics that can be used to evaluate the
laboratory and could produce different indices dependent on yield, or energy input, or both, required in a grinding or
the conditions of drying and the moisture level of the 1.18-mm pulverizing process.
by 600-µm (No. 16 3 No. 30) (see Test Method D 4749)
materials used for the test. Therefore, the repeatability and 4. Apparatus
reproducibility cited in this test method may not apply for these
high-volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals. 4.1 Air-Drying Oven [for air-drying the 1000 g, 4.75 mm
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (No. 4) sample]—A device for passing slightly heated air over
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in the sample. The oven shall be capable of maintaining a
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each temperature of 10 to 15°C [18 to 27°F] above room tempera-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining ture with a maximum oven temperature of 40°C [104°F] unless
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance ambient temperature is above 40°C, in which case ambient
with the standard. temperature shall be used. In the case of easily oxidized coals,
1.3 It is recognized that the term weight is considered the temperature shall not be over 10°C [18°F] above room
equivalent to mass as used in this test method. temperature unless ambient temperature is above 37°C [100°F]
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the in which case ambient temperature shall be used. Air changes
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the shall be at the rate of 1 to 4 air volumes of oven capacity per
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- minute.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.2 Drying Pans [for air-drying the 1000 g, 4.75 mm (No. 4)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. sample]—Drying pans of sufficient size so that the sample may
be spread to a depth of not more than 25 mm [1.0 in.] with
2. Referenced Documents sides not more than 38 mm [1.5 in.] high. The pans shall be
nonreactive with coal and unaffected by the method of air
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 drying selected.
D 2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis 4.3 Balance [for weighing the 1000-g sample before and
D 4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of after air-drying and the sieve fractions formed during stage-
Coal and Designating Coal Size crushing]—With a sensitivity of 0.5 g in 1000 g and sufficient
D 4916 Practice for Mechanical Auger Sampling4 capacity to weigh a $ 1000-g sample along with the drying
D 6609 Guide for Part-Stream Sampling of Coal pan.
D 6883 Practice for Manual Sampling of Stationary Coal 4.4 Balance [for weighing the 50-g test sample and the sieve
from Railroad Cars, Barges, Trucks, or Stockpiles fractions formed during milling]—With a sensitivity of 10 mg
D 7256/D 7256M Practice for Mechanical Collection and and a minimum capacity of 800 g.
Within-System Preparation of a Gross Sample of Coal
NOTE 3—A single balance meeting the specifications of 4.3 and 4.4 is
permitted.
2
For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is 4.5 Calibration Weights—These calibration weights shall
based, see paper by Hardgrove, R. M., “Grindability of Coal,” Transactions, be used to monitor the response of each balance over the range
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 54, F.S.P., p. 37, 1932. of normal use each time HGIs are determined.
D05.07.02 on Grindability is conducting ongoing investigations in regard to
quality control during preparation, distribution, and use of standard reference 4.6 Sample Divider— An enclosed riffle divider with feed
materials and during preparation and testing of actual samples. chute as described in Practice D 2013 is required and shall be
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or used. Alternatively, a rotary sample divider, which has been
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
proven to be free of significant bias, may be used.
the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.
5
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
4.7 Standard Sieves—A working set of circular, standard plate. Only the coarse plate should be used in preparation of both HGI
testing sieves, which are 203 mm [8 in.] in diameter and calibration standards and unknown samples.
conform to Specification E 11, are required in the following 4.9 Mechanical Sieving Machine—The mechanical sieving
sizes, together with cover and catch pan (receiver): machine shall accept an assembly of vertically nested circular
sieves of 203 mm [8 in.] in diameter, together with cover and
TABLE 1 Standard Sieves for HGI Testing receiver. The machine shall simulate the motions given testing
E 11 Specification U.S.A. Standard Sieve Series Designation sieves during hand sieving by imparting a horizontal oscilla-
16.0 mm 5⁄8 in.
tory motion of approximately 28-mm [1.1-in.] amplitude at a
4.75 mm No. 4
2.36 mm No. 8
rate of approximately 300 oscillations or cycles per minute
1.18 mm No. 16 (cpm). Simultaneously, the top of the oscillating assembly is
600 µm No. 30 struck at a rate of approximately 150 blows per minute by a
75 µm No. 200
weight of 1.9 kg [4.2 lb] moving through a vertical distance of
4.7.1 These working sieves must be periodically inspected approximately 28 mm [1.1 in.] under the influence of gravity.
for wear or damage. Any excessively worn or damaged sieves 4.10 Grindability Machine—The Hardgrove Grindability
(for example, sieves with holes, tears, cracks; see Note 4) must Machine such as is shown in Fig. 1 is required for this test.
be replaced immediately, and the HGI calibration procedure Essential tolerances and specifications are shown in Fig. 2. The
must be repeated after the damaged sieves are replaced (see grindability machine includes a stationary grinding bowl of
Annex A5). Since the HGI depends upon the sieve analysis and polished cast iron, with a circular horizontal track that holds
since the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve is fragile, it is recommended eight polished steel balls, each 25.40 6 0.13 mm [1.000 6
that at least one set of working sieves be obtained, identified, 0.005 in.] in diameter. The balls are driven by an upper
and used exclusively for HGI determinations and that only this grinding ring which is rotated at 20 6 1 r/min by means of the
exclusive set of sieves be used. upper spindle and which, in turn, is driven by an electric motor
through reduction gears and, in newer models, belts. Weights
NOTE 4—Excessive wear may be indicated by poor repeatability or by
failure of quality control checks (A5.4.1.1) to agree reasonably with the are added to the driving spindle so that the total vertical force
initial calibration data. on the balls as a result of the weights, shaft, top grinding ring,
and gear is equal to 29.0 6 0.2 kg [64 6 0.5 lb]. The machine
4.7.2 Normal wear on sieves is compensated by the use of
is equipped with a counter and automatic device which can be
international HGI standard reference samples (HGI RMs) and
properly adjusted for stopping the machine after 60 6 0.25
proper calibration of equipment; excessive wear (such as holes
revolutions.
or tears in the sieve cloth, and so forth) is not compensated by
HGI RMs. Because excessive wear is unacceptable, inspect NOTE 8—It is good laboratory practice to have the dimensions and the
sieves carefully before each test to ensure the absence of tolerances of the grinding balls verified by a qualified machine shop (or
excessive wear. For the 75- and 600-µm (No. 200 and 30) equivalent) on an annual basis.
sieves, use only a soft-bristled brush (such as short-bristled 4.10.1 The position of the counter trip mechanism before
camel hair) for brushing and cleaning. and after the test must be used to determine the number of
NOTE 5—It is good practice to keep a separate primary 75-µm (No. 200) revolutions completed. Sometimes, it may be necessary to
check sieve to be used only to check the 75-µm (No. 200) working sieve position strategically the counter trip mechanism at the begin-
described in 4.7.1 when the working sieve becomes suspect. This check is ning of the test to accomplish the desired number of revolu-
done by running a comparative HGI test between the two 75-µm (No. 200) tions (that is, watch where the trip mechanism is initially, count
sieves. Use of the working sieve for HGIs should be discontinued if HGI the number of revolutions from the point of origin, determine
difference between the sieves is greater than 1 HGI unit.
where the trip mechanism is at the end of the test, and
4.8 Crusher—A laboratory plate mill capable of reducing determine if the specified 60 6 0.25 revolutions are obtained.
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve size coal particles with the production If not, adjust the position of the trip mechanism at the
of a minimum of minus 600-µm (minus No. 30) sieve size beginning of the test until the specified number of revolutions
material (Note 6). The crusher plates shall be serrated and are obtained).
about 100 mm [4 in.] in diameter (Note 7). The distance
between the plates shall be adjustable, and the relative speed of 5. Gross Samples
rotation of the plates shall not exceed 200 r/min.
5.1 Collect a gross sample of coal, representative of the
NOTE 6—Evidence from HGI standard reference sample user-response material from which it is taken, in accordance with Practice
forms (A5.4.4) indicates that the median value of % Yield (8.3) of the D 4916 (Note 2), D 6883, or D 7256/D 7256M (Note 2) or
4.75-mm (No. 4) material as 1.18-mm by 600-µm (Nos. 16 by 30) Guide D 6609 (Note 1), and prepare the sample in accordance
material, regardless of the HGI level, is about 55 %. Use this median value
to gage the effectiveness/efficiency of the stage-crusher and of the
with Practice D 2013 except that the sample topsize shall not
stage-crushing process. be reduced beyond the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve and the sample
NOTE 7—The most frequently used plate mill can be equipped with shall weigh at least 1000 g.
“fine” or “coarse” plates. One independent study6 has found evidence of
differences in percent recovery resulting from use of different types of 6. Preparation of Test Samples
6.1 Prepare a 1.18-mm 3 600-µm (No. 16 3 No. 30) test
6
D05.07 Minutes, J. Gardner, Georgia Power and G. Linton, October 1990. sample for establishing the HGI of HGI RMs (Annex A4 and

