Transient Analysis

10
Transient Analysis
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Whenever a network containing energy storage elements such as inductor or capacitor is switched from one
condition to another, either by change in applied source or change in network elements, the response current
and voltage change from one state to the other state. The time taken to change from an initial steady state
to the final steady state is known as the transient period. This response is known as transient response or
transients. The response of the network after it attains a final steady value is independent of time and is called
the steady-state response. The complete response of the network is determined with the help of a differential
equation.
10.2 INITIAL CONDITIONS

In solving the differential equations in the network, we get some arbitary constant. Initial conditions are
used to determine these arbitrary constants. It helps us to know the behaviour of elements at the instant of
switching.
To differentiate between the time immediately before and immediately after the switching, the signs ‘–’
and ‘+’ are used. The conditions existing just before switching are denoted as i (0–), v (0–), etc. Conditions
just after switching are denoted as i (0+), v (0+).
Sometimes conditions at t = ∞ are used in the evaluation of arbitrary constants. These are known as final
conditions.
In solving the problems for initial conditions in the network, we divide the time period in the following
ways:
1. Just before switching (from t = –∞ to t = 0–)
2. Just after switching (at t = 0+)
3. After switching (for t > 0)
If the network remains in one condition for a long time without any switching action, it is said to be under
steady-state condition.
1. Initial Conditions for the Resistor For a resistor, current and voltage are related by v(t) = Ri(t). The
current through a resistor will change instantaneously if the voltage changes instantaneously. Similarly, the
voltage will change instantaneously if the current changes instantaneously.
10.2 Network Analysis and Synthesis
2. Initial Conditions for the Inductor For an inductor, current and voltage are related by,
di
v(t ) = L
dt
Voltage across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change of current. It is impossible to change
the current through an inductor by a finite amount in zero time. This requires an infinite voltage across the
inductor. An inductor does not allow an abrupt change in the current through it.
The current through the inductor is given by,
t
1
L ∫0
i( t ) = v(t )dt + i( )
where i(0) is the initial current through the inductor.

If there is no current flowing through the inductor at t = 0–, the inductor will act as an open circuit at t = 0+.
If a current of value I0 flows through the inductor at t = 0–, the inductor can be regarded as a current source
of I0 ampere at t = 0+.
3. Initial Conditions for the Capacitor For the capacitor, current and voltage are related by,
dv(t )
i( t ) = C
dt
Current through a capacitor is proportional to the rate of change of voltage. It is impossible to change
the voltage across a capacitor by a finite amount in zero time. This requires an infinite current through the
capacitor. A capacitor does not allow an abrupt change in voltage across it.
The voltage across the capacitor is given by,
t
1
C ∫0
v(t ) = i(t )dt + v( )
where v(0) is the initial voltage across the capacitor.

If there is no voltage across the capacitor at t = 0–, the capacitor will act as a short circuit at t = 0+. If the
capacitor is charged to a voltage V0 at t = 0–, it can be regarded as a voltage source of V0 volt at t = 0+. These
conditions are summarized in Fig. 10.1.
Element with initial conditions Equivalent circuit at t = 0+

R R
L OC
C
SC
I0
I0
V0 V0
+ −
+−
Fig. 10.1 Initial conditions

10.2 Initial Conditions 10.3
Similarly, we can draw the chart for final conditions as shown in Fig. 10.2
Element with initial conditions Equivalent circuit at t = ∞
R R
L SC
C
OC
SC
I0
V0 V0 I0
+ − +− OC
Fig. 10.2 Final conditions
4. Procedure for Evaluating Initial Conditions

(a) Draw the equivalent network at t = 0–. Before switching action takes place, i.e., for t = –∞ to t = 0–, the
network is under steady-state conditions. Hence, find the current flowing through the inductors iL (0–)
and voltage across the capacitor vC(0–).
(b) Draw the equivalent network at t = 0+, i.e., immediately after switching. Replace all the inductors
with open circuits or with current sources iL(0+) and replace all capacitors by short circuits or voltage
sources vC (0+). Resistors are kept as it is in the network.
(c) Initial voltages or currents in the network are determined from the equivalent network at t = 0+.
di + dv + d 2 i + d 2 v +
(d) Initial conditions, i.e., ( )), (0 ), 2 ( )), 2 (0 ) are determined by writing integro-
dt dt dt ddt
differential equations for the network for t > 0, i.e., after the switching action by making use of initial
condition.
Example 10.1 In the given network of Fig. 10.3, the switch is closed at t = 0. With zero current in
di d 2i
the inductor, find i, and 2 at t = 0+.
dt dt
10 Ω
100 V 1H
i(t)
Fig. 10.3
Solution
At t = 0–, no current flows through the inductor.
i( ) 0
10 Ω
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.4.
At t = 0 + , the inductor acts as an open circuit.
100 V
+
i( ) 0 i( 0+)
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.5. Fig. 10.4

Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, 10 Ω
di
100 − 10i
10 − 1 0 …(i)
dt 100 V 1H
i(t)
di
= 100 − 10i …(ii)
dt Fig. 10.5
di + +
At t = 0 + , ( ) = 100 − 10i( ) = 100 − 10( ) = 100 A / s
dt
Differentiating Eq. (ii),
d 2i di
2
= −10
dt dt
2
d i di +
At t = 0 + , 2
(0 + ) 10 (0 ) = −10(100) = −1000 A / s 2
(0
dt dt
Example 10.2 In the network of Fig. 10.6, the switch is closed at t = 0. With the capacitor
di d 2i
uncharged, find value for i, and 2 at t = 0+.
dt dt
1000 Ω
100 V 1 μF
i(t)
Fig. 10.6
Solution
At t = 0−, the capacitor is uncharged.
vC ( ) 0
i( ) 0
1000 Ω
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a short circuit.
100 V v C ( 0+)
+
vC ( )
0
i( 0+)
100
i( + ) = = 0.1 A
1000 Fig. 10.7
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.8. 1000 Ω

Writing the KVL equation for t > 0,
t 100 V
1 1 μF
100 −1000
1000i −
1 10 −6 ∫ i dt = 0 …(i)
i(t)
0
Differentiating Eq. (i),

Fig. 10.8
di
0 − 1000 − 106 i = 0
dt
di 106
=− i …(ii)
dt 1000
+ di + 106 + 106
At t = 0 , ( )=− i( )=− ( .1) /s
dt 1000 1000
d 2i 106 di
=−
dt 2 1000 dt
d 2i 106 di + 106
At t = 0 + , 2
(0 + ) = − (0 ) = −
(0 ( 100) = 105 A / s 2
dt 1000 dt 1000
Example 10.3 In the network shown in Fig. 10.9, the switch is closed. Assuming all initial condi-
di d 2i
tions as zero, find i, and 2 at t = 0+.
dt dt
10 Ω 1H
10 V 10 μF
i(t)
Fig. 10.9
Solution
At t = 0–,
i( ) 0
vC ( ) 0
10 Ω
At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit and
the capacitor acts as a short circuit. v C ( 0+)
10 V
i( 0+)
+
i( ) 0
+
vC ( ) 0
Fig. 10.10
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.11. 10 Ω 1H

di 1
t
10 V 10 μF
dt 10 × 10 −6 ∫0
10 − 10i − 1 − i dt = 0 …(i) i(t)
di + Fig. 10.11
At t = 0 + , 10i(0 + )
10 −10 (0 ) − 0 0
dt
di +
(0 ) 10 A / s
dt
di d 2 i 1
0 10 − − i=0
dt dt 2 10 × 10 6
di + d 2i 1
At t = 0+, 0 10 (0 ) − 2 (0 + ) − i( 0 + ) 0
dt dt 10 5
d 2i
2
(0 + ) 10 10 = −100 A / s 2
dt
dv
Example 10.4 In the network shown in Fig. 10.12, at t = 0, the switch is opened. Calculate v,
dt
d 2v
and at t = 0+.
dt 2
v(t)
1A 1H 100 Ω
Fig. 10.12
Solution At t = 0 , the switch is closed. Hence, no current flows through the inductor.
–
iL ( ) 0
v( 0+)
At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit. i L ( 0+)
+ 1A 100 Ω
iL ( ) 0
+
v( ) = 100 × 1 = 100 V
Fig. 10.13
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.14. v(t)

Writing the KCL equation for t > 0,
t
v 1 1A 1H 100 Ω
100 1 ∫0
+ v dt = 1 …(i)

1 dv Fig. 10.14
+v =0 …(ii)
100 dt
dv + +
At t = 0+, ( ) = −100 v ( ) = −100 × 100 = −10000 V / s
dt
1 d 2 v dv
+ =0
100 dt 2 dt
d 2v dv +
At t = 0+, (0 + ) = −100 (0 ) = −100 × ( 10 4 ) = 106 V / s 2
(0
dt 2 dt
dv
Example 10.5 In the given network of Fig. 10.15, the switch is opened at t = 0. Solve for v,
dt
d 2v
and at t = 0+.
dt 2
v(t)
10 A 1 kΩ 1 μF
Fig. 10.15
Solution At t = 0–, switch is closed. Hence, the voltage v( 0+)

across the capacitor is zero.
v( ) vC ( )=0
10 A 1 kΩ V C ( 0+)
+
At t = 0 , the network is shown in Fig. 10.16.
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a short circuit.
+ + Fig. 10.16
v( ) vC ( )=0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.17. v(t)

v dv
10 −6
+10 = 10 …(i) 10 A 1 kΩ 1 μF
1000 dt
v( + ) dv
At t = 0+, + 10 −66 ( +
) 10
1000 dt Fig. 10.17
dv + 10
( )= = 10 × 106 V / s
dt 10 −6
1 dv d 2v
+ 10 −6 2 = 0
1000 dt dt
1 dv + d 2v
At t = 0+, (0 ) 10 −6 2 (0 + ) = 0
1000 dt dt
d 2v 1
(0 + ) = − × 10 × 106 = −10 × 109 V / s 2
dt 2 1000 × 10 6
dv
Example 10.6 For the network shown in Fig. 10.18, the switch is closed at t = 0, determine v,
dt
d 2v
and at t = 0+.
dt 2
10 A 2Ω 1H 0.5 μF v (t)
Fig. 10.18
Solution At t = 0–, no current flows through the inductor and there is no voltage across the capacitor.
iL ( ) 0
v( ) 0

At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit
10 A 2Ω v( 0+)
and the capacitor acts as a shot circuit.
+ i L ( 0+)
iL ( ) 0
+
v( ) 0 Fig. 10.19
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.20.
Writing the KCL equation for t > 0, 10 A 2Ω 1H 0.5 μF v (t)
t
v 1 dv
+ ∫ vdt + 0 5 × 10 −6 = 10 …(i)
2 11 dt
Fig. 10.20
+
v( ) dv +
At t = 0+, + 0 0. (0 ) = 10
2 dt
dv +
( ) 20 106 V / s
20
dt

1 dv d 2v
+ v + 0 5 × 10 −6 2 = 0
2 dt dt
1 dv + d 2v
At t = 0+, (0 ) 0 + ) + 0.5 10 −6
((0 2
(0 + ) 0
2 dt ddt
d 2v
(0 + ) 20 1012 V /s
/ s2
dt 2
Example 10.7 In the network shown in Fig. 10.21, the switch is changed from the position 1 to the
di d 2i
position 2 at t = 0, steady condition having reached before switching. Find the values of i, and 2 at
t = 0+. dt dt
1 10 Ω
2
20 V
20 Ω 1H
i(t)
Fig. 10.21 10 Ω
Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state condition. 20 V

Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit. i( 0−)
20
i( )= =2A Fig. 10.22
10
10 Ω
At t = 0+, the inductor acts as a current source of 2 A. 20 Ω 2A
+ i( 0+)
i( ) 2A

10 Ω
di
−20i −10 10i − 1 = 0 …(i)
dt
20 Ω 1H 2A
di
At t = 0 ,
+
−30i(0 + ) − (0 + ) = 0 i(t )
dt
di +
(0 ) = −30 × 2 = −60 A / s Fig. 10.24
dt
di d 2 i
−30 − =0
dt dt 2
di + d 2i
At t = 0+, −30 (0 ) − 2 (0 + ) = 0
dt dt
d 2i
2
(0 + ) = 1800 A / s 2
dt
Example 10.8 In the network shown in Fig.10.25, the switch is changed from the position 1 to the
di d 2i
t = 0+. dt dt
1 20 Ω
2
30 V
10 Ω 1 μF
i(t)
Fig. 10.25
20 Ω
Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state condition.
Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit.
30 V vC( 0−)
vC ( ) 30 V i ( 0−)
i( ) 0
Fig. 10.26
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.27. 20 Ω
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a voltage source of 30 V.
vC( 0+)
+
vC ( ) 30 V 10 Ω 30 V
i( 0+)
+ 30
i( )=− = −1 A
30
Fig. 10.27
t 1 μF
1 10 Ω
−10i − 20i −
1 × 10 −6
∫ i dt − 30 = 0 …(i)
i(t) 30 V
0

