Equipment For Engineering Education: G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GMBH

Equipment for Engineering Education
,QVWUXFWLRQ0DQXDO
WL 312 Multipurpose Air Duct
and Heat Transfer Unit
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

PO. Box 1125
D-22881 Barsbüttel • Germany
Phone (040) 670854-0
Fax (040) 670854-42
WL 312 Multi Purpose Air Duct and
Heat Transfer Unit
Diff. Pressure(Flow) Temperature1 Temperature2
1.23 1.23 1.23
Diff. Pressure Humidity 1 Humidity 2
1.23 1.23 1.23
Fan
T-A
NO US
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All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany
Experiment Instructions
Please read and follow the instructions before the first installation!
Publication-No.: 916.000 00 A 312 12 03/99

Heat Transfer Unit
Table of Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Description of unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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2.3 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3.1 Radial fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3.2 Air duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.3.3 Pitot measuring device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3.4 Control cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Start-up and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.1 Replacing the heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Risk of injury or death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Risk to unit and function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Theoretical principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1 Purpose of heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Function of heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1 Medium to partition heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.2 Heat conduction in partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.3 Coefficient of heat transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Heat flux through heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4 Losses in heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 Temperature profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.6 Determination of air-flow velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Heat Transfer Unit
4.7 h,x diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1 Determining the volumetric flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.2 Recording a flow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Entering the air state in the h,x diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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6.2 h,x - Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.3 Symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.4 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4
Heat Transfer Unit
1 Introduction
The transfer of heat in heat exchangers plays a

large role in many areas of industry. There are
many different forms of heat exchangers which
transfer heat from one medium to another. Heat
transfer in heat exchangers can take place
according to two principles:
- Co-current or cross-current flow
- Co-current flow
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The inlet and outlet temperatures of the media

used in the transfer of heat depend on these
principles.
There are also various forms of heat transfer.
Convection is the transfer of heat through contact
and conduction. A second area is heat transfer
through radiation. In forced convection, a
c o n v ey ing unit (pump, blower) moves the fluid
to be heated or cooled by the heat exchanger
surfaces.
Heat transfer therefore has many variables (flow
medium, size and shape of the flow cross-section
and t h ro u gh p u t m as s e s ) . T his m ak e s it
v ir tu a lly i m p o s s i b l e to predetermine heat
transfer exactly on a mathematical basis.
The G.U.N.T. Multi Purpose Air Duct and

Heat Transfer Unit WL 312 offers an excellent
supplement. It can be used to determine heat
transfer on an experimental basis. It provides a
view of industrial applications in convection heat
transfer, with the possibility of installing different
types of heat exchangers with different heat
transfer media.
1 Introduction 1
Heat Transfer Unit
2 Description of unit
2.1 Design
3
Diff.Pressure(Flow) Temperature1 Temperature2

4
1.23 1.23 1.23

5 10 11
1.23 1.23 1.23
Fan
T- A
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6 7 8 9
12
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2
13
14
17 16 15
1
1. Movable frame 10. Wetting tubes

2. Radial fan 11. Pressure release via ring chamber
3. Control cabinet 12. Rectifier unit
4. Pitot meßasuring device 13. Intake (rounded)
5. Viewing window 14. Pressure sensor
6. Empty section 15. Steam fittings
7. Clamp closure 16. Positioning device
8. Air duct 17. Slanted tube manometer
9. Combined temperature/relative humidity sensor
(not visible)
2 Description of unit 2
Heat Transfer Unit
2.2 Features
The WL312 unit is equipped with industrial

measurement instrumentation for the examination
Dif. Presure(Flow) Tempera ture1 Temperature2
of heat transfer processes.

1.2 3 1.23 1 .2 3
Dif f. Pressure Hu mid it y 1 Hum idi ty 2
1.2 3 1.23 1 .2 3
Fan
-
T AU
NO S
• The air duct is prepared for the use of different

types of heat exchangers.
• The heat exchanger can be replaced easily
thanks to clamp closures.
• A good insulation reduces the corruption
of temperature measurements as a result of
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environmental influences.
•
The pressure curve over the cross-section

of the flow can be recorded with a pitot tube.
• Pressure losses via the installed heat
exchanger are recorded electronically.
• The air intake is equalised thanks to a rounded
inlet and a honeycomb rectifier .
• The relative humidity of the air intake can be
increased with an external steam humidifier
via tubes which lead into the duct.
2.3 System components
2.3.1 Radial fan
The air that is used as the heat-exchanging

medium is taken in though the heat exchanger
2
by a low-pressure radial fan(1).
The volumetric flow of the fan can be adjusted
using the throttle valve (2) that is located directly
on the outlet side of the fan.
1
Heat Transfer Unit
2.3.2 Air duct
An insulated air duct with an internal cross-section