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 D 409/D 409M – 09

FIG. 1 Hardgrove Grindability Machine

Annex A9), for calibration (Annex A5 and Annex A10), or for particles are crushed. Sieve the crushed material in portions of
routine determination of HGI. no greater than 250 g for 2 min 6 10 s in the mechanical
6.2 When necessary, divide the quantity of 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieving machine. Return the oversize to the crusher, after
sieve size coal to not less than 1000-g lots using an enclosed setting the crusher so that only the largest particles are crushed.
riffle or rotary sample divider, and air dry each sample in Continue the stage crushing and sieving procedure until all the
conformance with Practice D 2013. To calculate the % Yield material passes the 1.18-mm sieve. Retain the 1.18-
(8.3), record the mass of the air-dried sample (W1). mm 3 600-µm (No. 16 3 No. 30) material. After all stage-
6.3 Sieve the entire amount (1000 g) of air-dried 4.75-mm crushing is completed, to calculate the % Yield (8.3), record
(No. 4) sieve size sample in lots of no greater than 250 g for 2 the mass of the 1.18-mm 3 600-µm (No. 16 3 No. 30) fraction
min 6 10 s in the mechanical sieving machine. Use a set of (W2).
nested sieves consisting of a 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve on top of 6.5 Mix well all the 1.18-mm 3 600-µm (No. 16 3 No. 30)
a 600-µm (No. 30) sieve. Weigh and record the mass of each material accumulated from the stage crushing and sieving and
sieve size. divide the quantity using an enclosed riffle or rotary sample
NOTE 9—Include a 4.75-mm (No. 4) and a 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve in divider to obtain approximately 120 6 10 g.
this nest of sieves to record the particle size distribution and to verify that 6.6 As the final step in preparation of the test sample, dedust
the topsize of the sample is appropriate for this test. the 120- 6 10-g sample from 6.5 by sieving on a 600-µm (No.
6.4 Stage crush the material retained on the 1.18-mm (No. 30) sieve for 5 min 6 10 s using the mechanical sieving
16) sieve with the crusher adjusted so that only the largest machine.

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
7.3 Operate the machine for the specified 60.00 6 0.25
revolutions.
7.4 Remove the bowl from the machine, lift out the upper
grinding ring, and carefully brush adhering coal dust from the
bowl and grinding ring onto a 16-mm [5⁄8-in.] sieve nested on
a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve and a closely fitting receiving pan.
Carefully empty the contents of the bowl onto the 16-mm
[5⁄8-in.] sieve (Note 10). Brush off material adhering to the balls
and remove them from the 16-mm [5⁄8-in.] sieve. Brush
material adhering to the 16-mm [5⁄8-in.] sieve, including the
underside of the sieve, onto the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.
Replace the 16-mm [5⁄8-in.] sieve with a close-fitting cover and
shake the nested 75-µm (No. 200) sieve; cover and pan for 10
min 6 10 s in a mechanical sieving machine. After the 10-min
6 10-s period, carefully brush coal dust from the underside of
the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve into the receiving pan using a
soft-bristled brush to avoid damaging the sieve. Repeat the
shaking of the ball-milled material and the cleaning of the
underside of the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve for two more periods
each of 5-min 6 10-s duration.
NOTE 10—Before emptying the contents of the lower grinding bowl
onto the 16-mm [5⁄8-in.] sieve, the tops of the grinding balls may be
brushed and then removed from the lower grinding bowl by use of a
magnetic extraction tool. Each grinding ball is brushed off and set aside;
then, the pulverized coal is emptied from the bowl onto the 16-mm [5⁄8-in.]
sieve.
7.5 Weigh separately to the nearest 0.01 g the coal retained
on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve (Wo) and the coal passing the
A = 19.05 6 0.13 mm [ 0.750 6 0.0005 in.] radius 75-µm (No. 200) sieve [Wu].
B = 25.40 6 0.13 mm [1.000 6 0.0005 in.] diameter 7.5.1 Alternatively, predetermine the tare weights of the
C = 12.70 mm [0.50 in.] 75-µm (No. 200) sieve (Wsieve) and the catch pan (Wpan). After
D = 22.23 mm [0.875 in.] the sieving of 7.4, weigh the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve and its
E = 19.05 mm [0.750 in.]
contents (Wsieve+). Subtract the tare mass to obtain the mass of
F = 1.42 mm [0.078 in.]
G = 60.33 mm [2.375 in.] the +75-µm (+No. 200) material = Wo = Wsieve+ – Wsieve.
H = 98.43 mm [3.875 in.] Weigh the catch pan and its contents (Wpan+). Subtract the tare
I = 76.20 mm [3.000 in.] mass to obtain the mass of the –75-µm (–No. 200) material =
f = smooth machine surface Wu = Wpan+ – Wpan.
ff = fine machined surface and polished 7.6 If the sum of the +75-µm (+No. 200) (Wo) and the
-75-µm (-No. 200) (Wu) sieve fraction masses differs by more
FIG. 2 Grinding Elements of Hardgrove Machine
than 0.50 g from the initial weight of 50 6 0.01 g (Wi), reject
the test and repeat. Use the calculated weight of the coal
7. Procedure
passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve (Wc), determined by
7.1 Clean the grindability machine thoroughly, place the subtracting the weight retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve
machine on a level surface, and space the balls as evenly as (Wo) from the test specimen weight (Wi), in determining the
possible around the grinding bowl. Set the automatic stopping sum-of-least-squares fit (A5.4.3), in preparation of the calibra-
device so that the motion of the grindability machine will stop tion chart (A5.4.3.2) or in calculation of the grindability index
after 60 6 0.25 revolutions of the upper grinding ring. of the sample (8.1) Wc = Wi – Wo.
7.1.1 If the grindability machine makes a different number
of revolutions other than the specified 60 6 0.25 revolutions, 8. Calculation and Report
the machine must be adjusted to within the tolerance specified. 8.1 Calculate the grindability index corresponding to the
(This is normally done by strategically placing the counter calculated weight of test specimen passing the 75-µm (No.
tripper arm at the start of the test.) 200) sieve (7.5) directly from the equation of the line prepared
7.2 Weigh 50 6 0.01 g of the 1.18-mm 3 600-µm (No. in A5.4.3 and report to the nearest whole number.
16 3 No. 30) sieve size dedusted material from 6.6 and 8.2 For ease of comparison between or among laboratories,
distribute it evenly in the grinding bowl, brushing any material calculate and report the percent residual moisture in the
that falls on the elevated section of the lower grinding element 1.18-mm by 600-µm (No. 16 by No. 30) sample (Annex A11).
into the lower grinding element, which contains the balls. 8.3 Calculate the % Yield of 1.18-mm by 600-µm (No. 16
Fasten the bowl in position and make sure the load is fully by No. 30) material generated from the initial 1000 g of
applied to the driving spindle. 4.75-mm (No. 4) top-size sample and compare the actual value