Fig. 10.28
di
−30 − 106 i = 0 …(ii)
dt
di +
At t = 0+, −30 ( 0 ) − 10 6 ( 0 + ) = 0
dt
di + 106 ( −1)
(0 ) = = 0.33 × 105 A / s
dt 30

d 2i di
−30 2
− 106 =0
dt dt
2
d i di +
At t = 0+, −30 2
( 0 + ) − 10 6 (0 ) = 0
dt dt
d 2i 106 × 0 33 × 105
3
(0 + ) = − = −1.1 × 109 A s 2
dt 30
Example 10.9 In the network shown in Fig. 10.29, the switch is changed from the position 1 to the
di d 2i
t = 0 +. dt dt
1 20 Ω
2
40 V
1 μF
1H
i(t)
Fig. 10.29
20 Ω
Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady state. Hence, the
capacitor acts as an open circuit.
40 V v C ( 0−)
vC ( ) 40 V i( 0−)
i( ) 0
Fig. 10.30
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a voltage source of 40 V and the
inductor acts as an open circuit. v C ( 0+)
40 V
+
vC ( ) 40 V i( 0+)
+
i( ) 0
Fig. 10.31
Writing the KVL equation fo t > 0,
1 μF
t
di 1
−1 − 20i −
dt ∫ i dt − 40 = 0
1 × 10 −6 0
…(i) 1H
i(t) 40 V
di + +
At t = 0+, − ( ) − 20i(( ) − 0 − 40 = 0 Fig. 10.32
dt
di +
( ) = − 40 A / s
dt
d 2i di
− 2
− 20 − 106 i − 0 = 0
dt dt
2
d i di +
At t = 0+, − 2
(0 + ) − 20 (0 ) − 106 i(0 + ) = 0
dt dt
d 2i
2
(0 + ) = 800 A / s 2
dt
Example 10.10 In the network of Fig. 10.33, the switch is changed from the position ‘a’ to ‘b’ at
di d 2i
t = 0. Solve for i, and 2 at t = 0+.
dt dt
a 1 kΩ
b
100 V
0.1 μF 1H
i(t)
Fig. 10.33
Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady condition. Hence, 1 kΩ

the inductor acts as a short circuit.
100 100 V
i( )= = 0.1 A i ( 0−)
1000
vC ( ) 0
Fig. 10.34
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.35. 1 kΩ
At t = 0+, the inductor acts as a current source of 0.1 A and
the capacitor acts as a short circuit.
v C ( 0+) 0.1 A
+ i( 0+)
i( ) 0.1 A
+
vC ( ) 0
Fig. 10.35
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.36. 1 kΩ
t 0.1 μF
1 di 1H 0.1 A
−
0 1 × 10 −6 ∫ i dt −1000
1000i − 1 = 0
dt
…(i) i(t )
0
Fig. 10.36
di +
At t = 0+, −0 − 1000i(0 + ) − (0 ) = 0
dt
di +
(0 ) = −1000 i (0 + ) = −1000 × 0.1 = −100 A /s
/
dt
1 di d 2 i
− −7
i − 1000 − =0
10 dt dt 2
di + d 2i
At t = 0+, −107 i(0 + ) − 1000 (0 ) − 2 (0 + ) = 0
dt dt
d 2i
(0 + ) = −107 (0.1) − 1000
0 ( 100) = −99 105 A / s 2
dt 2
Example 10.11 The network of Fig. 10.37 attains steady-state with the switch closed. At t 0, the
dv
switch is opened. Find the voltage across the switch vK and K at t 0 + .
dt
K 1H
vK
2V 1Ω
0.5 F i(t)
Fig. 10.37
Solution: At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. vK( 0−)

10.38. At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state 2V 1Ω
condition. The capacitor acts as an open circuit and the vC( 0−)
i( 0−)
inductor acts as a short circuit.
2 Fig. 10.38
i( )= =2A
1
vC ( ) 0
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.39. 2A
At t = 0 + , the capacitor acts as a short circuit
and the inductor acts as a current source of 2 A. 2V 1Ω
vC( 0+)
+ i( 0+)
i( ) 2A
+
vC ( ) 0 Fig. 10.39
+
vK ( ) 0
1
C∫
Also, vK = i dt
dvK i
=
dt C
+
dvK + i( ) 2
At t = 0 + , ( )= = = 4 A /s
dt C 0.5
Example 10.12 In the network shown in Fig. 10.40, assuming all initial conditions as zero, find
dii di d 2i d 2 i2 +
i1 (0 + ) i (0 + ), 1 (0 + ), 2 (0 + ), 21 (0 + ) and ( ).
dt dt
d dt dt 2
R1 R2
V C L
i1(t) i2(t)
Fig. 10.40
Solution At t = 0–, all initial conditions are zero.
vC ( ) 0
i1 ( ) 0
i2 ( ) 0
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.41. R1 R2

At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit and the
capacitor acts as a short circuit. vC( 0+)
V
V
i1 (0 + ) = i1( 0+) i2( 0+)
R1
i2 (0 + ) 0 Fig. 10.41
+
vC (0 ) 0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.42. R1 R2

Writing the KVL equations for two meshes for t > 0,
t
1 V C L
C ∫0
V R1i1 − (i1 i2 )dt = 0 …(i)
i1(t) i2(t)
1 di
C∫
and − (i2 − i1 )dt − R2 i2 − L 2 = 0 …(ii) Fig. 10.42
dt
From Eq. (ii), at t = 0 + ,

0+
1 + di2 +
−
C ∫ (i2 − i1 )dt − R2i2 (0 )−
dt
(0 ) = 0
0
di2 +
(0 ) = 0
dt
di1 1
0 − R1 − (i1 i2 ) = 0 …(iii)
dt C
di1 + 1 1
At t = 0 + , 0 1 (0 ) − i1 (0 + ) + i2 (0 + ) 0
dt C C
di 1 V
R1 1 (0 + ) + =0
dt C R1
di1 + V
0 )=− 2
(0
dt R1 C
Differentiating Eq. (iii),
d 2 i1 1 dii1 1 di2
− R1 2
− + =0
dt C dt C dt
2
d i1 1 dii1 + 1 di2 +
At t = 0+, − R1 2
(0 + ) − (0 ) + (0 ) = 0
dt C dt C dt
d 2 i1 V
2
(0 + ) =
dt R13C 2
1 di d 2i
− (i2 − i1 ) − R2 2 − L 22 = 0
C dt dt
d 2 i2 R2 di2 + 1 V
At t = 0+, 2
(0 + ) ((00 ) − [i2 (0 + ) i1 (0 + )] =
[i
dt L dt LC R1 LC
Example 10.13 In the network shown in Fig. 10.43, assuming all initial conditions as zero, find
2
dii di d i d 2 i2
i1 , i2 1 , 2 , 21 and at t 0 + .
dt dt dt dt 2
C R2
V R1 L
i1(t) i2(t)
Fig. 10.43
Solution At t = 0 − , all initial conditions are zero.
vC ( ) 0
i1 ( ) 0
i2 ( ) 0

vC( 0+) R2
At t = 0 + , the capacitor acts as a short circuit and the
inductor acts as an open circuit.
V V R1
i1 (0 + ) = i1( 0+) i2( 0+)
R1
i2 (0 + ) 0
+
Fig. 10.44
vC (0 ) 0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.45. C R2

t V R1 L
1
V − ∫ i1 dt R1 (i1 i2 ) = 0 …(i) i1(t) i2(t)
C0
dii2 Fig. 10.45

and − R1 (i2 − i1 ) − R2 i2 − L =0 …(ii)
dt
From Eq. (ii),
dii2 1
= [ R1i1 − ( R1 R2 )i2 ] …(iii)
dt L
dii2 + 1 1⎡ V ⎤ V
At t = 0 + , (0 ) = [ R1i1 (0 + ) ( R1 R2 )i2 (0 + )] = ⎢ R1 − (R
( R1 R2 )0 ⎥ =
dt L L ⎣ R1 ⎦ L
i1 di1 di2
0 1 1 0
C dt dt
di1 di2 i
= − 1 ...(iv)
dt dt R1C
dii1 di2 + i1 (0 + ) V V
At t = 0 + , (0 ) (0 ) −
(0 = − 2
dt dt R1C L R1 C
d 2 i2 1 ⎡ dii1 dii2 ⎤
= R1 − ( R1 R2 )
dt 2 L ⎢⎣ dt dt ⎥⎦
2
d i2 ⎛ 1 R ⎞
At t = 0 + , (0 + ) = −V ⎜ + 2
dt 2 ⎝ R1 LC L2 ⎟⎠
Differentiating Eq. (iv),

d 2 i1 d 2 i2 1 dii1
2
= 2
−
dt dt R1C dt
2
d i1 d i2 2
1 dii1 + V VR
R 1 ⎛V V ⎞ V 2V VR
R
At t = 0 + , (0 + ) 0+ ) −
((0 (0 ) = − − 22 − ⎜ − 2 ⎟= 3 2− − 2
dt 2
dt 2 R1C dt R1 LC L R1C ⎝ L R1 C ⎠ R1 C R1 LC L2
Example 10.14 In the network shown in Fig. 10.46, a steady state is reached with the switch open.
At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given, determine the value of va (0–), vb (0–), va (0+) and
vb (0+).
10 Ω
10 Ω va(t) 20 Ω
vb(t)
5V 2H
10 Ω
Fig. 10.46
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in 10 Ω

Fig. 10.47.
At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state condition. 10 Ω va(0−) 20 Ω
vb(0−)
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit.
5 5 2
iL ( )= = = A 5V
( ) 7.5 3 iL(0−)
vb ( ) 0
Fig. 10.47
20
va ( ) 5× = 3.33 V
30

At t = 0+, the inductor acts as a current source
2
of A. 10 Ω va(0+) 20 Ω
3 vb(0+)
2
iL ( + ) = A
3 10 Ω 2
5V A
Writing the KCL equations at t = 0+, 3
+
va ( ) 5 va ( + ) va ( +
) vb ( +
)
+ + =0
10 10 20 Fig. 10.48
+ + +
vb ( ) va ( ) vb ( ) 5 2
and + + =0
20 10 3
Solving these two equations,
+
va ( ) 1.9 V
+
vb ( ) 0.477 V
Example 10.15 In the accompanying Fig. 10.49 is shown a network in which a steady state is
reached with switch open. At t = 0, switch is closed. Determine va (0–), va (0+), vb(0–) and vb (0+).
10 Ω
10 Ω va(t) 20 Ω
vb(t)
5V
2F
10 Ω
Fig. 10.49
10 Ω
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in
Fig. 10.50.
10 Ω va(0−) 20 Ω
At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state vb(0−)
condition. Hence, the capacitor acts as an open
circuit.
5V
va ( ) 5V
vb ( ) 5V
Fig. 10.50
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a voltage source 10 Ω
of 5 V.
+ 10 Ω va(0+) 20 Ω
vb ( ) 5V vb(0+)
Writing the KCL equation at t = 0+,
10 Ω
+
5V 5V
va ( ) 5 va ( + ) va ( + ) 5
+ + =0
10 10 20
0.. va ( 0 + ) .75 Fig. 10.51
+
va ( ) 3V
Example 10.16 The network shown in Fig. 10.52 has two independent node pairs. If the switch is
dv dv
opened at t = 0. Find v1 , v2 , 1 and 2 at t = 0+.
dt dt
v1(t) L v2(t)
i(t) R1 R2 C
Fig. 10.52
iL ( ) 0
vC ( ) v2 ( )=0
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.53. v1(0+) v2(0+)

At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit and the
iL(0+)
capacitor acts as a short circuit.
i( 0) R1 R2
+
iL ( ) 0
+ +
v1 ( ) R1 ii(( )
+
v2 ( ) 0 Fig. 10.53
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.54. v1(t) L v2(t )

Writing the KCL equation at Node 1 for t > 0,
t
v1 1
R1 L ∫0
+ ( v1 − v2 )dt = i(t ) …(i) i(t) R1 R2 C

1 dv1 1 di Fig. 10.54
+ ( v1 − v2 ) =
R1 dt L dt
dv1 + ⎡ di + 1 ⎤
At t = 0 + , (0 ) R1 (0 )
(0 R1i(0 + ) ⎥
dt ⎣ddt L ⎦
Writing the KCL equation at Node 2 for t > 0,
t
1 v2 dv
L ∫0
( v2 v1 )dt + +C 2 = 0 …(ii)
R2 dt
v2 ( 0 + ) dv
At t = 0+, 0+ + C 2 (0 + ) 0
R2 dt
dv2 +
(0 ) 0
dt
Example 10.17 In the network shown in Fig. 10.55, the switch is closed at t = 0, with zero capaci-
dv dv d 2 v2
tor voltage and zero inductor current. Solve for v1 , v2 , 1 , 2 and at t = 0+.
dt dt dt 2
R1
+
iC (t ) iL (t )
v1(t )
L
V C −
+
R2 v2(t )
−
Fig. 10.55
vC ( ) 0
v1 ( ) 0
v2 ( ) 0
iL ( ) 0
iC ( ) 0
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.56. R1

At t = 0+, the inductor acts as an open circuit
and the capacitor acts as a short circuit.
iC (0+) iL (0+)
v1 (0+)
+
vC ( ) 0 V
+
v1 ( ) 0 R2
v2 (0+)
+
v2 ( ) 0
+
iL ( ) 0
Fig. 10.56
+ V
iC ( )=
R1
R1
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.57. iC (t ) iL (t )
Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, v1(t )

L
vC (t ) = v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) …(i) V C vC (t )
R v2(t )
dvC dv1 dv2

