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    How To Design Solar System-1

    Uploaded by

    ALI

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    How To Design Solar System-1

    Uploaded by

    ALI
    17 views4 pages

    Original Title

    How to Design Solar System-1 (1)

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views4 pages

    How To Design Solar System-1

    Uploaded by

    ALI

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    How to design solar system

    Major system components

    Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system
    type, site location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar charge
    controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
    • PV module – converts sunlight into DC electricity.
    • Solar charge controller – regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels
    going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
    • Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC current for AC
    appliances or fed back into grid line.
    • Battery – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand.
    • Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV,
    computer,
    refrigerator, etc.
    • Auxiliary energy sources - is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.

    Solar PV system sizing

    1. Determine power consumption demands


    The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy
    consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:

    1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
    Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day which
    must be delivered to the appliances.

    1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
    Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get
    the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels.

    2. Size the PV modules


    Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of
    PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size
    of the PV module and climate of site location. We have to consider “panel generation factor”
    which is different in each site location. For Somali , the panel generation factor is 5.5. To
    determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:

    2.1 Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules


    Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 1.2) by 5.5
    to get
    the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.

    2.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system


    Divide the answer obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules
    available
    to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the
    number of PV modules required.

    Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed,
    the system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used,
    the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
    3. Inverter sizing
    An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the
    inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same
    nominal voltage as your battery.
    For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts
    you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of
    appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be
    minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to
    handle surge current during starting.
    For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same
    as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.

    4. Battery sizing
    The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle
    battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or
    cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store
    sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of
    battery, calculate as follows:

    4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.


    4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
    4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
    4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage.
    4.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that
    you
    need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the
    required
    Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.

    Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy
    (0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

    5. Solar charge controller sizing


    The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select
    the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which
    type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller
    has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array.
    For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input
    current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or
    parallel configuration).
    According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit
    current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
    Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3

    Remark: For MPPT charge controller sizing will be different. (See Basics of MPPT Charge
    Controller)

    Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:

     One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4 hours per day.
     One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.
     One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day .

    The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.

    1. Determine power consumption demands

    Total appliance use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)


    = 1,092 Wh/day
    Total PV panels energy needed = 1,092 x 1.3
    = 1,419.6 Wh/day.

    2. Size the PV panel

    2.1 Total Wp of PV panel = 1,419.6 / 5.5


    capacity needed
    = 258.09 Wp
    2.2 Number of PV panels
    = 258.09 / 110
    needed
    = 2.34 modules

    Actual requirement = 3modules


    So this system should be powered by at least 3 modules of 110 Wp PV module.

    3. Inverter sizing
    Total Watt of all appliances = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W
    For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger size.
    The inverter size should be about 190 W or greater.

    4. Battery sizing
    Total appliances use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)
    Nominal battery voltage = 12 V
    Days of autonomy = 2 days

    Battery capacity = [(18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)] x 2


    (0.85 x 0.6 x 12)
    Total Ampere-hours required 170.26 Ah
    So the battery should be rated 12 V 170.26 Ah for 2day autonomy.

    5. Solar charge controller sizing


    PV module specification
    Pm = 110 Wp
    Vm = 16.7 Vdc
    Im = 6.6 A
    Voc = 20.7 A
    Isc = 7.5 A
    Solar charge controller rating = (3 strings x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 29.25 A
    So the solar charge controller should be rated 30 A at 12 V or greater.

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