1 2 4 3
of 150 x 290 mm2 is located on the intake side of
the radial fan. The fan and duct are connected by
a round/rectangular feed section (1).
A viewing window (5), a pressure relief connection
piece and a combined duct sensor (6) are installed
in each of the duct sections before (2) and after (3)
5
the empty section (4). The empty section can
be replaced by a heat exchanger.
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6 6
The pressure relief connections make it possible to
measure pressure loss via the installed heat
exchanger.
The combined duct sensors record the temperature
and the relative humidity at the inlet and outlet of
the heat transfer unit.
The volumetric air flow can be determined within
the duct by using the negative pressure within
the duct, which is recorded at the air inlet by a
10 8 9
type of ring chamber (8).
The rounded shape of the intake piece (9)
and the honeycomb rectifier ensure the even
distribution of the air flow.
Tubes (10) which lead into the air duct are located
on the sides of the duct, just behind the intake
section. These tubes enable the subsequent
11 we t tin g of the air with a steam humidifier,
which can be connected by a hose to a nozzle (11).
Heat Transfer Unit
2.3.3 Pitot measuring device
An adjustable pitot tube is installed at the duct

in order to record the flow profile within the duct.
This pitot tube is located behind the empty section,
so that flow profiles which occur with the installed
3 heat exchanger can also be illustrated.
The position of the pitot tube (1) can be read on
2 a millimeter scale (2). The position can be
varied between 0 mm (bottom of duct) and 290 mm
(top of duct). The knurled screw (3) must be
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1 loosened in order to change the position of the

pitot tube. This allows the tube to be placed in the
4 desired position. The tube is locked into place by

tightening the screw. The position of the pitot
tube can also be monitored through a viewing
5
window (4).
To measure the dynamic pressure within the duct,
the difference of the static and the total pressure
are recorded with a slanted tube manometer (5).
The overall pressure is recorded by the pitot tube,
while the static pressure is recorded at the delivery
end, below the pitot tube. This is also used to
determine the pressure loss of the installed heat
exchanger.
Heat Transfer Unit
2.3.4 Control cabinet
A control cabinet is provided for the operation of

the electrical components and the display of the
electronically recorded measured values.
4 6 7 8
The following measured values are displayed:
- Differential pressure between the duct and the
Diff. Pressure(Flow) Temperature1 Temperature2
environment (4) (determination of volumetric
1.23 1.23 1.23
flow by the ring chamber method)
1.23 1.23 1.23 - Differential pressure via the installed heat

Fan
exchanger (5)
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T- A
NO US
- Air temperature at the inlet to the heat

exchanger (6)
5 3 1 2 9 - Relative air humidity at the inlet to the heat
exchanger (7)
- Air temperature at the outlet of the heat
exchanger (8)
- Relative air humidity at the outlet of the heat
exchanger (9)
The control cabinet contains a main switch (1), an
emergency OFF switch (2) and an ON/OFF switch
(3) for the fan.
2.4 Start-up and operation
Before the unit can be put into operation, a location

for installation must be found which will not hinder
the air inlet or outlet.
The unit must then be secured against rolling by
applying the brake. This is especially important
since the fan produces a thrust that is sufficient to
set the unit in motion.
Heat Transfer Unit
After the unit has been connected to a 230V/50Hz-

power supply, the fan can be switched on by
pressing the ON/OFF switch on the control
cabinet.
The volumetric flow can be adjusted with the throttle
valve on the delivery end of the radial fan.
2.4.1 Replacing the heat exchanger
The unit includes a empty section which is

replaced in many experiments by the various heat
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1 3
exchangers from the set of accessories . This is
performed according to the following steps:
- Loosen the clamp closures (1) on the empty

section (3) on the side nearest to the fan.
- Separate the air duct from the stationary duct
along with the empty section (side nearest to
the fan) and push forward to the stop.
- Loosen the clamp on the other side of the
2 empty section.
Important! The empty section is now held by
only one guide pin (2). To prevent the empty
section from falling , support it with one hand
when loosening the last clamp.
Follow the opposite order exactly when installing
a heat exchanger.
Important! It may be necessary to shorten or
lengthen the bars of the clamping closures by
adjusting the nuts (a).
a
Heat Transfer Unit
3 Safety instructions
3.1 Risk of injury or death
The radial fan is operated with an electrical

voltage of 230 V. For this reason the following safety
instructions must be observed:
- DANGER! Keep control cabinet closed!
Risk of electrical shock.
Remove plug from mains in an emergency!
Only trained personnel may carry out repairs to
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the unit.
- DANGER! Keep hands away from the

throttle valve in the discharge end of the
fan!
Risk of cuts or crushing by the rotating impeller.
3.2 Risk to unit and function
- IMPORTANT! Keep air inlet to the duct and

outlet away from the discharge end of the
radial fan.
Otherwise, measurements may be corrupted.
- IMPORTANT! Secure unit against rolling.