= + …(ii)
dt dt dt
Fig. 10.57
t
1
C ∫0
Now, vC = iC dt …(iii)
dvC iC
=
dt C
dvC iC ( + ) V
At t = 0+, ( )= = V /s
dt C R1C
diiL
Also v1 L …(iv)
dt
diiL v1
= …(v)
dt L
diiL + v1 ( + )
At t = 0+, ( )= =0
dt L
Also, v2 R2 iL …(vi)
dv2 dii
= R2 L …(vii)
dt dt
dv2 + diiL +
At t = 0+, (0 ) R2 ((00 ) = 0
dt dt
dvC + dv1 dv
(0 ) (0 ) + 2 (0 + )
dt dt dt
dv1 + V
(0 ) = /s
dt R1C
Differentiating Eq. (vii),

d 2 v2 d 2 iL
= R2
dt 2 dt 2
d 2 v2 d 2 iL +
(0 + ) R2 ((00 )
At t = 0+, dt 2 dt
Differentiating Eq. (v),
d 2 iL 1 dv1
2
=
dt L dt
d 2 iL 1 dv1 + 1 V
At t = 0+,
2
(0 + ) = (0 ) =
(0
dt L dt L R1C
d 2 v2 R2V
2
(0 + ) = V / s2
dt R1 LC
Example 10.18 In the network shown in Fig. 10.58, a steady state is reached with switch open. At
t = 0, switch is closed. Find the three loop currents at t = 0+.
2Ω
4Ω i2(t )
0.5 F
6V
i1(t ) 1H 1F
i3(t )
Fig. 10.58
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 2Ω

10.59.
At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state condition.
Hence, the inductor act as a short circuit and the
capacitors act as open circuits. i2(0−) v1(0−)
4Ω
6V
6
i4 (0 ) i1 (0 − ) = =1A
6 i1(0−) v2(0−)
i3 (0−)
i2 (0 ) 0
i3 (0 ) 0
4 Fig. 10.59
v1 (0 ) v2 (0 ) = 6 × =4V
6
Since the charges on capacitors are equal when connected in series,
Q Q2
C1v1 = C2 v2
v1 (0 − ) C2 1
−
= = =2
v2 ( 0 ) C1 0 5
8
v1 (0 − ) = V
3
4
and v2 ( 0 ) = V
3
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.60. 2Ω

At t = 0+, the inductor is replaced by a current
source of 1 A and the capacitors are replaced by a
8 V
8 4 4Ω
voltage source of V and V respectively. i2(0+) 3
3 3 6V
8 i1(0+) 4 V
v1 (0 + ) = V 1A
3 i3(0+) 3
4
v2 ( 0 + ) = V
3
Fig. 10.60
+ 8 4
At t = 0
+,
6 2i1 (0 ) − − = 0
3 3
i1 (0 + ) 1 A
Now, i1 (0 + ) i3 (0
(0 + ) = 1
i3 (0 + ) 0
Writing the KVL equation for Mesh 2,
8
−4 [ 2 (0 + ) − 1 (0 + )] −=0
3
8
−4 2 (0 + ) + 4 − = 0
3
1
i2 (0 + ) = A
3
Example 10.19 In the network shown in Fig. 10.61, the switch K is closed at t = 0 connecting a
dii di
voltage V0 sin ω t to the parallel RL-RC circuit. Find (a) i ((00 + ) andd i2 (0 + ) (b) 1 (0 + ) andd 2 (0 + ).
dt dt
K
i1 (t ) i2 (t )
R R
V0 sinwt
C L
Fig. 10.61
Solution At t = 0 − , no current flows in the inductor and there is no voltage across the capacitor.
vC ( ) 0
i1 ( ) 0
i2 ( ) 0
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.62. i1 (0+ ) i2 (0+ )

At t = 0 + , the inductor acts as an open circuit and the capacitor
acts as a short circuit. The voltage source V0 i ω t acts as a short R R
circuit.
i1 (0 + ) 0 vC (0+ )
i2 (0 + ) 0
vC (0 + ) 0

1 i1 (t ) i2 (t )
C∫
V0 i t R i1 − i1 dt = 0 …(i)
R R
dii
and V0 i t R i2 − L 2 = 0 …(ii)
dt V0 sinwt
C L
dii1 i1
V0 ω ωt − R − =0
dt C
Fig. 10.63
dii1 V0ω i
= cos ω t − 1 …(iii)
dt R RC
dii1 Vω i (0 + ) V0ω
At t = 0 + , (0 ) = 0 cos ω t − 1 =
dt R t = 0+ RC R
From Eq. (ii),

dii2 V0 R
= sin ω t − i2
dt L L
dii2 V0 R
At t = 0 + , (0 ) i t i2 (0 + ) = 0
dt L t = 0+ L
Example 10.20 In the network of Fig. 10.64, the switch K is changed from ‘a’ to ‘b’ at t 0
(a steady state having been established at the position a). Find i1 , i2 and i3 at t = 0 + .
C3 R2 L2
a
K i3
R3
V b
L1 C2
R1 C1
i1
i2
Fig. 10.64
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.65.

At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-
vC3(0−) R2
state condition. Hence, the capacitors act
as open circuits and inductors act as short i3(0−)
R3
circuits. V
i1 (0 ) 0 vC2(0−)
vC1(0−)
i1(0−)
i2 (0 ) 0 i2(0−)
i3 (0 ) 0
vC3 (0 ) V Fig. 10.65
vC2 (0 ) 0
vC1 (0 ) 0
V R2
+
i3(0+)
At t = 0 + , the capacitor C3 acts as a voltage vC3(0+) R3
source of V volts and capacitors C1 and C2 act as
R1 vC2(0+)
short circuts. The inductors act as open circuits. vC1(0+)
i1 (0+)
i2(0+)
+ + V
i1 (0 ) (0 ) = −
i2 (0
R1 R2 + R3
Fig. 10.66
i3 (0 + ) 0
Example 10.21 In the network of Fig. 10. 67, the switch K1 has been closed for a long time prior
to t 0. At t 0, the switch K2 is closed. Find v (0 + ) andd iC (0 + ).
K1 K2
i1 10 Ω
iC i2
10 V C vC 10 Ω
Fig. 10.67
i1(0−) 10 Ω
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown
in Fig. 10.68. At t = 0 − , the network attains iC(0−) i2(0−)
steady-state condition. Hence, the capacitor acts
10 V vC(0−) 10 Ω
as an open circuit.
i1 (0 ) 0
i2 (0 ) 0
Fig. 10.68
iC (0 ) 0
vC (0 ) 10 V
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.69. i1(0+) 10 Ω

At t = 0 + , the capacitor acts as a voltage source iC(0+) i2(0+)
of voltage V.
10 V 10 V 10 Ω
+
vC ( ) 10 V vC(0+)
Writing the KVL equation at t = 0 + ,

10 i1 (0 + ) 10
10 −10 0 Fig. 10.69
and 10 i2 (0 + )
10 −10 0
i1 (0 + ) 0
+
i2 (0 ) 1A
+
i1 (0 ) (0 + ) + i2 (0 + )
iC (0
iC (0 + ) 1 A
Example 10.22 In the network shown in fig. 10.70, a steady state is reached with the switch open.
dii di
At t = 0, the switch is closed. Determine vC (0 ), i1 (0 + )), i2 (0
(0 + ), 1 (0 + ) andd 2 (0 + ).
dt dt
10 Ω
i1(t) i2(t)
20 Ω 20 Ω
100 V
1H 1 μF
Fig. 10.70

Fig. 10.71. i1 (0−) i2 (0−)
At t = 0 − , the network is in steady-state. 20 Ω
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit and the 100 V
capacitor acts as an open circuit. 20 Ω
20
vC ( ) = 100 × = 66.67 V
20 + 10 Fig. 10.71
66.67
i1 ( )= = 3.33 A
20
i2 ( ) 0 i1(0+) i2(0+)
20 Ω 20 Ω
100 V
At t = 0 + , the inductor acts as a current 3.33 A 66.67 A
source of 3.33 A and the capacitor acts as a
voltage source of 66.67 V. Fig. 10.72
10.3 Resistor-Inductor Circuit 10.27
+
vC ( ) 66.67 V
+
i1 ( )
3.33 A
100 − 66.67
i2 ( + ) = = 1.67 A
20
For t > 0 − , the network is shown in i1(t) i2(t)
Fig. 10.73. 20 Ω 20 Ω
Writing the KVL equations for 100 V 1 μF
t > 0, 3.33 A
1H
66.67 V
di1
100 − 20i1 − 1 0 …(i)
dt
Fig. 10.73
1
and 100 − 20 i2 −
10 −6
∫ i2 dt − 66.67 = 0 …(ii)
dii1 +
At t = 0 + , (0 + ) = 100 − 20 (3.33)
(0 ) = 100 − 20i1 (0 33.3 A/s
dt
di2
0 20 106 2 0
dt
di2 + +
At t = 0 + , 20 (0 ) 106 2 (0
(0 )
dt
di2 + 106
(0 ) = − × 1 67 = −83500 A/s 2
dt 20
10.3 RESISTOR-INDUCTOR CIRCUIT

Consider a series RL circuit as shown in Fig. 10.74. The R
switch is closed at time t = 0. The inductor in the circuit is
initially un-energised.
V L
Applying KVL to the circuit for t > 0,
i(t)
di
V Ri L = 0 Fig. 10.74 Series RL circuit
dt
This is a linear differential equation of first order. It can be solved if the variables can be separated.
( ) dt L di
L di
= dt
V Ri
Integrating both the sides,
L
− ln (V − Ri ) = t + k
R
where ln denotes that the logarithm is of base e and k is an arbitrary constant. k can be evaluated from the
initial condition. In the circuit, the switch is closed at t = 0, i.e., just before closing the switch, the current in
the inductor is zero. Since the inductor does not allow sudden change in current, at t = 0+, just after the switch
is closed, the current remains zero.
Setting i = 0 at t = 0,
L
− ln V = k
R
L L
− ln (V − Ri ) = t − ln V
R R
L
−
R
[ − − ]= t
R
V − Ri − t
=e L
V
R
− t
V − Ri = Ve L
R
− t
Ri = V − Ve t
R
V V − Lt
i= − e for t > 0
R R
The complete response is composed of two parts, the steady-state i(t)
V V
response or forced response or zero state response and transient
R R
R
V − Lt
response or natural response or zero input response e .
R t
O
The natural response is a characteristic of the circuit. Its form may
be found by considering the source-free circuit. The forced response Fig. 10.75 Current response of
has the characteristics of forcing function, i.e., applied voltage. Thus, series RL circuit
when the switch is closed, response reaches the steady-state value
after some time interval as shown in Fig. 10.75.
Here, the transient period is defined as the time taken for the current to reach its final or steady state value
from its initial value.
L
The term is called time constant and is denoted by T.
R
L
T=
R
V
At one time constant, the current reaches 63.2 per cent of its final value .
R
1
V V − T t V V −1 V V V
i(T ) = − e = − e = − 0.368 = 0.632
R R R R R R R
Similarly,
V V 2 V V V
i( T ) e 0.135 = 0.865
R R R R R
V V 3 V V V
i( T ) e 0.0498 = 0.950
R R R R R
V V −5 V V V
i(5T ) = − e = − 0.0067 = 0.993
R R R R R
After 5 time constants, the current reaches 99.33 per cent of its final value. The voltage across resistor is
V⎛ − t⎞
R
vR Ri R× ⎜1 − e L ⎟
R⎝ ⎠ v(t)
⎛ − t⎞
R
= V ⎜1 e L ⎟ f t>0 V
VR
⎝ ⎠
VL
Similarly, voltage across inductor is t
O
V d⎛ − t⎞
R
di Fig. 10.76 Voltage response of
vL = =L ⎜1 − e L ⎟ series RL circuit
dt R dt ⎝ ⎠
R
− t
= Ve L for t > 0
Note:
1. Consider a homogeneous equation,
di
+ Pi = 0 where P is a constant.
dt
The solution of this equation is given by,
i (t) = k e−Pt
The value of k is obtained by putting t = 0 in the equation for i (t).
2. Consider a non-homogeneous equation,
di
+ Pi = Q
dt
where P is a constant and Q may be a function of the independent variable t or a constant.
The solution of this equation is given by,
i(t) = e−Pt ∫Q ePt dt + k e−Pt
The value of k is obtained by putting t = 0 in the equation of i(t ).
Example 10.23 In the network of Fig. 10.77, the switch is initially at the position 1. On the steady
state having reached, the switch is changed to the position 2. Find current i(t).
1 R1
2
V
R2 L
i (t)
Fig. 10.77
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.78. R1

At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence,
the inductor acts as a short circuit. V
V i ( 0−)
i( )=
R1
Since the inductor does not allow sudden change in current, Fig. 10.78
+ V
i( )=
R1
R1
V
di R2 L
− R2 i − R1i − L =0 i(t )
R1
dt
di ( R1 + R2 )
+ i=0 Fig. 10.79
dt L
di
Comparing with the differential equation + Pi = 0,
dt
R1 R2
P=
L
The solution of this differential equation is given by,
i(t ) = k e − Pt
⎛R R ⎞
−⎜ 1 2 ⎟ t
⎝ L ⎠
i( t ) = k e
V
At t = 0, i( ) =
R1
V
= k e0 = k
R1
⎛ R1 R2 ⎞
V −⎜ ⎟t
i( t ) = e ⎝ L ⎠
for t > 0
R1
Example 10.24 In the network shown in Fig. 10.80, the switch is closed at t = 0, a steady state
having previously been attained. Find the current i (t).
R2
R1
V
i(t) L
Fig. 10.80
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.81. R2

At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition.
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit. R1
V V
i( )=
R1 R2 i( 0−)
Since the current through the inductor cannot change

instantaneously, Fig. 10.81
+ V
i( )=
R1 R2

R1
di V
V R1 i L =0 i (t) L
V
dt R1 + R2
di R1 V
+ i=
dt L L Fig. 10.82
di
Comparing with the differential equation + Pi = Q,
dt
R1 V
P= , Q=
L L
i( t ) = e Pt
∫ QQe
Pt
dt k e − Pt
R1 R R
− t V − L1 t − 1t
=e L
∫L e dt k e L
R
V − 1t
= +ke L
R1
V
At t = 0, i( ) =
R1 R2
V V
= +k
R1 R2 R1
VRR2
k=−
R1 ( R1 + R2 )
R
V VRR2 − 1t
i( t ) = − e L
R1 R1 ( R1 + R2 )
V ⎛ − 1t ⎞
R
R2
= ⎜1 − e L ⎟ for t > 0
R1 ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
Example 10.25 In the network of Fig. 10.83, a steady state is reached with the switch K open. At
t 0, the switch K is closed. Find the current i(t ) for t 0.
30 Ω 20 Ω
20 V K
1 H
2
10 V
i(t)
Fig. 10.83
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.84. 30 Ω 20 Ω