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
to a typical median value (4.8, Note 6) to gage the 9.1.2 For the HGI method, the Repeatability Limit (r) in
effectiveness/efficiency of the stage-crusher and of the stage- Table 2 is the value which the absolute difference between two
crushing process. test results of separate and consecutive test determinations,
W2 carried out on samples in the same laboratory by the same
Y 5 W 3 100 (1) operator using the same apparatus on samples taken at random
1
from a single quantity of homogeneous 4.75 mm (No. 4)
where: material, may be expected to occur with a probability of
Y = % Yield, approximately 95 %.
W1 = mass of air dried sample (6.2), and
W2 = mass of 1.18-mm by 600-µm (No. 16 by No. 30) 9.1.3 For the HGI method, the Reproducibility Limit (R) in
material (6.4). Table 2 is the value which the absolute difference between two
8.4 If other than primary HGI RMs are used for calibration test results, carried out in different laboratories on riffled splits
of the test apparatus and method, report the source of the of the 4.75 mm (No. 4) analysis sample, may be expected to
calibration standards used. occur with a probability of approximately 95 %.
8.5 An example of a typical HGI preparation log sheet that NOTE 11—The precision of this test method for the determination of
has found application for record keeping during preparation of Hardgrove Grindability Index of Coal, whenever national (secondary)
samples to be used for HGI determination is shown in Fig. 3. HGI reference materials are used for calibration, must be determined and
reported by each pertinent ISO national member body (NMB) and/or their
national organization responsible for obtaining and preparing national
9. Precision and Bias (secondary) HGI RMs. The precision limits for this test method, whenever
9.1 Precision: these national (secondary) RMs are used, will be as large or larger than the
precision limits stated in Table 2.
9.1.1 The precision of this test method for the determination
of Hardgrove Grindability Index of Coal, whenever interna- 9.2 Bias—Since this test method (using a calibration proce-
tional (primary) HGI reference materials are used for calibra- dure) is an empirical standard, the degree of absolute bias
tion, is shown in Table 2. cannot be determined.

10. Keywords
10.1 grindability; Hardgrove-Grindability Index (HGI); pul-
verization

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 D 409/D 409M – 09

FIG. 3 HGI Log Sheet is for Example Only and is Non-Mandatory

TABLE 2 Repeatability and Reproducibility for HGI of Coal

Repeatability Limit Reproducibility Limit
r R
2 3

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. METHOD TO OBTAIN AND PREPARE INTERNATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE COAL SAMPLE FEEDSTOCK
(HGI RM Feedstock)

A1.1 Scope from a single seam, containing no blended materials, (2) be

A1.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to obtain double-sieved to pass a 63-mm [2.5-in.] square-hole sieve
and prepare international Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) while being retained on a 3.35-mm [1⁄8-in.] square-holed sieve,
standard reference coal sample feedstock (primary HGI RM and (3) be mechanically cleaned, having been through a
feedstock). Authority to obtain and prepare HGI RM feedstock preparation or wash plant to remove non-coal material.
for use as candidate primary HGI RMs is given by ASTM A1.3.5 Each feedstock coal shall be visually inspected upon
Committee D05 on Coal and Coke. D05 maintains oversight its receipt to assure the absence of foreign material. If any
responsibility for these activities and for this standard method. foreign material (wood, rock, slate, steel, and so forth) is
Authority is given on the basis of the producer’s capability, present, the entire shipment shall be rejected.
experience, and expertise in these activities. A1.3.6 Each feedstock coal shall be visually inspected upon
its receipt to assure the absence of more than 5 % of undersized
A1.2 Apparatus −3.35-mm [-1⁄8 in.] or of oversized +63- mm [+2.5 in.]
A1.2.1 Sieves; 4.75 mm (No. 4) and 2.36 mm (No. 8)— particles. If undersized −3.35-mm [-1⁄8 in.] or oversized
Square mesh sieves meeting the requirements of Test Method +63-mm [+2.5 in.] material constitutes greater than 5 % of the
D 4749, used to verify that the candidate HGI RMs are lot, after air-drying, the entire shipment shall be sieved to
4.75-mm (No. 4) topsize. remove the undersize or oversize prior to further processing.
A1.2.2 Sieve Shaker—Meeting the requirements of Test
Method D 4749, used to verify that the candidate HGI RMs are A1.4 Preparation of Each Candidate HGI RM
4.75-mm (No. 4) topsize. NOTE A1.2—Each feedstock is prepared according to the instructions in
this section.
NOTE A1.1—No specifications are given for the sieve shaker used in the
processing of the feedstock; as long as the final product meets the A1.4.1 Spread the feedstock coal (onto a smooth, flat,
specification of being 4.75-mm (No. 4) topsize, there is no need to specify non-contaminating surface) to a thickness of no more than
production equipment. three times the particle topsize. A floor fan and periodic stirring
A1.2.3 Crusher—Commensurate with the requirement to can accelerate drying. Air dry the feedstock at room tempera-
maximize the 1.18-mm by 600-µm (No. 16 by No. 30) size ture for at least 12 h.
fraction while maintaining a 4.75-mm (No. 4) topsize. A1.4.1.1 If, after air drying, a feedstock contains >5 %
undersize (−3.35-mm) [-1⁄8 in.] or >5 % oversize +63-mm
A1.3 HGI RM Feedstock Requirements [+2.5 in.], sieve the entire feedstock coal to remove the
A1.3.1 Four coals shall be collected and used as the undersize or oversize.
feedstock for the HGI RMs. One feedstock shall have an HGI A1.4.2 Reduce the air-dried feedstock to 4.75-mm (No. 4)
of approximately 40 (typically between 35 and 45); a second top size. Use a crusher and a technique that will maximize the
feedstock shall have an HGI of approximately 60 (typically 1.18-mm by 600-µm (No. 16 by No. 30) size fraction while
between 55 and 65); a third feedstock shall have an HGI of maintaining a 4.75-mm (No. 4) topsize.
approximately 80 (typically between 75 and 85); and a fourth A1.4.2.1 Verify that each reduced feedstock is a 4.75-mm
feedstock shall have an HGI of approximately 100 (typically (No. 4) topsize by obtaining a sample from each feedstock and
between 90 and 110). conducting a size analysis [at 4.75 and 2.36 mm (No. 4 and 8)]
A1.3.2 Each HGI RM feedstock shall have a minimum according to the requirements of Test Method D 4749. No
mass of 80 kg [175 lb]. Where 80 kg [175 lb] is not adequate more than 5 % of the sample can be retained on a 4.75-mm
to produce the desired number of candidate RMs, an adequate (No. 4) sieve and no less than 5 % of the sample can be
mass to produce the desired number of candidate HGI RMs retained on a 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve (cumulative retained
shall be obtained. Each candidate RM sample shall have a basis).
minimum mass of 1000 g. A1.4.3 Dedust each feedstock by removing and discarding
A1.3.3 Any feedstock will be acceptable as long as the final the −0.30-mm (−No. 50) material.
production lot meets the homogeneity requirements found in A1.4.4 If the feedstock is to be transported or held for
Annex A3. subsequent processing, package the material in a rigid, non-
A1.3.4 To minimize the potential rejection of a production contaminating container. If necessary, line the container with
lot of HGI RMs after the lot has been processed, each double plastic liners to preserve the feedstock integrity and
feedstock coal should have the following characteristics: (1) be avoid excessive handling.