Otherwise it may be moved from its position by
the backward thrust of the blower.
3 Safety instructions 8
Heat Transfer Unit
4 Theoretical principles
4.1 Purpose of heat exchanger
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between

two media. The media do not come into direct contact
and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the
hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-
conducting partition. Some examples of heat
exchangers are car radiators (media: water/air), oil
coolers (media: oil/air or water) and cooling coils in
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refrigerators (media: air/refrigerant).

4.2 Function of heat exchanger
As it flows along the partition, the hot medium

emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing
so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the
cold medium flowing along the other side of the
partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat-
transfer process at the partition can therefore be
described in terms of three separate stages.
1. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.

Hot side Partition Cold side
Medium 1 Medium 2 2. Partition conducts heat from the hot surface to
T1
∆T1
the cold surface.
Tw1 3. Partition emits heat to the cold medium.
∆Tw ∆T
Tw2
∆T2 Fig. 4.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature
T2
profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-
s
transfer stages is assigned a temperature
Distance difference ∆T1, ∆Tw and ∆T2.
Fig. 4.1 Temperature profile with Note: In the following the quantities on the hot side
heat transfer and heat con-
duction at partition are labelled with the index 1 and those on the cold
side with the index 2. The indices E and A are
4 Theoretical principles 9
Heat Transfer Unit
usedto designate the inlet and outlet, with the

index w representing the partition.
The efficiency of a heat exchanger is determined

by the level of heat transport in the three heat-
transfer stages.
4.2.1 Medium to partition heat transfer
The ability to transfer heat from a medium to the

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partition or vice versa is described by the heat

transfer coefficient α.
Q = α A ∆T t (4.1)
The formula indicates the quantity of heat Q

transferred in time t. In addition to the heat transfer
coefficient α and partition area A, the principal
factor governing heat transfer is the difference ∆T
in temperature between medium and partition.
Most generally of interest is the heat flux, i.e. the
quantity of heat per unit of time transferred by the
heat exchanger. Heat flux is expressed as a unit
of power, e.g. kW or kJ/s.
.
The general equation for heat flux Q is:
.
Q = α A ∆T (4.2)
Or as follows for the specific case of medium 1 on

the hot partition side and medium 2 on the cold
side:
.
Q = α1 A ∆T1 (4.3)
Where ∆T1 = T1−Tw1 (4.4)
Heat Transfer Unit
.
Q = α2 A ∆T2 (4.5)
Where ∆T2 = T2−Tw2 (4.6)
4.2.2 Heat conduction in partition
Within the partition, heat is transferred from the hot

side to the cold side by means of heat conduction.
The following relationship applies:
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. λ A ∆Tw
Q=
(4.7)
s
Where ∆Tw = Tw1−Tw2 (4.8)
In the above, λ is the coefficient of heat conduction

of the partition material and s the thickness of the
partition.
4.2.3 Coefficient of heat transmission
As the heat flux through all three phases is

the same in steady-state condition, the following
applies:
. λ A ∆Tw
Q = α1 A ∆T1 = = α2 A ∆T2 (4.9)
s
or in more simple terms, using the coefficient of

mean heat transmission km of the heat exchanger:
.
Q = km A ∆T (4.10)
Where ∆T = T1−T2 (4.11)
Heat Transfer Unit
1 s 1
and km = + + (4.12)
α1 λ α2
The coefficient of heat transmission is the

characteristic feature of a heat exchanger and
can be used as a means of comparing various heat
exchangers. The coefficient of heat transmission
is relatively constant for a given type and thus
forms a basis for the dimensioning of heat
exchangers of similar design.
As the temperatures along the partition are not
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constant, a mean temperature difference must be

used in calculation. The temperature profile is

non-linear, with the result that use must be
made of the logarithmic mean ∆Tl n instead of
the arithmetic mean. Generally speaking, the
surfaces on the cold and hot sides are also not of
equal size (e.g. inner and outer surface of pipe on
test-stand heat exchanger), so that here again a
mean area Am has to be employed.
This yields the following equation for the heat flux.
.
Q = km Am ∆Tln (4.13)
(∆Tmax − ∆Tmin )
∆Tln = (4.14)
 ∆Tmax 
ln  
 ∆Tmin 
A1 − A2
Am = (4.15)
 A1 
ln  
 A2 
Note: ln stands for the natural logarithm to the