At t = 0 − , the network has attained steady-state condition.
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit 20 V
20 + 10
i( )= = 0.6 A 10 V i( 0−)
30 + 20
Since the current through the inductor cannot change
+
i( ) 0.6 A

Writing the KVL equation for t > 0.
1 di
10 − 20i − =0 10 V 1 H
0.6 A
2 dt 2
i(t)
di
+ 40i = 20
dt
Fig. 10.85
di
dt
P Q = 20
− Pt
i( t ) = e ∫ Q e ddt k e
Pt Pt
= e −40 t ∫ 0 e 40 t ddt + k e −40 t

20
= + k e −40 t
40
= 0..5 + k e −40 t
At t = 0, i( ) 0.6 A
0.6 = 0.5 + k
k=01
i(( ) = 0.5 + 0.1 e −40t

40
fo t > 0
Example 10.26 The network of Fig. 10.86 is under steady state with switch at the position 1. At
t = 0, switch is moved to position 2. Find i (t).
1 40 Ω
2
50 V 10 V 20 mH
i(t )
Fig. 10.86
40 Ω
At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition. 50 V
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit.
i( 0−)
50
i( )= = 1.25 A
40
Fig. 10.87
Since current through the inductor cannot change
instantaneously,
+
i( ) 1.25 A
40 Ω
di 10 V 20 mH 1.25 A
10 − 40i − 20 × 10 −3 =0
dt i(t)
di
+ 2000i = 500
dt Fig. 10.88
di
dt
P Q = 500
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −2000 t ∫ 500 e 2000 t + k e −2000 t

500
= + k e −2000 t
2000
= 0 25 + k e −2000 t
At t = 0, i( ) 1.25 A
1.25 0.25 + k
k =1
i(( ) = 0 25 2000 t
f 0
Example 10.27 In the network of Fig. 10.89, the switch is moved from 1 to 2 at t = 0. Determine i(t).
5Ω
2
20 V 2Ω 0.5 H
i(t)
40 V
Fig. 10.89

5Ω
At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence,
the inductor acts as a short circuit. 20 V i( 0−)
20
i( )= =4A
5
Fig. 10.90
Since the current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously,
+
i( ) 4A

2Ω
Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, 0.5 H 4A
di 40 V i(t)
40 − 2 0.5 0
dt
di Fig. 10.91
+4 80
dt
di
dt
P Q = 80
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −4tt ∫ 80 e 4 t ddt + k e −4 t
80
= + k e −4 t
4
= 20 + k e −4 t
At t 0, i(0) = 4 A
4 = 20 + k
k = −16
i(t ) = 20 − 16 e −4t
4
fo t > 0
Example 10.28 For the network shown in Fig. 10.92, steady state is reached with the switch closed.
The switch is opened at t = 0. Obtain expressions for iL (t) and vL (t).
100 Ω iL(t)
15 V 3000 Ω 90 mH vL(t)
Fig. 10.92
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.93. 100 Ω

At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence, the
inductor acts as a short circuit.
15 V
15 i L ( 0−)
iL ( )= = 0.15 A
100
Since current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously, Fig. 10.93
iL (0+) = 0.15 A

3000 Ω 90 mH 0.15 A
diiL
−3000iL − 90 × 10 −3 =0 iL(t)
dt
diiL
+ 33.33 × 103 iL = 0 Fig. 10.94
dt
di
dt
P = 33.33 × 103
iL (t ) = k e − Pt
iL (t ) = k e −33.33×10
3
t
At t = 0, iL ( ) 0.15 A
0 15 = k
33 33×103 t
iL ( ) = 0 15 f 0
diiL
Also, vL (t ) = L
dt
d
= 90 × 10 −3 (0.15 e −33 33×10 t )
3
dt
= −90 × 10 −3 × 0.15 × 33.33 × 103 × e −33.33×10
3
t
= −450 e −33.33×10
3
t
for t > 0
Example 10.29 In the network of Fig. 10.95, the switch is open for a long time and it closes at
t = 0. Find i (t).
10 Ω 10 Ω
50 V 0.1 H
10 Ω i(t)
Fig. 10.95
10 Ω 10 Ω
−
Solution At t = 0 , the network is shown in Fig. 10.96.
Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit. 50 V
i( 0−)
50
i( )= = 2.5 A
10 + 10 Fig. 10.96
Since current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously,
i (0+) = 2.5 A
10 Ω 10 Ω
For t > 0, representing the network to the left of
the inductor by Thevenin’s equivalent network,
50 V 10 Ω 0.1 H 2.5 A
10
Veq = 50 × = 25 V i(t)
10 + 10
Req = (10 10) + 10 = 15 Ω
Fig. 10.97
For t > 0, Thevenin’s equivalent network is shown in Fig. 10.98.

di
25 − 15i − 0 1 =0
dt
25 V 0.1 H 2.5 A
di
+ 150i = 250 i(t)
dt
di
Comparing with the differential equation + Pi = Q, Fig. 10.98
dt
P Q = 250
i( t ) = e Pt
∫Q e
Pt
ddt k e − Pt
= e −150 t ∫ 50 e150 t ddt + k e − Pt
250
= + k e −150 t
150
= 1.667 + k e −150 t
At t = 0, i( ) 2 .5 A
2.5 = 1.667 + k
k = 0.833
.667 + 0.833 e −150t

i(( ) = 1.667 150
for t > 0
Example 10.30 In Fig. 10.99, the switch is closed at t = 0. Find i (t) for t > 0.
2Ω
10 A 1Ω 2Ω 1H
i (t)
Fig. 10.99
Solution At t = 0–, i( ) 0
Since current through inductor cannot change instantaneously,

+
i( ) 0
For t > 0, simplifying the network by source-transformation technique as shown in Fig. 10.100.
2Ω 2Ω
10 A 1Ω 2Ω 1H 10 A 0.67 Ω 1H
i (t) i (t)
(a) (b)
Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, 2.67 Ω
di
6.67 2.67i − 1 0
dt 6.67 V 1H
di
+ 2.67 6.67 i (t)
dt
(c)
di
dt Fig. 10.100
P = 2.67, Q = 6.67
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −2.67t ∫ 6.67 e 2.67t ddt + k e −2.67t
6 67
= + k e −2 67t
2 67
= 2 5 + k e −2 67t
At t = 0, i (0) = 0
0 2 .5 + k
k = −2 5
i(( ) = 2.5 − 2.5 e −2 67t
= 2.5(1 2 67 t
) f 0
Example 10.31 Find the current i (t) for t > 0.
60 Ω
25 A 140 Ω 20 Ω 0.3 H
i (t)
Fig. 10.101
Solution At t = 0–, the inductor acts as a short circuit. Simplifying the network as shown in Fig. 10.102.
60 Ω
25 A 140 Ω 20 Ω 25 A 140 Ω 60 Ω
i (0−) i (0−)
(a) (b)
Fig. 10.102
140
i( ) 25 ×
25 = 17.5 A
140 + 60
+
i( ) 17.5 A
60 Ω
25 A 140 Ω 20 Ω 0.3 H 17.5 A

i (t)
Fig. 10.103
Simplifying the network by source transformation as shown in Fig. 10.104,
60 Ω 20 Ω 0.3 H 17.5 A 15 Ω 0.3 H 17.5 A

i (t) i (t)
(a) (b)
Fig. 10.104

di
−15i − 0 3 =0
dt
di
+ 50i = 0
dt
di
dt
P = 50
i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e −50 t
At t = 0, i (0) = 17.5 A
k = 17.5
i(t ) = 17.5 e −50
50 t
f t>0
Example 10.32 In the network of Fig. 10.105, the switch is in position ‘a’ for a long time. At t = 0,
the switch is moved from a to b. Find v2 (t). Assume that the initial current in the 2 H inductor is zero.
1Ω a b
+
1V 1 Ω v2(t)
2H
1H 2
Fig. 10.105
Solution At t = 0 , the switch is in the position a. The network has attained steady-state condition. Hence,
–

Current through the 1 H inductor is given by
1
( ) = =1A
1
v2 ( ) 0
+
i( ) 1A
+ 1
v2 ( ) 1× = −0.5 V
2
+
1H 1A 1 Ω v2(t)
t t 2H
1 v 1 2
10∫ v2 dt + 1 + 2 + ∫ v2 d
1 20
dtt = 0 …(i)
−
2
Differentiating Eq. (i), Fig. 10.106
dv2 1
v2 + 2 + v2 = 0
dt 2
dv2 3
+ v2 = 0
dt 4
dv
Comparing with the differential equation + Pv = 0,
dt
3
P=
4

3
− t
v2 (t ) = K e − Pt = k e 4
At t = 0, v2 (0) = –0.5 V
−0 5 = k e°
k = −0 5
3
− t
v2 ( ) = −0 5 e 4 fo t > 0
Example 10.33 In the network shown in Fig. 10.107, a steady-state condition is achieved with
switch open. At t = 0 switch is closed. Find va (t).
10 Ω
+
3V 5Ω va(t)
0.5 H
−
Fig. 10.107
Solution At t = 0–, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence, the inductor acts as a short
circuit.
iL ( ) 0
5
va ( ) 3× =1V
10 + 5
Since current through inductor cannot change instantaneously,
+
iL ( ) 0
+
va ( ) 1V

Writing the KCL equation for t > 0, 10 Ω
t +
1 v v −3
0 5 ∫0
va dt + a + a =0
5 10 3V 5Ω 0.5 H va(t)
−
dva dv Fig. 10.108

2 a 0.2 0.1 a 0
dt dt
dva 20
+ va = 0
dt 3
dv
Comparing with the differential equation + Pv = 0,
dt
20
P=
3
20
− t
va (t ) = k e − Pt = k e 3
At t = 0, va (0) = 1 V
1= k
20
− t
va ( t ) = e 3 fo t > 0
Example 10.34 In the network of Fig. 10.109, determine currents i1 (t) and i2 (t) when the switch
is closed at t = 0.
10 Ω
5Ω
100 V
i2(t) 5Ω
i1(t) 0.01 H
Fig. 10.109
Solution At t = 0–, i1 (0 ) i2 (0 ) = 0
At t = 0+,
i1 (0 + ) 0
100
i2 (0 + ) = = 6 67 A
15

Writing the KVL equations for t > 0,
di1 5Ω
100 −10
10( 1 + 2 ) − 5 1 0.01 =0 …(i) 100 V
dt i2(t) 5Ω
and 100 −10
10( 1 + 2 ) − 5 2 0 …(ii) i1(t) 0.01 H
From Eq. (ii),

100 − 10i1 Fig. 10.110
i2 =
15
Substituting in Eq. (i),
dii1
+ 833i1 = 3333
dt
di
dt
P Q = 3333
− Pt
i1 (t ) = e ∫ Q e dt
Pt Pt
d ke
= e −833t ∫ 3333 e833t ddt + k e −833t
3333
= + k e −833t
833
= 4 + k e −833t
At t = 0, i1 (0) = 0
0 4+k
k = −4
i1 (t ) = 4 4 e −833t
= 4(1 − e −833t
833t
) fo t > 0
100 − 10i1
i2 (t ) =
15
−833t
100 − 10( 4 − 4 )
=
15
= 4 + 2.67 e −833t fo t > 0
Example 10.35 The switch in the network shown in Fig. 10.111 is closed at t = 0. Find v (t) for
all t > 0. Assume zero initial current in the inductor.
30 Ω
+
10 V − 10 Ω 0.2 H
i1(t)
i2(t)
Fig. 10.111
Solution At t = 0 − , i1 (0 ) 0
i2 (0 ) 0
i2 (0 + ) 0
10
i1 (0 + ) = = 0 25 A
30 + 10

Writing the KVL equations for t > 0,
10 − 30( 1 + 2 ) −10
10 i1 = 0 …(i)
+
10 V − 10 Ω 0.2 H
di2 i2(t)
and 10 − 30( 1 + 2 ) − 0 2 =0 …(ii) i1(t)
dt
From Eq. (i),
10 − 30 i2 Fig. 10.112
i1 = = 0.25 0.75 i2 …(iii)
40
Substituting Eq. (iii) into Eq. (ii),
dii2
+ 37.5 i2 2.5
dt
di
dt
P Q = 2.5
− Pt
i2 (t ) = e ∫ Q e dt
Pt Pt
d ke
= e −37
37.5t
5t
∫ 5 e ddt + k e
37.5t −37.5t
25
= + k e −37.5t
37.5
= 0.067 + k e −37.5t
At t 0, i2 (0) = 0
0 0.067 + k
k = −0.067
i2 ( ) = 0.067 − 0.067 e −37.5t
di
v2 ( ) = 0 2 2
dt
d
= 0.2 (0.067 − 0.067 e 37 5t
)
dt
5 e −37 5t
= 0 5e fo t > 0
Example 10.36 For the network shown in Fig. 10.113, find the current i(t) when the switch is
changed from the position 1 to 2 at t = 0.
40 Ω 1 60 Ω
2
500 V 0.4 H
+
− 10i i(t)
Fig. 10.113
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.114. 40 Ω 60 Ω