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A2. METHOD TO DIVIDE AND CONTAINERIZE CANDIDATE INTERNATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE
COAL SAMPLES
(Candidate HGI RMs)

A2.1 Scope steady rate. Assign container number “1” to the container that
A2.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to divide is located at a defined position on the RSD and number all
and containerize candidate international Hardgrove Grindabil- remaining containers counterclockwise in consecutive order
ity Index (primary HGI) standard reference coal samples (that is, 1, 2, 3, …, x-1, x). Locate container “1” at such a
(candidate primary HGI RMs). Authority to divide and con- position that, once the flow starts from the feeder into the
tainerize candidate primary HGI RMs for use in determining containers, container “1” is at or near the location that receives
the HGI of coal (or for calibrating national HGI machines) is the first increment (that is, start the RSD and, once the RSD is
given by ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke. D05 rotating at a steady rate, then start the feeder in such a manner
maintains oversight responsibility for these activities and for that container “1” receives the first increment). Adjust the feed
this standard method. Authority is given on the basis of the rate such that each container receives a maximum number of
producer’s capability, experience, and expertise in these activi- increments, but, in no case, shall less than 34 increments be
ties. collected per container.
NOTE A2.1—Other methods for division of the candidate primary HGI NOTE A2.2—A stopwatch or timer should be used during the produc-
RMs (for example, riffle division or incremental division) may be tion of each feedstock lot to determine the time required to empty the
envisioned, designed or used, or both. If these other methods for division hopper/feeder, which time, in conjunction with the known constant rpm of
are used, the resulting candidate RMs must meet the homogeneity the RSD, can be used to calculate the number (and average mass of)
requirements of Annex A3. increments going into each container.
A2.3.3.2 The number of containers shall be at least 24, but
A2.2 Apparatus may be more, depending upon the configuration of the pro-
A2.2.1 Blender/Mixer—A rotating device used to blend cessing equipment.
each feedstock before the feedstock is divided into candidate A2.3.3.3 After all of the material has been fed into the
HGI RMs; typically, the blender is a double-cone- or v-type containers, seal and label the containers according to the lot
blender or designed like a cement mixer. and the container number.
A2.2.2 Hopper/Feeder—A device that holds the blended NOTE A2.3—Ideally, the containers will be labeled before being placed
feedstock and allows the feedstock to be feed at a uniform rate in order onto the RSD; alternatively, if assurance is such that the order of
into the containers, which are along the perimeter of the rotary the containers remains secure after division, labels may be attached after
sample divider. division.
A2.2.3 Rotary Sample Divider—A rotating wheel upon A2.3.3.4 Weigh and record the mass of each sealed con-
which is fixed a level platform, which rotates at a constant tainer and the container number.
speed and around which perimeter is located a series of A2.3.3.5 From the masses of the packets determined in
uniformly spaced devices, which hold containers into which A2.3.3.4, the average mass per packet is calculated.
the candidate HGI RMs are evenly distributed.
NOTE A2.4—The tare mass of a container may be determined individu-
ally or a representative number of the containers may be counted and
A2.3 Blending and Division of Each Feedstock
weighed all at once and the average mass per container used to calculate
A2.3.1 Each feedstock is blended and divided according to the mass of HGI RM per packet.
the instructions in this section (A2.3). A2.3.3.6 The ordered masses from A2.3.3.5 will be used to
A2.3.2 Thoroughly mix the feedstock for at least 30 min in monitor the consistency of the process and to determine if the
a blender with a capacity to contain the entire feedstock at mass of material in each container is at least 1000 g.
once.
A2.3.3 Divide the blended feedstock coal into candidate NOTE A2.5—As an example of how these masses may be used, criteria
such as the following is established by each authority manufacturing
HGI RMs. candidate HGI RMs: The average mass per packet must be within 6 10 g
A2.3.3.1 Feed the feedstock at a uniform rate from the of the target weight (that is. within the range of 1100 to 1120 g whenever
stationary hopper/feeder into containers located on the perim- the target mass is 1110 g per packet). The relative standard deviation of all
eter of a rotary sample divider (RSD), which is rotating at a of the packet masses must be less than 2.50 %.