At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state condition. Hence,
500 V
500
i( ) = =5A i( 0−)
40 + 60
Since current through the inductor cannot change
Fig. 10.114
instantaneously,
+
i( ) 5A
60 Ω
di + 0.4 H 5A
10i 60i − 0 4 =0 10i −
dt i (t)
di
+ 125i
125i = 0
dt Fig. 10.115
di
dt
P = 125
i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e −125t
At t 0, i(0) = 5 A
5=k
i( t ) = 5 125t
f 0
Example 10.37 For the network shown in Fig. 10.116, find the current in the 20 W resistor when
the switch is opened at t 0.
i
30 Ω 20 Ω
50 V
+
i1(t) − 10i i2(t) 2H
Fig. 10.116
i (0 − )
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 30 Ω 20 Ω
10.117.
At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state 50 V
+
condition. Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit. i1(0 − ) − −
− 10i (0 ) i2(0 )
i(0−) = i2(0−)
Fig. 10.117
Writing the KVL equations at t = 0 − ,

50 − 30( 1 2 ) − 10i2 =0
10i2 30(( 2 − 1 ) 200i2 = 0
30
Solving these equations,
i1 (0 ) 3.33 A
i2 (0 ) 2.5 A
Since the current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously,
i2 (0 + ) 2.5 A
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.118. i(t) = i2(t)

30 Ω
di2 +
10i2 30i2 − 20i2 − 2 0
dt − 10i2 i2(t) 2H 2.5 A
di2
+ 20i
20i2 = 0
dt
Fig. 10.118
di
dt
P = 20
i2 (t ) = k e − Pt = k e −20 t
At t 0, i2 (0) = 2.5 A
25=k
i2 ( ) = 2 5 e −20
20t
fo t > 0
Example 10.38 In the network of Fig. 10.119, an exponential voltage v(t) = 4 e −3t is applied at
t 0. Find the expression for current i(t). Assume zero current through inductor at t 0.
0.5 Ω
+
4e − 3t − 0.25 H
i(t)
Fig. 10.119
Solution At t = 0 − , i( ) 0
+
i( ) 0
3t di
4 0.5 0.25 =0
dt
di
+ 2i 16 e −3t
dt
di
dt
P Q = 16 e −3t
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −2tt ∫ 6 e 3t e 2t dt k e 2t
= 16 e −2t ∫ e t dt k e −2t
= −16 e 3t
ke 2t
At t 0, i(0) = 0
0 16 + k
k = 16
i(t ) = −16 e −33 +16
166 e 2t
fo t > 0
Example 10.39 For the network shown in Fig. 10.120, a sinusoidal voltage source
v = 150 sin(500t + θ ) volts is applied at a time when θ = 0. Find the expression for the current i(t).
50 Ω
150 sin(500t + q ) 0.2 H

i(t)
Fig. 10.120
Solution
di
150 sin(500t θ ) 50 0.2 =0
dt
di
+ 250i
250i 750 sin(500t + θ )
dt
di
dt
P Q = 750 sin(500t + )
i t =e e dt e Pt
=e e ke 250 t
⎡ e 250 t
= e −250 t ⎢ {250 sin(500t t+ + k e −250 t
⎣ ( 250) +
2 2
= + + + k e −250
Let Aco .
and A si .
sin = .6 . =1 8
A 1 342
12
and tan −1 = . °
06
it = °) sin t t )+ke 250 t
i = . sn ° +ke 250 t
At t i 0 =0
−63 43° + k
k =1 2
i = + ° +1 2 >0
Example 10.40 For the network shown in Fig. 10.121, find the transient current when the switch is
moved from the position 1 to 2 at t 0 The network is in steady state with the switch in the position 1. The
voltage applied to the network is v = + 30 )V
2 200 Ω
150 cos(200t + 30 )
0.5 H
Fig. 10.121
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig 200 Ω

10.122.
At t = 0 − the network attains steady-state condition. 150 cos(200t + 30 )
i t) 0.5
V 150 ∠ °
I= = = ∠ 43 A
Z 200 + × 200 × 0 5
Fig. 10.122
10.4 Resistor–Capacitor Circuit 10.49
The steady-state current passing through the network when the switch is in the position 1 is
i 0.67 cos( 200t + 3.43°) …(i)

di 0.5 H
−200 i − 0 5 =0 i(t)
dt
di
+ 400 i = 0
dt Fig. 10.123
di
dt
P = 400
i(t ) = k e − pt
p
= k e −400 t ...(ii)
From Eqs (i) and (ii),
0.67 cos( 200 3.433 ) k e −400 t
0.67 c (3.43°) = k
At t = 0, k = 6 67
i(( ) = 0 67 400 t
f 0
10.4 RESISTOR–CAPACITOR CIRCUIT

Consider a series RC circuit as shown in Fig. 10.124. The switch R
is closed at time t = 0. The capacitor is initially uncharged.
Applying KVL to the circuit for t > 0, V C
1 i(t)
1
C ∫0
V Ri − i dt = 0
Fig. 10.124 Series RC circuit
Differentiating the above equation,
di i
0 0
dt C
di 1
+ i=0
dt RC
This is a linear differential equation of first order. The variables may be separated to solve the equation.
di dt
=−
i RC
Integrating both the sides,
1
ln i = − t k
RC
The constant k can be evaluated from initial condition. In the circuit shown, the switch is closed at t = 0. Since
the capacitor never allows sudden change in voltage, it will act as short circuit at t = 0+. Hence, current in the
V
circuit at t = 0+ is .
R
V
Setting i = at t = 0,
R
V
ln =k
R
1 V
ln i = −
t ln
RC R
V 1
ln i − l n = − t
R RC
i 1
ln =− t
⎛V ⎞ RC
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
R
1
i − t
= e RC
V
R
1
V − t
i = e RC fo t > 0
R
When the switch is closed, the response decays with time as shown i(t)
in Fig. 10.125(a).
The term RC is called time constant and is denoted by T. V
R
T = RC
After 5 time constants, the current drops to 99 per cent of its initial
value. t
O
The voltage across the resistor is
1 Fig. 10.125(a) Current response
V − t of series RC circuit
vR Ri R e RC
R
1
− t
= Ve RC for t > 0
v(t)
Similarly, the voltage across the capacitor is
V
t VC
1
vC = ∫ i dt
C0 VR
t
1 O
t
1 V − t
C ∫0 R
= e RC Fig. 10.125(b) Voltage response
of series RC circuit
1
− t
= −Ve RC +k
At t = 0, vC (0) = 0
k=V
⎛ −
1 ⎞
t
Hence, vC V ⎜1 − e RC ⎟ f t>0
⎝ ⎠
Example 10.41 The switch in the circuit of Fig. 10.126 is moved from the position 1 to 2 at t = 0. Find vC (t).
1 5 kΩ
2 +
100 V vC(t) 1 μF
50 V
−
Fig. 10.126
5 kΩ
Solution At t = 0−, the network is shown in Fig. 10.127.
Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit. v C ( 0−)
100 V
vC (0 ) = 100 V
−
Since the voltage across the capacitor cannot change

vC (0 ) = 100 V
+
5 kΩ
+
dvC vC + 50
−6 50 V vC(t) 1 μF
1 × 10 + =0
dt 5000 −
dvC
+ 200 vC = 10 4
dt Fig. 10.128
dv
Comparing with the differential equation + Pv = Q,
dt
P Q = 10 4
Solution of this differential equation is given by,
− Pt
vC (t ) = e ∫ Q e ddt k e
Pt Pt
= e −200 t ∫ 0 4 e 200 t ddt + k e −200 t

10 4
= + k e −200 t
200
= −50 + k e −200 t
At t = 0, vC (0) = 100 V
1 50 + k
50
k = 150
vC ( ) = −50 + 150 e −200 t for t > 0
Example 10.42 In the network shown in Fig. 10.129, the switch closes at t = 0. The capacitor is
initially uncharged. Find vC (t) and iC (t).
9 kΩ 4 kΩ iC(t)
+
10 V 1 kΩ vC(t) 3 μF
−
Fig. 10.129
Solution At t = 0−, the capacitor is uncharged. Hence, it acts as a short circuit.
vC ( ) 0
iC ( ) 0
At t = 0+, the network is shown in Fig. 10.130. iT (0 + ) 9 kΩ 4 kΩ iC (0 + )

Since voltage across the capacitor cannot change
instantaneously,
+ 10 V 1 kΩ v C ( 0+)
vC ( ) 0
+ ⎡ 10 ⎤ 10
At t = 0+, iT ( )=⎢ ⎥ = = 1.02 mA
⎣9 k ( ) ⎦ 9.8 k Fig. 10.130
+ 1k
iC ( ) 1.02 m × = 0.204 mA
1k+4 k
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.131. 9 kΩ 4 kΩ

For t > 0, representing the network to the left of the
capacitor by Thevenin’s equivalent network, +
10 V 1 kΩ vC(t) 3 μF
−
1k
Veq = 10 × =1V
9 k +1 k
Req = (9 k 1 k) + 4 k = 4.9 kΩ Fig. 10.131
For t > 0, Thevenin’s equivalent network is shown in Fig. 10.132. 4.9 kΩ

dvC v −1 3 μF
3 10 −6 + C =0 1V vC(t)
dt 4 9 × 103
dvC
+ 68.02 vC = 68.02
dt Fig. 10.132
dv
dt
P Q = 68.02
vC (t ) = e Pt
∫Q e
Pt
ddt k e − Pt
= e −68.02t ∫ 68.0 e68.02t ddt + k e −68.02t
= 1 + k e −68.02 t
At t 0, vC (0) = 0
0 1+ k
k = −1
vC (t ) = 1 68 02 t
f 0
dvC
iC (t ) = C
dt
d
= 3 10 −6 ( e 68 02 t
)
dt
= 3 10 6
68.02
02e 68.02 t
= 204.06 × 10 −66 e 68.02 t

foor t > 0
Example 10.43 For the network shown in Fig. 10.133, the switch is open for a long time and closes
at t = 0. Determine vC (t).
100 Ω
+
1200 V vC(t) 50 μF
300 Ω −
Fig. 10.133
Solution At t = 0−, the network is shown in Fig. 10.134.

At t = 0–, the network has attained steady-state condition. 100 Ω
Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit.
vC (0−) = 1200 V 1200 V v C ( 0−)
Since the voltage across the capacitor cannot change
instantaneously,
vC (0+) = 1200 V Fig. 10.134

+
dvC vC vC − 1200 300 Ω vC (t) 50 μF
50 × 10 −6 + + =0 1200 V
dt 300 100 −
dvC
67 vC = 0.24 106
+ 266.67
dt Fig. 10.135
dv
dt
P Q = 0 24 × 106
vC (t ) = e ∫ Q e dt
Pt Pt
d k e − Pt
= e −266.67t ∫ 0. 06 e 266.67t ddt + k e −266 67t
0 24 × 106
= + k e −266.67 t
266.67
= 900 + k e −266.67 t
At t 0, vC (0) = 1200 V
1200 = 900 + k
k = 300
vC (t ) = 900 + 300 e −266 67 t for t > 0
Example 10.44 In Fig. 10.136, the switch is closed at t = 0 Find vC (t) for t > 0.
100 Ω
+
5V 2Ω 1F vC(t)
−
Fig. 10.136
Solution At t = 0−, vC (0−) = 0
Since the voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
vC (0+) = 0
Since the resistor of 2 Ω is connected in parallel with the 100 Ω
voltage source of 5 V, it becomes redundant.
For t > 0, the network is as shown in Fig. 10.137. 5V 1F vC (t)
Writing KCL equation for t > 0,
vC dv
+1 C = 0 Fig. 10.137
100 dt
dvC
100 + vC = 5
dt
dvC
+ 0.01vC = 0.05
dt
dv
dt
P Q = 0.05
− Pt
vC (t ) = e ∫ Q e dt
Pt Pt
d ke
= e −0.01 ∫ 0.05 e 0.01t ddt + k e 0.01t

0 05
= + k e −0 01t
0 01
= 5 + k e −0 01t
At t 0, vC (0) = 0
0 5+ k
k = −5
vC (t ) = 5 5 e −0 01t
= 5(1 − e −0 01t ) for t > 0
Example 10.45 In the network shown, the switch is shifted to position b at t = 0. Find v (t) for t > 0.
1 F
a 4
b
5V +
2Ω v (t)
2Ω
−
Fig. 10.138
vC( 0−)
Solution At t = 0 , the network is shown in Fig. 10.139.
−
At t = 0−, the network has attained steady-state condition. +

Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit. 5V 2Ω v( 0−)
−
vC (0−) = 5 V
v (0−) = 0
Fig. 10.139
At t = 0+, the network is shown in Fig. 10.140. 5V
At t = 0+, the capacitor acts as a voltage source of 5 V.
5 +
+
i( )=− = −1.25 A 2Ω 2Ω v( 0+)
4 −
+ i( 0+)
v( ) 1.25 × 2 2.5 V
Fig. 10.140
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.141. 1F

5V 4
t
1
1∫
−2 − 5 − i dt − 2 = 0 …(i)
0 2Ω 2Ω
4
i(t )
di Fig. 10.141
−4 − 4i = 0
dt
di
+i = 0
dt
di
dt
P =1
i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e − t
At t 0, i(0) = −1.25 A
k = −1.25
i(t ) = −1.25 e − t f t>0
v(t ) = 2i(t )
= −2 5e − t fo t > 0
Example 10.46 In the network of Fig. 10.142, the switch is open for a long time and at t = 0, it is
closed. Determine v2 (t).
0.25 Ω
+
6V 1 Ω v2(t )
0.3 F
2
Fig. 10.142
Solution At t = 0−, the switch is open. 0.25 Ω

v2 (0−) = 0 +
Since voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously, 1 Ω
6V 0.3 F v2(t )
2
v2 (0+) = 0
−
Writing KCL equation for t > 0, Fig 10.143
v2 dv v −6
+0 3 2 + 2 =0
1 dt 0 25
2
dv2
+ 20 v2 = 80
dt
dv
dt
P Q = 80
− Pt
v(t ) = e ∫ Q e ddt k e
Pt Pt
= e −20 t ∫ 80 e 20 t ddt + k e −20 t

80
= + k e −20 t
20
v2 t = 4 + k e −20 t
At t 0, v2 (0) = 0
0 4+k
k = −4
v2 (t ) = 4 4 e −20 t
= 4(1 − e −20t
20 t
) for t > 0.
Example 10.47 The switch is moved from the position a to b at t = 0, having been in the position a
for a long time before t = 0. The capacitor C2 is uncharged at t = 0. Find i (t) and v2 (t) for t > 0.
R R1
a b
+
V0 C2 v2 (t)
C1
i(t)
−
Fig. 10.144
Solution At t = 0–, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence, the capacitor C1 acts as an open
circuit and it will charge to V0 volt.
vC (0−) = V0
1
vC (0−) = 0
2

vC1 (0 + ) V0
vC2 (0 + ) 0
V0
i( 0 + ) =
R1
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.145. R1

+
t t
1 1 C1
V0 − ∫ i dt
C2 ∫0
d R1i − i dt = 0 ...(i) C2 v2(t)
C1 0 V0 i(t )
Differentiating Eq. (i), −
i di i
− − R1 − =0 Fig. 10.145
C1 dt C2
di 1 ⎛ C1 + C2 ⎞
+ i=0
dt R1 ⎜⎝ C1 C2 ⎟⎠
di
dt
1 ⎛ C1 C2 ⎞
P=
R1 ⎜⎝ C1 C2 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ C1 C2 ⎞
− t
− Pt R1 ⎜⎝ C1 C2 ⎟⎠
i( t ) = k e = ke
V0
At t 0, i(0) =
R1
V0
k=
R1
1 ⎛ C1 C2 ⎞
V − ⎜ C1 C2 ⎠⎟
t
i(t ) = 0 e R1 ⎝
R1
1
V − t C1C2
= 0 e RC where, C =
R1 C1 + C2
t
1
C2 ∫0
v2 ( t ) = i dt
t t
1 V0 − R1C
C2 ∫0 R1
= e dt
V0 ⎛ −
1 ⎞
t
= R1C ⎜1 − e R1C
⎟
R1C2 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
V0C1 ⎛ −
t ⎞
t
= ⎜1 − e R1C ⎟ for t > 0
C1 + C2 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
Example 10.48 For the network shown in Fig.10.146, the switch is opened at t = 0. Find v (t) for
t > 0.
+
K
1
10 A 1Ω F v (t)
2
1
Ω
2
−
Fig. 10.146
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. +

10.147.
At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state condition. 10 A
1
Ω 1Ω v C (0 − ) v(0 − )
Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit. 2
vC(0−) = 0
−
−
Writing the KCL equation at t = 0 ,
Fig. 10.147
v( ) v( )
+ = 10
1 1
2
3v(( ) = 10
v( ) 3.33 V
+ +
vC ( ) v(
v( ) = 3.33 V
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.148. +

+ 1
1 dv v 10 A 1Ω F v (t)
+ = 10 − 2
2 dt 1
dv −
+ 2v 20
dt
Fig. 10.148
dv
dt
P Q = 20
− Pt
v(t ) = e ∫ Q e dt
Pt Pt
d ke
= e −2tt ∫ 0 e 2t dt + k e −2t
20
= + k e −2t
2
= 10 + k e −2t
At t 0, v(0) = 3.33 V
3 33 10 + k
k = 6 67
v(( ) = 10 + 6 67 e −2t
opened at t 0.
10 Ω
i(t)
+
5i
100 V −
10 Ω
4 μF
Fig. 10.149
10 Ω
i( 0−)
At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state condition.
Hence, the capacitor acts as open circuit. +
5i( 0−)
−
100 V 10 Ω
100
i( )= =5A
10 + 10
v C ( 0−)
vC ( ) 100
00 10
0ii(( ) 5i(
i( ) = 100 − 10( ) 5( ) = 25 V
Fig. 10.150
v c ( 0+) = 2 5 V
− +
25 + 5 (0
(0 ) −10
10
0i ( 0 ) 0 i( 0+)
+ +
i( 0 ) 5A 5i( 0+)
−
t 25 V
1
25 −
4 10 −6
∫ i dt + 5 10 0 …(i)
0
Fig. 10.151
di di i(t )
0 0.25 × 106 i + 5 10 0 +
5i
dt dt −
di 10 Ω
+ 50000 i = 0 4 μF
dt
25 V
di
dt Fig. 10.152
P = 50000

i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e −50000 t
At t 0, i(0) = 5 A
5=k
i( t ) = 5 50000 t
f 0
opened at t 0.
10 Ω
i(t)
20 Ω 10 Ω
100 V
+
20i 2 μF
−
Fig. 10.153
10 Ω
Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig.
i (0 −)
10.154. At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state
condition. Hence, the capacitor acts as an open circuit. 20 Ω 10 Ω
Writing the KVL equation at t = 0 − , 100 V
+ +
10 i(0 ) 20 (0 − ) − 20 i(0 )
100 −10 0 −
20i (0−) vc (0 −)
−
i( 0 ) 2A
Also, 20 i(0 ) 20 (0 ) − 0 C (0 )=0 Fig. 10.154
vC ( ) 40 i(( ) = 40( ) 80 V
At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.155. i(0 +)
+ + 10 Ω
From Fig. 10.155, i( ) i2 ( ) 20 Ω
20 i(0 + ) 20 0 + ) 10 i2 (0 + ) 80
0 2 ((0 0 +
20i(0 +)
80 V
− i 2 (0 +)
+ + +
20 i(0
(0 ) 20 (0 ) + 10 i(0 ) 80
0 (0 0
+
i( ) 1.6 A Fig. 10.155
+
vC ( ) 80 V
i(t)
20 Ω
From Fig. 10.156, i(t ) = −i2 (t )
2 μF
Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, +
20i
t − i 2 (t) 80 V
1
20i 20i2 10i2
2 10 −6
∫ i2 dt − 80 = 0
0 Fig. 10.156
t
1
20i 20i2 + 10i2
2 10 −6
∫ i dt − 80 = 0
0
1
50i
2 10 −6
∫ i dt − 80 = 0 …(i)

di
50 + 5 105 0
dt
di
+ 1 × 10 4 0
dt
di
dt
P = 1 × 10 4
i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e −1×10
4
t
At t 0, i(0) = 1.6 A
16=k
i(( ) = 1 6 e −11 10 4 t
fo t > 0
Example 10.51 In the network of Fig. 10.157, an exponential voltage 4 e −5t is applied at time
t 0. Find the expression for current i(t). Assume zero voltage across the capacitor at t 0.
0.2 Ω
+
4e −5t − 1F
i(t)
Fig. 10.157
Solution At t = 0 − , vC ( ) 0
i( ) 0
+ 0.2 Ω
Since voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
+
vC ( )
0 +
4
− v c (0 + )
4 i(0 + )
i( + ) = = 20 A
0.2
Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, Fig. 10.158
t
1
1 ∫0
5t
4 0.2i − i dt = 0 …(i)

di
−20 e −5t − 0 2 −i = 0
dt
di
100 e −5t
+ 5i = −100
dt
di
dt
P Q = −100 e −5t
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −5tt ∫ 00 e 5t e5t dt ke 5t
= −100t e −5t + k e −5t

At t 0, i(0) = 20 A
20 = k
i(t ) = −100 t e −55 + 200 e 55t
fo t > 0
Example 10.52 In the network shown in Fig. 10.159, the switch is closed at t 0 connecting a
−t
source e to the network. At t 0,0 v (0) = 0.5 V. Determine v(t).
1Ω
+
Ω 0.5 V+
1
+ 1F v (t )
e −t −
2 −
−
Fig. 10.159
Solution At t = 0 − , v( ) vC ( ) = 0.5 V
Since voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
+ +
v( ) vC ( ) = 0.5 V
v e−t v dv
+ +1 = 0
1 1 dt
2
dv
+ 3v = e − t
dt
dv
dt
P Q = e−t
− Pt
v(t ) = e ∫ Q e ddt k e
Pt Pt
= e −3tt ∫ e t e3t dt k e 3t
= e −3t ∫ e 2t dt + k e −3t
1 −t
= e + k e −3t
2
At t 0, v(0) = 0.5 V
1
05= +k
2
k=0
v(( ) = 0 5 e − t
Example 10.53 In the network shown in Fig. 10.160, a sinusoidal voltage v = 100 sin(500t + θ )
volts is applied to the circuit at a time corresponding to θ = 45°. Obtain the expression for the current i(t).
15 Ω
100 sin (500t + 45°) 100 μF

i(t)
Fig. 10.160
Solution
t
1
5°) 15i −
100 sin(500t 45
100 × 10 −6
∫ i dt = 0 …(i)
0

di
( )( ) cos(500t + 45°) − 15 − 10 4 i = 0
dt
di
+ 666.67i
67i = 3333.33 cos
o( )
dt
di
dt
P Q = 3333.33 cos(500t + 5°)
− Pt
Pt Pt
= e −666 67t ∫ 3333.33 cos( t ) e666.67t + k e 666.67 t

⎡ e666.67t ⎤
= 3333.33 e −666.67t ⎢ {666.67 cos(500t + 45°) + 500 sin(500 + 455°)}⎥ + k e −666.67t
⎣ (666.67) + (500)
2 2
⎦
5 ) k e −666.67t
= 3.2 cos(500 + 45°) + 2.4 sin(500t 45
Let Asin φ 3.2
and A cos φ 2.4
2
A si 2
φ 2
cos φ = ( .2) 2
A cos 2
( . ) 2 = 16
(2
A=4
⎛ 3.2 ⎞
and φ = tan −1 ⎜ = 53.13°
⎝ 2.4 ⎟⎠
i(t ) = 4 sin(
i (53.. ) cos(500t 5°) c (
cos( . 3°) si ( t ) + k e −666.67t
= 4 sin(500t 98. 3 ) k e −666.67t
Putting t = 0, in Eq. (i),
100 sin( 45°)) 15 (0) 0 = 0
i(0) 4.71
4.71 = 4 sin(98
in((98.13°) + k
k = 0 75
i(t
(t ) si ( t .13°)) .75 e −666 67t f t>0
Example 10.54 In the network of Fig. 10.161, the switch is moved from the position 1 to 2 at t 0.
The switch is in the position 1 for a long time. Initial charge on the capacitor is 7 10 −4 coulombs. Deter-
mine the current expression i(t), when ω = 1000 rad / s.
2 50 Ω
100 sin (wt + 30°)
50 Ω
20 μF
i(t)
Fig. 10.161

At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state condition. 50 Ω
V 100 ∠30° 100 sin (wt + 30°)

I= = = 1.41 ∠75° A i(∞) 20 μF
Z 1
50 − j
1000 × 20 × 10 −6
The steady-state current passing through the network when Fig. 10.162
the switch is in the position 1 is
i 1.41si (1000t + 75°) …(i)
For t > 0, the network is as shown in Fig. 10.163.

t 50 Ω
1 +
−50i − 50i −
20 × 10 −6
∫ i dt − vC (0) = 0 …(ii) i(t)
vC (0 −) −
20 μF
0
Differentiating Eq. (ii), Fig. 10.163

di di 1
−50 − 50 − i=0
dt dt 20 × 10 −6
di
+ 500i = 0
dt
di
Comparing with differential equation + Pi = 0,
dt
P = 500
i(t ) = k e − Pt = k e −500 t …(iii)
From Eqs (i) and (ii),
1.41 sin(1000 75 ) k e −500 t
At t = 0, 1.41si (75 ) = k
k = 1 36
i(( ) = 1 36 500 t
f 0
10.5 RESISTOR–INDUCTOR–CAPACITOR CIRCUIT

Consider a series RLC circuit as shown in Fig. 10.164. The R
switch is closed at time t = 0. The capacitor and inductor are
initially uncharged. L
Applying KVL to the circuit for t > 0, V
t i(t) C
di 1
dt C ∫0
V Ri L − i dt = 0
Fig. 10.164 Series RLC circuit
Differentiating the above equation,
di d 2i 1
0−R −L 2 − i=0
dt dt C
d 2i R di 1
+ + i=0
dt 2 L dt LC
This is a second-order differential equation. The auxiliary equation or characteristic equation will be given by,
⎛ R⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
s2 + ⎜ ⎟ s + ⎜ =0
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ LC ⎟⎠
10.5 Resistor–Inductor–Capacitor Circuit 10.67
Let s1 and s2 be the roots of the equation.