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A3. METHOD FOR HOMOGENEITY TESTING OF CANDIDATE INTERNATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE
COAL SAMPLES
(Candidate HGI RMs)

A3.1 Scope A3.3.1.5 Grindability Machine—To test the samples for

A3.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to test HGI.
the homogeneity of the candidate international Hardgrove A3.3.1.6 Balance—For weighing the 50-g test sample and
Grindability Index (primary HGI) standard reference coal the sieve fractions formed during milling.
samples (candidate primary HGI RMs). Authority to test the A3.3.1.7 Calibration Weights.
homogeneity of the candidate HGI RMs that will subsequently A3.4 Determination of the Homogeneity of Each of the
be used in determining the HGI of coal (or for calibrating Candidate HGI RM Lots
national HGI machines) is given by ASTM Committee D05 on
A3.4.1 A lot of a particular candidate HGI RM is the total
Coal and Coke. D05 maintains oversight responsibility for
number of HGI RM containers produced from one process
these activities and for this standard method. Authority is given
batch of a feedstock through the production process.
on the basis of the producer’s capability, experience, and
A3.4.2 Randomly select 8 % of the containers from each
expertise in these activities.
lot.
A3.2 Referenced Documents NOTE A3.1—In selecting 8 % of the containers, always round up any
fraction of a number of containers to the next highest numeral, e.g., round
E 826–85(1996)´1 Practice for Testing Homogeneity of Ma- “1.52” up to “2” and round “1.21” up to “2”. In the special case of
terials for Development of Reference Materials5 whenever the number of containers is 24, the homogeneity testing may be
conducted at the same time as and as an intimate part of the process
A3.3 Apparatus defined in Annex A4.
NOTE A3.2—In the special case of whenever a lot contains 24 two-kg
A3.3.1 All of the apparatus and equipment shall be as containers, only 2 containers need to be randomly selected for homoge-
prescribed in Section 4 and shall include the following: neity testing, but the material in each of the two containers is divided in
A3.3.1.1 Standard Sieves—Set of circular, standard testing two, producing 4.75 mm (No. 4) topsize samples.
sieves to sieve the stage-crushed sample and the milled sample. A3.4.3 Prepare the material in each selected container to
A3.3.1.2 Crusher—To reduce the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sample 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30).
to 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30) test sample. A3.4.4 Test each prepared 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30)
A3.3.1.3 Mechanical Sieving Machine—To sieve the stage- test sample in duplicate.
crushed sample and the milled sample. A3.4.5 Conduct homogeneity testing as outlined in Practice
A3.3.1.4 Balance—For weighing the sieve fractions formed E 826–85(1996)´1. The lot is acceptable for determination and
during stage-crushing. assignation of HGI values, if this homogeneity test is passed.

A4. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE HARDGROVE GRINDABILITY INDEX TO BE ASSIGNED TO EACH LOT OF THE
CANDIDATE INTERNATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE COAL SAMPLES
(HGI RMs)

A4.1 Scope A4.2.1.1 A mechanical sieving machine (4.9) and a grind-

A4.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to test ability machine (4.10) are both to be reserved for use only for
the candidate international Hardgrove Grindability Index determining HGI of HGI RMs.
(HGI) standard reference coal samples (candidate primary HGI A4.2.1.2 At least four specially calibrated, stainless steel
RMs) to obtain the HGI value to be assigned to that lot. 75-µm (No. 200) square-mesh sieves shall be set aside for use
Authority to test the candidate HGI RMs for use in determining only in determining the HGI of the HGI RMs [that is, in
the HGI of coal (or for calibrating national HGI machines) is determining the amount of material passing the 75-µm (No.
given by ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke. D05 200) sieve in 7.5]. One of the sieves (the primary “master”
maintains oversight responsibility for these activities and for sieve) is used only to check the secondary sieve, as needed.
this standard method. Authority is given on the basis of the The secondary sieve is used to check the two (or more)
producer’s capability, experience, and expertise in these activi- working sieves at least annually. The two (or more) working
ties. sieves are to be used only for determining the HGI to be
A4.2 Apparatus assigned to the HGI RMs.
A4.2.1 All apparatus and equipment is essentially as pre-
scribed in Section 4 but with the following special precautions
being taken:

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A4.3 Determination of Grindability Index of Each Lot of A4.3.4 To the nearest 0.1 HGI unit, determine the value of
Standard Reference Samples Hardgrove Grindability Index for each subsample from the
A4.3.1 Randomly select four of the containers remaining equation of the line (least squares regression line) or from the
after the process defined in Annex A3 has been completed and standardization graph derived originally from the correlation of
the lot has been deemed homogeneous. data between the standardization equipment reserved exclu-
sively for HGI RM standardization purposes and the original
NOTE A4.1—In the special case of whenever the number of containers
in a lot is 24, randomly select and riffle-divide two containers from each equipment previously used by the Babcock & Wilcox Co. (the
given lot of HGI RMs resulting from the process defined in Annex A2. “Hardgrove” sieve) for standard samples.
Each of the four resulting samples is tested for HGI according to the A4.3.5 Calculate the average and the standard deviation of
method described in the body of this test method. (Two different
the four values obtained in A4.3.4 and report the HGI to the
technicians shall each test one portion obtained from each of the two
selected samples.) nearest whole number and the standard deviation to the nearest
0.1 unit. Assign this average whole-number HGI value to the
A4.3.2 Prepare a test sample from each of the four sub-
remaining HGI RMs in that lot.
samples in accordance with Section 6.
A4.3.3 Process each of the four subsamples in the grind- A4.3.6 Report the average value and the standard deviation
ability machine in accordance with Section 7 and note the mass (as well as individual analyses, analyst identity, container
of the original sample (50 g) minus the mass of the material identity, sieve identity, etc.) to the chairman of the ASTM
retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve. D05.07 Producer Liaison Task Group.

A5. CALIBRATION OF HARDGROVE MACHINE

(HGI Machine)

A5.1 Scope A5.3 Apparatus

A5.1.1 This method describes the procedure used to cali- A5.3.1 All apparatus and equipment is that described in
brate Hardgrove machines, which are then used for determin- Section 4.
ing the HGI of coal.
A5.4 Calibration
A5.2 International HGI Standard Reference Coal A5.4.1 Calibrate each grindability machine, together with
Samples (HGI RMs) for Calibration7 all ancillary equipment including sieves (4.7) and plate mill
A5.2.1 Four HGI RMs prepared especially for this purpose crusher (4.8), that will be used for this test when new, modified,
(in accordance with Annex A1-Annex A4) and representing repaired, suspected of being defective, or when operated by
grindability indices of approximately 40, 60, 80, and 100 shall new personnel.
be used for calibration. A5.4.1.1 HGI RMs shall not be used for calibration beyond
A5.2.2 Upon receipt, each of the HGI RMs should be 18 months from their preparation date. It is good practice to
examined for the following: check the calibration of the HGI apparatus periodically with at
A5.2.2.1 Preparation date (no more than six months old). least one of the HGI RMs (quality control check sample) even
A5.2.2.2 Oversize (material retained on a 4.75-mm (No.4 if none of the conditions in A5.4.1 apply. This will ensure that
in.) sieve). [Less than 5 % + 4.75 mm (No. 4.) and no particle the system is still in control and it will allow for detection of
on a 6.30-mm [1⁄4-in. square-holed sieve].] problems previously unnoticed or not then occurring, and it
A5.2.2.3 Foreign, noncoal material (no wood, rock, slate, will allow for use of the HGI RMs before their expiration date.
and so forth). A5.4.2 For each calibration, process each of the four HGI
A5.2.2.4 Excessive fines (−600-µm (−No. 30) material) RMs with indices of approximately 40, 60, 80, and 100 as
(more than 30 %). described in Sections 6 and 7 and use the results to determine
A5.2.3 When any of these parameters are unacceptable, the equation of the line by use of the sum of least squares
contact the agency responsible for production of the HGI RMs7 method (A5.4.3) and, if desired, to prepare a calibration chart
and report the data on the response form accompanying the (A5.4.3.1).
HGI RMs (see A5.4.4). A5.4.3 By the method of the sum of least squares, determine
the equation of the line that best fits the analytical results
7
obtained from the four HGI RMs. An example HGI calculation
Primary international HGI standard reference coal samples (HGI RMs) are
available from The Pennsylvania State University, Ronald S. Wasco, The Energy from HGI RM data, shown in Table A5.1, illustrates this
Institute, C-211 CUL, University Park, PA 16802, Telephone: +1-814-863-5384, method.
Fax: +1-814-863-7432, email: rxw19@psu.edu, www.energy.psu.edu/HGI. ASTM A5.4.3.1 Example—Sum of Least Squares Fit—The equa-
Subcommittee D05.07 and the ASTM/DOE Liaison Task Group maintains oversight
for production of only the HGI RMs. Secondary standard reference samples are
tion of the line for the sum of least squares takes the form of:
available from other sources. Y 5 a 1 bX (A5.1)

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TABLE A5.1 Example HGI Data Calculation—Actual Weight of n(XY 2 (X(Y
Materials, g b5 (A5.3)
n(X2 2 ~ (X!2
Calculated,
+75 µm –75 µm
HGIA Weight, iB Recovered Lost –75 µm where:
(+No. 200) (–No. 200)
(–No. 200) (Y = 281,
40 50.00 45.65 4.27 49.92 0.08 4.35 (X = 35.31,
58 50.00 42.86 7.11 49.97 0.03 7.14 ((X2) = 357.91,
83 50.00 39.56 10.23 49.79 0.21 10.44
100 49.99 36.61 13.25 49.86 0.13 13.38 ((XY) = 2792.64,
A
((X)2 = 1246.80, and
Value issued with HGI RMs.
B
Initial weight, g. n = 4.
(2) By doing these calculations, a = 10.63 and b = 6.75.
where: Therefore, the equation of the line for this database is
Y = HGI, HGI = 10.63 + 6.75 (calculated −75-µm (−No. 200) material).
a = y axis intercept, A5.4.3.2 Use results from HGI RMs processed in accor-
b = slope of the regression line, and dance with Sections 6 and 7 in determining the equation of the
X = calculated −75-µm (−No. 200) material. line by the sum of least squares method and (optionally) in
(1) a and b can be determined by use of the following table preparing the calibration chart (see Fig. A5.1).
and equations:
A5.4.4 A standard form for reporting data obtained during
Y X X2 XY
40 4.35 18.92 174.00 calibration is received with each set of HGI RMs received from
58 7.14 50.98 414.12 the producer of the HGI RMs.7 This form shall be completed
83 10.44 108.99 866.52
100 13.38 179.02 1338.00
and returned to the producer of the HGI RMs as noted on the
(Y = 281 (X = 35.31 ((X2) = 357.91 ((XY) = 2792.64 form. A copy of this form is sent by the producer of the HGI
(Y(X2 2 (X(XY RMs to the ASTM D05 Producer Liaison Task Group for use
a5 (A5.2) in monitoring the HGI RMs.
n(X2 2 ~ (X!2

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NOTE—Example: Use certified SRSs and develop similar calibration chart(s) for each HGI apparatus, or sieve sets, or both.
FIG. A5.1 Example Calibration Chart

A6. METHOD TO OBTAIN AND PREPARE NATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE COAL SAMPLE FEEDSTOCK
(N HGI RM Feedstock)

A6.1 Scope A6.2 Collect four coal samples, each with a mass of at least
A6.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to obtain 80 kg [175 lb], having grindability indices of about 40, 60, 80,
and prepare national Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) and 100.
standard reference coal sample feedstock (N HGI secondary
RM feedstock). Authority to obtain and prepare N HGI RM A6.3 Each NMB may define in detail how to obtain and
feedstock for use as candidate N HGI RMs is given by the handle the national HGI standard reference coal sample feed-
pertinent ISO national member body (NMB). The NMB stock, but, as a minimum, treat each of the four samples as
maintains oversight responsibility for these activities. Author- follows:
ity is given on the basis of the producer’s capability, experi-
A6.3.1 Air-dry the samples for 24 to 48 h.
ence, and expertise in these activities.

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
A6.3.2 Using the crusher specified in A1.2.3, reduce the A6.3.4 Mix the remaining 4.75-mm 3 600-µm (No. 4 3 30)
sample to pass through a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. sample fraction thoroughly.
A6.3.3 Screen out the +4.75-mm (+No.4) material and the
−600-µm (–No. 30) material and discard both of these oversize
and undersize fractions.

A7. METHOD TO DIVIDE AND CONTAINERIZE CANDIDATE NATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE COAL SAMPLES
(Candidate N HGI RMs)

A7.1 Scope four lots of candidate secondary HGI reference materials as

A7.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to divide follows:
and containerize candidate national Hardgrove Grindability A7.2.1 Divide the material produced in Annex A6 into 24 or
Index (HGI) standard reference coal sample (candidate second- more equivalent subsamples (mixing and subdivision shall be
ary N HGI RMs). Authority to divide and containerize candi- performed by mechanical means).
date secondary N HGI RM feedstock for use in determining the
A7.2.2 Each subsample shall have a minimum mass of
HGI of coal is given by the pertinent ISO national member
1000 g.
body (NMB). The NMB maintains oversight responsibility for
these activities. Authority is given on the basis of the produc- NOTE A7.1—Mechanical methods for division of the candidate national
er’s capability, experience, and expertise in these activities. (secondary) RMs includes rotary sample division (RSD). Other methods
for division of the candidate RMs may be envisioned, designed, and/or
A7.2 Each NMB may define in detail how to divide and used, including manual methods (e.g., riffle division or incremental
containerize the candidate secondary national HGI standard division). Regardless of the division method, the resulting candidate RMs
reference coal samples, but, as a minimum, treat each of the must meet the homogeneity requirements of Annex A8.

A8. METHOD FOR HOMOGENEITY TESTING OF CANDIDATE NATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE
COAL SAMPLES
(Candidate N HGI RMs)