2
R ⎛ R⎞ 1
s1 = − + ⎜ ⎟ − = −α + α 2 − ω 02 = −α + β
2L ⎝ 2L ⎠ LC
2
R ⎛ R⎞ 1
s2 = − − ⎜ ⎟ − = −α − α 2 − ω 02 = −α − β
2L ⎝ 2L ⎠ LC
R
where α=
2L
1
ω0 =
LC
and β α 2 − ω 02
The solution of the above second-order differential equation will be given by,
i(t ) = k1e s t + k2 e s2t
where k1 and k2 are constants to be determined and s1 and s2 are the roots of the equation.
Now depending upon the values of a and w0, we have 3 cases of the response.
Case I When a > w0
R 1
>
i.e., 2L LC i(t)
The roots are real and unequal and it gives an overdamped

response.
In this case, the solution is given by,
i = e–a t (k1 eb t + k2 e–b t) t
or i k1 e s t k2 e s2t for t > 0 Fig. 10.165 Overdamped

The current curve for an overdamped case is shown in Fig. 10.165. response
i(t )
Case II When a = w0
R 1
i.e., =
2L LC
The roots are real and equal and it gives a critically damped t
response.
In this case the solution is given by, Fig. 10.166 Critically damped
response
i e −α t ( k k t ) for t > 0
The current curve for critically damped case is shown in Fig. 10.166.
Case III When a < w0

R 1
i.e., <
2L LC
The roots are complex conjugate and it gives an underdamped response.
In this case, the solution is given by,
it
2
where s1 2 0
2 2
Let = − = j d
where j 1
2
and − 2
Hence, i t =e d
−
⎤
⎥+ − )
2 2
−
− for t > 0
The current curve for an underdamped case is shown in Fig. 10.167.

i t)
Fig. 10.167 Underdamped response
Example 10.55 In the network of Fig. 10.168, the switch is closed at t 0 Obtain the expression
for current i t for t >
9Ω 1H
0.05 F
20 V
t)
Fig. 10.168
Solution At t = 0 − , the switch is open.

i ) 0
vC ) 0
Since current through the inductor and voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
i ) 0
vC ) 0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.169. 9Ω 1H

t 20 V 0.05 F
di 1
dt 0 05 ∫0
i(t )
20 − 9 1 − i dt = 0 …(i)
di d 2 i
0 9 − − 20i = 0
dt dt 2
d 2i di
2
+9 20 0
dt dt
2
( )i
) 0
D1 4, D2 5
i(t ) = k1 e −4 t + k2 e 5t
…(ii)
di
= −4 k1 e −4 t − 5k2 e 5t
…(iii)
dt
At t 0, i(0) = 0
0 = k1 + k2 …(iv)
di
( ) 4 k1 5k2 …(v)
dt
Putting t = 0 in Eq. (i),
di +
20 − 9 (0 + ) − (0 ) 0 = 0
dt
di +
(0 ) 20 9i(0 + ) 20 A / s
dt
From Eq. (v),
20 = −4 k1 5k2 …(vi)
Solving Eqs (iv) and (vi),
k1 = 20
k2 = 20
i(t ) = 20 e −4t
4t
0e 5t
for t > 0
Example 10.56 In the network shown in Fig. 10.170, the switch is moved from the position 1 to 2
at t 0. The switch is in the position 1 for a long time. Determine the expression for the current i(t ).
10 Ω 2H
1
2
20 V 3F
50 V i(t )
Fig. 10.170

Fig. 10.171.
At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state
condition. Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit vC (0−)
20 V
and the capacitor acts as an open circuit. i(0 −)
vC ( ) 20 V
i( ) 0 Fig. 10.171
Since the current through the inductor and the voltage across the capacitor cannot change instaneously,
+
vC ( ) 20 V
+
i( ) 0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.172. 10 Ω 2H

t
di 1 3F
dt 3 ∫0
20 − 10i − 2 − i dt − 20 = 0 …(i) 20 V
i(t) 20 V

di d 2i 1 Fig. 10.172
0 10 2 − i−0 0
dt dt 2 3
d 2i di 1
2
+5 + i=0
dt dt 6
⎛ 2 1⎞
⎜⎝ D + 5 D + ⎟⎠ i = 0
6
D1 0 03 2 4.97
i(t ) = k1 e −0.03
03t
+ k2 e 4.97 t
…(ii)
di
= −0.03k1 e −0 03t − 4.97k2 e 4.97 t
…(iii)
dt
At t 0, i(0) = 0
0 = k1 + k2 …(iv)
di
( ) 0.03 k1 .97 k2 …(v)
dt

di +
10 i(0 + ) 2
20 −10 (0 ) 0 = 0
dt
di + 20 − 10 i(0 + )
(0 ) = = 10 A / s
dt 2
From Eq. (v),
10 = −0.03
03 k1 4 97 k2 …(vi)
k1 = 2 02
k2 = 2 02
i(t ) = 2.02 e 0 03t
03t
.0 e 4.97 t
for t > 0
Example 10.57 In the network of Fig. 10.173, the switch is closed and a steady state is reached in
the network. At t 0, the switch is opened. Find the expression for the current i (t) in the inductor.
10 Ω
i2(t)
100 V 1H 10 μF
Fig. 10.173

Fig. 10.174.
At t = 0 − , the network attains steady-state i2 (0 −)
condition. Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit 100 V vC (0 −)
and the capacitor acts as an open circuit.
100
i2 (0 ) = = 10 A
10 Fig. 10.174
vC (0 ) 0
Since current through the inductor and voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
i2 (0 + ) 10 A
vC (0 + ) 0
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.175. i2(t)

1H 10 μF
10 A
t
di 1
dt 10 × 10 −6 ∫0
−1 2 − i dt = 0 …(i)
Fig. 10.175
d 2 i2
− − 105 i = 0
dt 2
d 2 i2
+ 105 i = 0
dt 2
( D 2 + 05 )i = 0
D = j 316 D = − j 316
i2 (t ) = k1 cos 3 6t + k2 s 3 6t …(ii)
dii2
= −316 k1 t + 316 k2 cos 3 6t …(iii)
dt
At t 0, i2 (0) = 10 A
10 = k1 …(iv)
dii2
(0) = 316 k2 …(v)
dt
di +
− ( )−0 = 0
dt
di +
( )=0
dt
From Eq. (v),
0 = 316 k2
k2 = 0
i2 (t ) = 10 cos 316
316t fo t > 0
Example 10.58 In the network of Fig. 10.176, capacitor C has an initial voltage vc (0 ) of
10 V and at the same instant, current in the inductor L is zero. The switch is closed at time t 0.
Obtain the expression for the voltage v(t ) across the inductor L.
v (t)
+ 1Ω 1
1F H
10 V 4 2
−
Fig. 10.176
Solution At t = 0 − , iL ( ) 0
v( ) vC ( ) = 10 V
Since current through the inductor and voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
+
iL ( ) 0
+ +
v( ) vC ( ) = 10 V
For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.177. v (t)
dv v 1
t + 1Ω 1
H
dt 1 1 ∫0
1 + + v dt = 0 …(i) 10 V
−
1F 4 2
4 2
d 2v dv
2
+4 + 2v = 0
dt dt
(D2 4 D 2)v = 0
4D
D1 1 D2 3
v(t ) = k1 e −tt + k2 e 3t
…(ii)
dv
= − k1 e −tt − 3 k2 e 3t
…(iii)
dt
At t 0, v(0) = 10 V
10 = k1 + k2 …(iv)
dv
( ) k1 3 k2 …(v)
dt
dv +
( v( ) 0 = 0
) 4 v(
dt
dv +
( ) 40 V / s
dt
From Eq. (v),
−40 = − k1 − 3 k2 …(vi)
k1 = −5
k2 = 15
v(t ) = −5 e t
15 e 3t
f t 0
Example 10.59 In the network of Fig. 10.178, the switch is opened at t 0 obtain the expression
for v(t ). Assume zero initial conditions.
v (t )
2A 0.5 Ω 0.5 H 1F
Fig. 10.178
Solution At t = 0 − , iL ( ) 0
v( ) vC ( )=0
Since current through the inductor and voltage across the capacitor can not change instantaneously,
+
iL ( ) 0
+ +
v( ) vC ( )=0
v (t)
t
v 1 dv
+ ∫
0.5 0.5 0
vdt + 1
dt
2 …(i) 2A 0.5 Ω 0.5 H 1F

dv d 2v Fig. 10.179
2 + 2v
2v + 2 = 0
dt dt
d 2v dv
2
+2 + 2v = 0
dt dt
(D2 2 D 2) v = 0
D 1 j1 D 1 j1
v(t ) = e t ( k cos
cos t k2 sin t ) … (ii)
dv
= −e t ( k cos
cos t k2 sin t ) e t ( −kk s t + k2 cos t )
dt
= e − t [ − k (cos
(cos t + si t ) + k (cos t − sin t )] …(iii)
At t = 0, v(0) = 0
0 = k1 …(iv)
dv
( ) = − k1 k2 …(v)
dt
dv
2 ( 0) + 0 ( 0) = 2
dt
dv
( ) 2 V /s
dt
From Eq. (v),
2 = −k1 + k2 …(vi)
Solving Eq. (iv) and (vi),
k1 = 0
k2 = 2
v(t ) = 2 e t
i t f t 0
Example 10.60 The network shown in Fig. 10.180, a sinusoidal voltage v = 150 sin(200t + φ ) is
applied at φ = 30°. Determine the current i(t).
10 Ω 0.5 H
150 sin (200t + f) 200 μF

i(t )
Fig. 10.180
Solution Writing the KVL equation for t > 0,

t
di 1
dt 200 × 10 −6 ∫0
150 sin( 200t 30°) 10 0.5 − i dt = 0 …(i)
di d 2i
30000 cos( 200t + 30°) 10 0.5 − 5000i
5000i = 0
dt dt 2
d 2i di
2
+ 20 + 10000
0 i 60000 cos( 200t + 30°)
dt dt
2
( )i 00t + 30°)
60000 cos( 200 …(ii)
The roots of the characteristic equation are
D 10 j 99 5 D 10 j 99 5
The complimentary function is
iC e −10 t ( K1 c 99 5t + K 2 i 99.5t )
Let the particular function be
iP A cos( 200t 30°) B sin( t+ °)
iP′ 00 A sin( 200t + 30°) + 200 B cos( 200t + 30°)
iP″ 0000 A cos( 200t 30°) i ( 200t + 30°)
B sin(200
Substituting these values in Eq. (ii),
30° − 40000 B 200t + ° + −200 A 200t + 0° + 200 cos 200 + 30°
+ + 30 + B sin 200t + 30 60000 cos( 200t + °)
( B 4000 A − + + ) 200t + °)
= + 30°)
Equating the coefficients,
B 4000 A + =0
+ 4000 + = 60000
Solving these equations,
A 1 97
B = 0 26
i t+ ° + + 30°
Let Asin . 7
and A cos . 6
cos = = 3.95
A = 1.987
−1 97
and = tan −1 = −82.48
0 26
i t + 30° + 1. cos( . °) sin( 200 + °)
t + 30° − 82 48 )
− 52 48°)
The solution of the differential equation is given by,

it e k . sin 9. t t 48 ) …(iii)
di
k 99 5t
dt
10 k1 os 99 n . t 1 ( ) t . )
At t 0
0 1 in( . °)
k1 1 58 …(iv)
di
−52. )
dt
= 1 5 ) 242.03
226.23 …(v)

di
150 sin(30°)) 10(0) 0.5 ( 0) − 0 0
dt
di
(0) = 150 A / s
dt
From Eq. (v),
150 = 99.5 k2 + 226.23
k2 = −0 77
i(( ) = e −10 t (1
(1.58 s 99.5t − 0.77 si 99.5 ) .987 sin( 200t − 52.
.987 ) fo t > 0
Example 10.61 The switch in the network of Fig. 10.181 is opened at t = 0. Find i (t) for t > 0 if,
1
(a) L = H and C = 1 F (b) L = 1 H and C = 1 F (c) L = 5 H and C = 1 F
2
2Ω L i(t)
+
4V 2Ω C vC (t)
Fig. 10.181
Solution At t = 0–, the network has attained steady-state condition. Hence, the inductor acts as a short
circuit and the capacitor acts as an pen circuit.
2
vC ( ) 4× =2V
2 2
i( ) 0
Since current through the inductor and voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
+
vC ( ) 2V
+
i( ) 0
1
Case I When R = 2 Ω, L = H, C = 1 F
2
R 2
α= = =2
2L 1
2×
2
1 1 1
ω0 = = = = 1.414
LC 1 05
×1
2
α > ω0
This indicates an overdamped case.
i(t ) = A1 e s1t − A2 e s2t
where, s1 = −α − α 2 − ω 02 = −2 4−2 2− 2 3.414
and s2 = −α + α 2 − ω 02 = −2 2 = −0.586
−3 414 t
i(t ) = k1 e + k2 e 0.586 t
At t = 0, i (0) = 0
k1 k2 = 0 …(i)
Also vL(0+) + vC(0+) + vR(0+) = 0
+ + + + + …(ii)
vL ( ) vR ( ) − vC ( ) 2i( ) vC ( ) = −2 V
+ di +
vL ( ) L ( )
dt
di + vL ( + ) 2
( )= =− = −4 A / s
dt L 0.5
Differentiating the equation of i (t) and putting the condition at t = 0,
− 3.414 k1 − 0.586 k2 = −4 …(iii)
Solving Eqs (i) and (iii), we get
k1 = 1.414 and k2 = − 1.414
(t ) = 1. (e −3.414 t e 0.586 t
) for t > 0
Case II When R = 2 Ω, L = 1 H, C =1 F
R 2 2
α= = = =1
2L 2 × 1 2
1 1
ω0 = = =1
LC 1
α ω0
This indicates a critically damped case.