A8.1 Scope A8.3.1.5 Grindability Machine—To test the samples for

A8.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to test HGI.
the homogeneity of the candidate national Hardgrove Grind- A8.3.1.6 Balance—For weighing the 50-g test sample and
ability Index (HGI) standard reference coal samples (candidate the sieve fractions formed during milling.
secondary N HGI RMs). These are minimum requirements; the A8.3.1.7 Calibration Weights.
pertinent ISO national member body (NMB) may establish
more stringent requirements. Authority to test the homogeneity A8.4 Determination of the Homogeneity of Each of the
of the candidate secondary N HGI RMs that will be subse- Candidate HGI RM Lots
quently used in determining the HGI of coal is given by the
NMB. The NMB maintains oversight responsibility for these A8.4.1 A lot of a particular candidate HGI RM is the total
activities. Authority is given on the basis of the producer’s number of HGI RM containers produced from one process
capability, experience, and expertise in these activities. batch of a feedstock through the production process.
A8.4.2 Randomly select 8 % of the containers from each
A8.2 Referenced Documents lot.
E 826–85(1996)´1 Practice for Testing Homogeneity of Ma- NOTE A8.1—In selecting 8 % of the containers, always round up any
terials for Development of Reference Materials5 fraction of a number of containers to the next highest numeral, e.g., round
“1.52” up to “2” and round “1.21” up to “2”. In the special case of
A8.3 Apparatus whenever the number of containers is 24, the homogeneity testing may be
A8.3.1 All of the apparatus and equipment shall be as conducted at the same time as and as an intimate part of the process
defined in Annex A9.
prescribed in Section 4 and shall include the following:
A8.3.1.1 Standard Sieves—Set of circular, standard testing NOTE A8.2—In the special case of whenever a lot contains 24 two-kg
containers, only 2 containers need to be randomly selected for homoge-
sieves to sieve the stage-crushed sample and the milled sample.
neity testing, but the material in each of the two containers is divided in
A8.3.1.2 Crusher—To reduce the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sample two, producing 4.75 mm (No. 4) topsize samples.
to 1.18 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) test sample.
A8.3.1.3 Mechanical Sieving Machine—To sieve the stage- A8.4.3 Prepare the material in each selected container to
crushed sample and the milled sample. 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30).
A8.3.1.4 Balance—For weighing the sieve fractions formed A8.4.4 Test each prepared 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30)
during stage-crushing. in duplicate.

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 D 409/D 409M – 09
A8.4.5 Conduct homogeneity testing as outlined in Practice
E 826–85(1996)´1. The lot is acceptable for determination and
assignation of HGI values, if this homogeneity test is passed.

A9. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE HARDGROVE GRINDABILITY INDEX TO BE ASSIGNED TO EACH LOT OF THE
CANDIDATE NATIONAL HGI STANDARD REFERENCE COAL SAMPLES
(N HGI RMs)

A9.1 Scope hours in the environmentally controlled area where the test is
A9.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to test to be performed. The test environment typically is controlled
the candidate national Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) between 45 and 60 relative humidity (65 %) and a temperature
standard reference coal samples (candidate secondary N HGI between 20 and 25°C (6 2ºC) [between 68 and 77°F (6 4°F)].
RMs) to obtain the HGI value to be assigned to that lot. The A9.3.3 Prepare a test sample from each of the four sub-
authority to test the candidate secondary N HGI RMs for use in samples in accordance with Section 6.
determining the HGI of coal is given by the pertinent ISO A9.3.4 Process each of the four subsamples in the national
national member body (NMB). The NMB maintains oversight Hardgrove grindability machine [with its calibration chart/
responsibility for these activities and for the detailed require- equation (A10.4.4)] in accordance with Section 7 and note the
ments for these activities. The authority is given on the basis of mass of the original sample (50 g) minus the mass of the
the producer’s capability, experience, and expertise in these material retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve [that is, the
activities. mass of the calculated –75-µm (–No. 200) material].
A9.3.5 To the nearest 0.1 HGI unit, determine the value of
A9.2 Apparatus the Hardgrove Grindability Index for each subsample from the
A9.2.1 All apparatus and equipment is essentially as pre- equation of the line (least squares regression line) or from the
scribed in Section 4 but with the following special precautions standardization graph derived from the correlation of data
being taken: between the standardization equipment reserved exclusively
A9.2.1.1 A mechanical sieving machine (4.9) and a national for N HGI RM standardization purposes and the calibration of
Hardgrove grindability machine (4.10) are both to be reserved the equipment using the 4 primary, international HGI RMs
for use only for determining HGI of HGI RMs. (Annex A10).
A9.2.1.2 At least four specially calibrated, stainless steel A9.3.6 Calculate the average and the standard deviation of
75-µm (No. 200) square-mesh sieves shall be set aside for use the four values obtained in A9.3.5 and report the HGI to the
only in determining the HGI of the HGI RMs [that is, in nearest whole number and the standard deviation to the nearest
determining the amount of material passing the 75-µm (No. 0.1 unit. Assign this average whole-number HGI value to the
200) sieve in 7.5]. One of the sieves (the primary “master” remaining HGI RMs in that lot.
sieve) is used only to check the secondary sieve, as needed. A9.3.6.1 The range of the at least four HGI results shall not
The secondary sieve is used to check the two (or more) exceed 5 % of the mean for HGI values of 45 units or less, and
working sieves at least annually. The two (or more) working 2.5 % for HGI results greater than 45 units. The mean of the at
sieves are to be used only for determining the HGI to be least four grindability indices, expressed to the nearest whole
assigned to the HGI RMs. number, shall be the certified grindability index for the remain-
ing (at least) 22 samples from the batch, which shall then
A9.3 Determination of Grindability Index of Each Lot of become national standard reference coal samples (N HGI
Standard Reference Samples RMs).
A9.3.1 Randomly select four of the containers remaining A9.3.7 If mandated by the NMB, report the average value
after the process defined in Annex A8 has been completed and and the standard deviation (as well as individual analyses,
the lot has been deemed homogeneous. analyst identity, container identity, sieve identity, etc.) to the
relevant NMB officer.
NOTE A9.1—In the special case of whenever the number of containers
in a lot is 24, randomly select and riffle-divide two containers from each A9.3.8 Standard reference coal samples shall be stored in a
given lot of HGI RMs resulting from the process defined in Annex A7. cool place in sealed containers in an atmosphere of argon or
Each of the four resulting samples is tested for HGI according to the nitrogen (oxygen-free).
method described in the body of this test method. (Two different
technicians shall each test one portion obtained from each of the two NOTE A9.2—If only a small number of Hardgrove machines are
selected samples.) available in a country, the preparation of national standard reference coal
samples may not be necessary. In these circumstances, individual users
A9.3.2 Spread each of these test samples as a thin layer in may calibrate their Hardgrove machines by the procedure described in
a tray and condition the samples for a minimum period of 24 Annex A5, using the international standard reference coal samples.

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A10. CALIBRATION OF NATIONAL HARDGROVE MACHINES

(N HGI Machine)