i(t) = e–a t (k1 + k2 t) = e–t (k1 + k2 t)
At t = 0, i(0) = 0
k1 = 0
di +
Also, vL (0 + ) L (0 )
dt
di + vL ( + ) 2
( )= = − = −2 A / s
dt L 1
Exercises 10.79
Differentiating the equation of i(t) and putting the condition at t = 0,

di
= − k1 k2 = −2
dt t =0
k2 = −2
i(t ) = −2t e − t f t>0
Case III When R = 2 Ω, L = 5 H, C = 1 F
R 2
α= = =02
2 L 10
1 1
ω0 = = = 0.447
LC 5
α < ω0
This indicates an underdamped case.
i (t) = e–a t (B1 cos wd t + B2 sin wd t)
where, ωd ω o2 − α 2 = (0.447) 2 − (0.2) 2 = 0 4

s, ± jω d = −0.2 ± j 0.4
i( t ) = e 0 2t
( B1 cos 0 4t
(B B2 sin 0.4t )
Applying the initial condition,
i(0+) = 0
di + vL ( + ) 2
and ( )=− =−
dt L 5
B1 i( 0) 0
B2 = −1
i(t ) = −e −0 2t si 0.4t for t > 0
Exercises
10.1 The switch in Fig. 10.182 is moved from the 10.2 The switch K is closed at t = 0 in the
position a to b at t = 0, the network having been network shown in Fig. 10.183. Determine
in steady state in the position a. Determine di d 2i +
dii dii3 + i( + )), (0 + ) (0 ).
i1 (0 + ), i2 (0 + ), i3 (0 + ), 2 (0 + ) (0 ). dt ddt 2
dt dt
1Ω 1H 1Ω
a 1 Ω i1(t)
i2(t) i3(t )
b 1Ω 2Ω V0 1Ω 1F
10 V
i1(t) i(t)
2H 1F
Fig. 10.183
Fig. 10.182
⎡ 1 ⎤
[1.66 A, 5 A, −3.33 A, −3.33 A/s, 2.22 A/s] ⎢0, 2 V0 V0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
10.3 In the network of Fig. 10.184, the switch K 10.6 The network shown in Fig. 10.187 is under
is closed at t = 0. At t = 0−, all capacitor steady-state when the switch is closed. At t =
voltages and inductor currents are zero. Find 0, it is opened. Obtain an expression for i (t).
dv dv dv3
v1 , 1 , v2 , 2 , v3 and at t = 0 + . 4 kΩ
dt
d dt
d dt
i(t)
K
R1 V1 L1
V3 4A 10 kΩ 4 mH 8 kΩ
R2
+ C3
v (t)
− C1 Fig. 10.187
V2
.857 e −2 ×10 t ]
6
C2 R [ (t )
10.7 The switch in Fig. 10.188 is open for a long

Fig. 10.184
time and closes at t = 0. Determine i (t) for
⎡ 1 (0 + ) ⎤ t > 0.
⎢0, , 0, 0, 0, 0 ⎥
6Ω 3Ω
⎣ C R1 ⎦
i(t)
10.4 In the network at Fig. 10.185, the capacitor C1
is charged to voltage 1000 V and the switch K 240 V 30 Ω
2H
d 2 i2
is closed at t = 0. Find at t = 0 + .
dt 2
Fig. 10.188
K
2 MΩ
[i(t) = 25(1 − e−4t)]
+ 10.8 In the network shown in Fig. 10.189, the steady

10 μF
−
1000 V 1 MΩ 10 μF state is reached with the switch open. At t = 0,
i1 i2 the switch is closed Find vC (t) for t > 0.
3 kΩ 5 kΩ
Fig. 10.185
⎡ 17 2⎤
⎢ 400000 A / s ⎥ +
⎣ ⎦ 2 kΩ vC (t) 5 μF
1 kΩ −
10.5 In the network shown in Fig. 10.186, switch is
6V
closed at t = 0. Obtain the current i2 (t).
10 Ω Fig. 10.189
[vC(t) = 5e−20t]
50 V 10 Ω 2 μF 10.9 The circuit shown in Fig. 10.190 has acquired
i1(t ) i2(t) steady state before switching at t = 0.
(i) Obtain vC (0+), vC (0−), i (0+) and i (0−).
Fig. 10.186 (ii) Obtain time constant for t > 0.
[i2(t) = 5 e–100000t] (iii) Find current i (t) for t > 0.
Exercises 10.81
10.13 In Fig. 10.194, the switch is open until time

t = 100 seconds and is closed for all times
+ 10 kΩ thereafter. Find v (t) for all times greater than
i(t ) 100 if v (100) = −3 V.
vC (t) 2 μF
5 kΩ 5V
8Ω 12 Ω
+
−
Fig. 10.190 5V 6F 2F v (t )
[(i) 5 V, 5 V, 1 mA, 0, (ii) 0.01 s, (iii) e−100 t mA]
−
10.10 In the network shown in Fig. 10.191, the
switch is initially at the position 1 for a long Fig. 10.194
time. At t = 0, the switch is changed to the
position 2. Find current i (t) for t > 0. ⎡ −
(t )⎤
⎢ v(t ) = 5 − 8e 160 ⎥
1 10 Ω ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2 10.14 A series RL circuit shown in Fig. 10.195 has

20 V
a constant voltage V applied at t = 0. At what
20 Ω 1H
time does vR = vL.
i (t)
Fig. 10.191
vR 10 Ω
[i (t) = 2 e−30t]
10.11 In the network shown in Fig. 10.192, the 10 V
switch is closed at t = 0. Find v (t) for t > 0. vL 1H
+
Fig. 10.195
1 Ω 1 v (t ) [0.0693 s]
3A 1Ω H
2 3
10.15 In the circuit shown in Fig. 10.196, at time
− t = 0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero
and the switch is moved to the position y. The
Fig. 10.192 switch is kept at position y for 20 seconds
[v(t) = e−t] and then moved to position z and kept in that
10.12 In the network shown in Fig. 10.193, the position thereafter. Find the voltage across the
switch is in the position 1 for a long time and capacitor at t = 30 seconds.
at t = 0, the switch is moved to the position . 10 kΩ y z
Find v (t) for t > 0.
1Ω 1 2 +
+ 10 V 5 kΩ
vC (t) 0.1 μF
−
1V 0.5 Ω 2 H v(t )
1H
Fig. 10.196
−
[0]
Fig. 10.193 10.16 Determine whether RLC series circuit shown
−3 t in Fig 10.197 is underdamped, overdamped or
[v (t) = −0.5 e 4]
+ di + or critically damped. Also find

critically damped. Also, find vL ( )), (0 ) 2
dt di d v
and i (∞). vL ( + )), (0 + ), 2 ( + ) if v(t ) = u(t ).
dt dt
200 Ω 0.1 H
2Ω 1H
+ v (t) −
L + v (t) −
L
+ 10 μF +
200 u(t ) + 1 F
− u(t) v(t)
i(t) − 2
−
i(t)
Fig. 10.197
Fig. 10.198
[critically damped, 200 V, 2000 A/s, 0]
10.17 Determine whether RLC circuit of Fig [underdamped 1 V, 1 A/s, 2 V/s2]
10.198 is underdamped, overdamped
Objective-Type Questions
10.1 The voltages vC1 vC2 and vC3 across the (a) eat − ebt (b) eat + ebt
capacitors in the circuit in Fig. 10.199 under (c) aedt − bebt (d) aeat + bebt
steady state are respectively
10.3 The differential equation for the current i(t) in
1H 2F 2H the circuit of Fig. 10.201 is
10 kΩ 2 kΩ
+ −
vC 2 i(t) 2Ω 2H
+ +
+ vC1 1F vC 3
100 V 40 kΩ 3F
− −
−
sin t 1F
Fig. 10.199
Fig. 10.201
(a) 80 V, 32 V, 48 V
(b) 80 V, 48 V, 32 V d 2i di
(a) 2 2
+2 + i ( t ) = sin t
(c) 20 V, 8 V, 12 V dt dt
(d) 20 V, 12 V, 8 V
d 2i di
10.2 In the circuit of Fig. 10.200, the voltage v(t) is (b) +2 + 2i ( t ) = cos t
dt 2 dt
1Ω 1Ω
d 2i di
(c) 2 +2 + i ( t ) = cos t
+ dt 2 dt
eat v ( t) 1H ebt
− d 2i di
(d) +2 + 2i ( t ) = sin t
dt 2 dt
Fig. 10.200
Objective-Type Questions 10.83
10.4 At t = 0+, the current i1 in Fig. 10.202 is (b) i(t )
1 C 1
0.63
2
V
R
R L t
i1(t) 0.5
i2(t ) C
(c) i(t)
Fig. 10.202 0.5

0.31
V V
(a) − (b) −
2R R
t
V 0.5
(c) − (d) zero
4R (d) i(t )
10.5 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10.203, the time 1

constant RC = 1 ms. The input voltage is vi(t) 0.63
= 2 sin 103 t. The output voltage v0(t) is
equal to
t
R 2
Fig. 10.205
vi (t ) C vo (t)
10.7 The condition on R, L and C such that the step
response v(t) in Fig. 10.206 has no oscillations
is
Fig. 10.203 L R
(a) sin (103 − 45°) (b) sin (103 t + 45°) +

(c) sin (103 t − 53) (d) sin (103 t + 53°) v(t) C v(t)
−
10.6 For the RL circuit shown in Fig. 10.204, the
input voltage vi(t) = u(t). The current i(t) is
1H
Fig. 10.206
1 L L
vi (t ) 2Ω (a) R≥ (b) R≥
2 C C
i(t)
L 1
(c) R≥2 (d) R=
Fig. 10.204 C LC
10.8 The switch S in Fig. 10.207 closed at t = 0.
(a) i(t ) If v2 (0) = 10 V and vg(0) = 0 respectively,
the voltages across capacitors in steady state
0.5
will be
0.31
t
2
v1 (t ) the terminal pair, the time constant of the
system will be
8 μF
1 MΩ i(t )
v2 (t ) 2 μF Network of A
linear resistors +
and independent
sources B
−
Fig. 10.207
(a) v2 (∞) = v1 (∞) = 0 (a)
(b) v2(∞) = 2 V, v1 (∞) = 8 V i(t )

(c) v2 (∞) = v1 (∞) = 8 V
4 mA
(d) v2(∞) = 8 V, v1 (∞) = 2 V
10.9 The time constant of the network shown in v( t)
Fig. 10.208 is (0, 0) 8V
R (b)
Fig. 10.210
10 V 2R
C
(a) 3 μs
(b) 12 s
Fig. 10.208 (c) 32 s
(a) 2 RC (b) 3 RC (d) unknown, unless actual network is spec-
ified
1 2 10.12 In the network shown in Fig. 10.211, the circuit
(c) RC (d) RC
2 3 was initially in the steady-state condition with
10.10 In the series RC circuit shown in Fig. 10.209, the switch K closed. At the instant when the
the voltage across C starts increasing when the switch is opened, the rate of decay of current
dc source is switched on. The rate of increase through inductance will be
of voltage across C at the instant just after the
K
switch is closed i.e., at t = 0+ will be
C R
2Ω
2Ω
2V
2H
1V
Fig. 10.211
Fig. 10.209 (a) zero (b) 0.5 A/s

(a) zero (b) infinity (c) 1 A/s (d) 2 A/s
1 10.13 A step function voltage is applied to an RLC
(c) RC (d)
RC series circuit having R = 2 Ω, L = 1 H and C
10.11 The v – i characteristic as seen from the = 1 F. The transient current response of the
terminal pair (A – B) of the network of Fig. circuit would be
10.210(a) is shown in Fig. 10.210(b). If an (a) over damped (b) critically damped
inductance of value 6 mH is connected across (c) under damped (d) none of these
Answers to Objective-Type Questions 10.85
Answers to Objective-Type Questions

10.1 (b) 10.2 (d) 10.3 (c) 10.4 (d) 10.5 (a) 10.6 (b) 10.7 (c)
10.8 (d) 10.9 (d) 10.10 (d) 10.11 (a) 10.12 (d) 10.13 (b)

Transient Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transient Analysis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transient Analysis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10

10.2 INITIAL CONDITIONS

where i(0) is the initial current through the inductor.

where v(0) is the initial voltage across the capacitor.

Element with initial conditions Equivalent circuit at t = 0+

Fig. 10.1 Initial conditions

Fig. 10.2 Final conditions

4. Procedure for Evaluating Initial Conditions

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.5. Fig. 10.4

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.8. 1000 Ω

Differentiating Eq. (i),

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.11. 10 Ω 1H

Differentiating Eq. (i),

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.14. v(t)

Differentiating Eq. (i),

Solution At t = 0–, switch is closed. Hence, the voltage v( 0+)

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.17. v(t)

Differentiating Eq. (i),

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.19.

Differentiating Eq. (i),

Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady-state condition. 20 V

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.24. Fig. 10.23

Differentiating Eq. (i),

Differentiating Eq. (ii),

Solution At t = 0–, the network attains steady condition. Hence, 1 kΩ

Solution: At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. vK( 0−)

Solution At t = 0–, all initial conditions are zero.

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.41. R1 R2

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.42. R1 R2

From Eq. (ii), at t = 0 + ,

Solution At t = 0 − , all initial conditions are zero.

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.44.

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.45. C R2

Writing the KVL equation for t > 0,

dii2 Fig. 10.45

Differentiating Eq. (iv),

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in 10 Ω

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.48. 10 Ω

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.53. v1(0+) v2(0+)

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.54. v1(t) L v2(t )

Differentiating Eq. (i),

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.56. R1

Writing the KVL equation for t > 0, v1(t )

dvC dv1 dv2

Differentiating Eq. (vii),

Differentiating Eq. (v),

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 2Ω

Since the charges on capacitors are equal when connected in series,

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.60. 2Ω

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.62. i1 (0+ ) i2 (0+ )

For t > 0, the network is shown in Fig. 10.63. Fig. 10.62

From Eq. (ii),

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.65.

At t = 0 + , the network is shown in Fig. 10.69. i1(0+) 10 Ω

Writing the KVL equation at t = 0 + ,

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in 10 Ω

For t > 0 − , the network is shown in i1(t) i2(t)

10.3 RESISTOR-INDUCTOR CIRCUIT

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.78. R1

Solution At t = 0 − , the network is shown in Fig. 10.81. R2