A10.1 Scope A10.3.2 A mechanical sieving machine (4.9) and a national

A10.1.1 This method describes the procedure used to cali- Hardgrove grindability machine (4.10) are both to be reserved
brate national Hardgrove machines, sieves, and ancillary for use only for determining HGI of HGI RMs.
equipment, which are then used for the production of national A10.3.3 At least four specially calibrated, stainless steel
HGI standard reference coal samples (N HGI RMs). 75-µm (No. 200) square-mesh sieves shall be set aside for use
only in determining the HGI of the HGI RMs [that is, in
A10.2 International HGI Standard Reference Coal determining the amount of material passing the 75-µm (No.
Samples (HGI RMs) for Calibration8 200) sieve in 7.5]. One of the sieves (the primary “master”
A10.2.1 Four HGI RMs prepared especially for this purpose sieve) is used only to check the secondary sieve, as needed.
(in accordance with Annex A1-Annex A4) and representing The secondary sieve is used to check the two (or more)
grindability indices of approximately 40, 60, 80, and 100 shall working sieves at least annually. The two (or more) working
be used for calibration. sieves are to be used only for determining the HGI to be
A10.2.2 Upon receipt, each of the HGI RMs should be assigned to the HGI RMs.
examined for the following:
A10.2.2.1 Preparation date (no more than six months old). A10.4 Calibration
A10.2.2.2 Oversize (material retained on a 4.75-mm (No. 4) A10.4.1 A national Hardgrove machine shall be calibrated
sieve). [Less than 5 % + 4.75 mm (No. 4) and no particle on a against international HGI standard reference coal samples
6.30-mm [1⁄4-in.] square-holed sieve).] (HGI RMs), before being used in connection with the prepa-
A10.2.2.3 Foreign, noncoal material (no wood, rock, slate, ration of national reference coal samples (N HGI RMs).
and so forth).
A10.4.2 A set of four HGI RMs shall be obtained from the
A10.2.2.4 Excessive fines [−600-µm (−No. 30) material]
internationally recognized organization authorized to produce
(more than 30 %).
HGI RMs.8
A10.2.3 When any of these parameters are unacceptable,
contact the agency responsible for production of the HGI RMs8 A10.4.3 The national Hardgrove machine shall be cali-
and report the data on the response form accompanying the brated using the procedure set out in Annex A5, except that
HGI RMs (see A5.4.4). four determinations shall be made on each sample.
A10.4.4 When calibrated, the national Hardgrove machine
A10.3 Apparatus shall be reserved exclusively for the determination of the HGIs
A10.3.1 All apparatus and equipment is essentially as pre- of the N HGI RMs.
scribed in Section 4 but with the following special precautions
being taken: A10.5 Verification/Recalibration
A10.5.1 At a period no longer than 36 months, the calibra-
8
Primary international HGI standard reference coal samples (HGI RMs) are tion of a national Hardgrove machine (with its calibration
available from The Pennsylvania State University, Ronald S. Wasco, The Energy chart/equation) shall be verified against international HGI
Institute, C-211 CUL, University Park, PA 16802, Telephone: +1-814-863-5384, standard reference coal samples (HGI RMs). Where the cali-
Fax: +1-814-863-7432, email: rxw19@psu.edu, www.energy.psu.edu/HGI. ASTM
bration has changed, the national Hardgrove machine will be
Subcommittee D05.07 and the ASTM/DOE Liaison Task Group maintains oversight
for production of only the HGI RMs. Secondary standard reference samples are recalibrated against the HGI RMs and a new calibration
available from other sources. curve/equation of the line determined and used.

A11. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No. 16 3 30) TEST SAMPLE
(Moisture Content)

A11.1 Scope [220 and 230°F]. Provision shall be made for renewing the
A11.1.1 This method describes the procedures used to preheated air in the oven at a flow-rate of between approxi-
determine the moisture content of the 1.18- 3 0.60-mm (No. mately 2 to 4 times the oven volumes per minute.
16 3 30) test sample. A11.2.2 Weighing Dish [for moisture in the 1.18- 3
0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) sample] —Shallow, of glass, porcelain,
A11.2 Apparatus fused silica, or of corrosion-resistant metal, with a well-fitting
A11.2.1 Drying Oven, Minimum Free Space [for moisture cover, of such a size that the coal layer does not exceed 0.20
in the 1.18- 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) sample]—The oven g/cm_. The dish should be as shallow as possible, consistent
shall be so constructed as to have a uniform temperature in all with convenient handling.
parts, have a minimum of air space, and be capable of A11.2.3 Desiccator, or similar cooling vessel—Adequate
temperature regulation between the limits of 104 and 110 °C for allowing cooling of the dried, 10-g, 1.18 3 0.60-mm (No.

16
 D 409/D 409M – 09
16 3 30) sample after the 90-min heating period and before the dish has cooled to ambient temperature, and weigh the dish
weighing back of the dried sample; the desiccator must be and cover to 6 0.1 mg (Wi).
adequately designed and maintained as to prevent moisture A11.4.2 Place the cover on the balance and the weighing
reabsorption/readsorption during cooling. dish on the cover. Tare the balance (so the balance reads 0.0000
A11.2.4 Analytical Balance [for moisture in the 1.18 3 g). With a spatula, collect increments from the unused 1.18 mm
0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) sample]—With an approximate 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3 No. 30) sieve size dedusted material
capacity of at least 100 g, capable of weighing to the nearest until approximately 10 6 0.1 g of the sample is in the weighing
0.1 mg. dish. Distribute the 10 g of sample evenly in the weighing dish.
A11.2.5 Calibration Weights—These calibration weights Weigh the dish, cover, and sample (the “assembly”) at once to
shall be used to monitor the response of each balance over the 6 0.1 mg (Ws).
range of normal use each time HGIs are determined. A11.4.3 Place the assembly near the drying oven, remove
the cover, and place the uncovered weighing dish and sample
A11.3 Reagents into the preheated drying oven 107 6 3°C [225 6 5°F]. Close
A11.3.1 Dry Air—Air used to purge the drying oven should the oven at once and heat for 90 min.
be dried to a moisture content of 1.9 mg/L or less (to a dew A11.4.4 After 90 minutes, open the drying oven, quickly
point of 10°C or less, that is, 30 % relative humidity or less). remove and cover the weighing dish and dried sample, place
Any desiccant or drying method capable of achieving this the assembly into the desiccator, cool the assembly in the
degree of dryness is suitable. desiccator, and weigh the assembly 6 0.1 mg (Wf) as soon as
A11.3.2 Desiccants—Materials suitable for use in the des- the assembly has cooled to ambient temperature.
iccator may be chosen from the following:
A11.3.2.1 Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate, (0.004 mg/L). A11.5 Calculation and Report
A11.3.2.2 Silica Gel. A11.5.1 For ease of comparison between or among labora-
A11.3.2.3 Magnesium Perchlorate, (0.0005 mg/L). tories, calculate and report the percent moisture in the 1.18-mm
A11.3.2.4 Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated, (0.003 mg/L). by 600-µm (No. 16 by No. 30) sample.
A11.5.2 Calculate percent moisture in the 1.18 3 0.60-mm
NOTE A11.1—The desiccant must be kept fresh enough to assure that
the air in the desiccator is dry to a moisture content of 1.9 mg/L or less.
(No. 16 3 30) material, M, as follows:
Values in parentheses ( ) are literature values for the residual amount of
moisture in air at equilibrium with these desiccants. M5 F Ws – ~Wf – Wi!
Ws G
3 100 (A11.1)
NOTE A11.2—Warning: Sulfuric acid is corrosive and can cause se-
vere damage to eyes, skin, and clothing. Magnesium perchlorate is a where:
strong oxidant and can react violently with organic materials. M = percent moisture in the 1.18 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3
30) sample, %,
A11.4 Moisture in the 1.18 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) Wi = the empty weight of the weighing dish and cover, g,
Test Sample Ws = the weight of 1.18 3 0.60-mm (No. 16 3 30) sample
A11.4.1 Heat an empty weighing dish under the conditions used, g, and
at which the 10-g sample is to be dried, place the cover on the Wf = the weight of the assembly after heating and cooling,
weighing dish, cool the cover and dish in the desiccator until g.

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