base e = 2.71828.
Heat Transfer Unit
4.3 Heat flux through heat exchanger
Fig. 4.2 gives a schematic view of the energy

flow/heat flux in a heat exchanger. Losses have
not been entered.
.
The heat flux Qw exchanged is calculated from the
difference
. . between the inlet and outlet heat flux
QE and QA. For an ideal heat exchanger with no
losses it is irrelevant whether the hot or cold
medium is used for calculation purposes (see Fig.
4.2). Generally speaking, the heat flux is
.
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determined from the mass flow rate m, the specific

heat capacity cp and the absolute temperature T:
. .
Q = m cp T (4.16)
This yields the heat fluxes exchanged:

. . . .
Hot side 1
. Qw1 = Q1A − Q1E = m1cp1(T1A − T1E) (4.17)
.
Q1E Q2A
. for medium 1
Qw
Heat exchanged . . . .
. Qw2 = Q2A − Q2E = m2cp2(T2A − T2E) (4.18)
. Q2A
Q2E
Cold side 2 for medium 2
Fig. 4.2 Energy flow within heat With no losses:

exchanger with no allowance . . .
for losses Qw = − Qw1 = Qw2 (4.19)
If the two heat fluxes are not the same, i.e. in the
event of heat-exchanger losses, use is made of the
mean value in further calculation.
. .
. ( − Qw 1 ) + Qw 2
Qwm = (4.20)
2
Heat Transfer Unit
The coefficient of heat transmission km of the
heat exchanger can thus be calculated.

.
Qwm
km = (4.21)
Am ∆Tln
. .
m2 cp2 ( T2A − T2E ) − m1 cp1 ( T1A − T1E )  ∆T 
km = ln  max (4.22)
2 Am ( ∆ Tmax − ∆Tmin )  ∆Tmin 
. .
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Where m1 = ρ1 V1 (4.23)
.
.
and m2 = ρ2 V2 (4.24)
4.4 Losses in heat exchanger
Poor insulation causes losses in a heat exchanger.

A distinction must be made between two cases
when defining efficiency with allowance for such
losses. Efficiency is basically defined as the
relationship between yield and effort involved. In
the case of cooling of a hot medium, the yield is
the heat given off by the hot medium and the effort
involved is the heat to be transported by the
cooling medium.
.
Qw1
ηcool = . (4.25)
Qw2
In this case, efficiency is enhanced by losses due

for example to radiation or convection. When
heating a medium, the yield is the quantity of heat
absorbed by the cold medium and the effort involved
is the heat to be transferred from the hot medium.
Heat Transfer Unit
.
Qw2
ηheat = . (4.26)
Qw1
4.5 Temperature profile
The temperature profile in a heat exchanger is not

easy to calculate and thus only a rough outline of
the procedure involved in solving the problem is
given here.
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The decrease/increase in temperature is

proportional to the quantity of heat exchanged
via the partition. This in turn is proportional to

the temperature difference between the two
media. The following differential relationships thus
apply to a uniflow heat exchanger:
Heat dissipation, medium 1
.
dQ . dT1
= − m1 cp1 (4.27)
dx dx
Heat absorption, medium 2

.
dQ . dT2
= m2 cp2 (4.28)
dx dx
Heat conduction through partition

.
dQ = k (T1 − T2 ) dA (4.29)
Where dA = b dx (4.30)
In the above, A represents the heat-exchanger

area of width b and length x. k is the coefficient
of local heat transmission. Given the simplified
assumption of temperature-independent material
quantities, these equations result in a 1st order
differential equation system for the temperature
profile as a function of distance x.
Heat Transfer Unit
dT1(x)
= − k1 T1(x) + k1 T2(x) (4.31)
dx
kb
Where k1 = . 2(x) (4.32)
cp1 m1
dT2(x)
= k2 T1(x) − k2 T2(x) (4.33)
dx
kb
Where k2 = . (4.34)
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cp2 m2
T1E Hot medium (1)
The structure of the solutions to this system of

T1A
∆T equations for the temperature profile in a heat
T2A
T2E exchanger is as follows. For uniflow current:
Cold medium (2)
T1(x) = (A0 + A1x ) e −(k1 + k2 ) x (4.35)
Cold Distance x
T2(x) = (B0 + B1x ) e −(k1 + k2 ) x (4.36)

Hot
Fig. 4.3 Temperature profile in heat For counter-current:

exchanger with uniflow cur-
rent T1(x) = (C0 + C1x ) e −(k2 − k1 ) x (4.37)
T2(x) = (D0 + D1x ) e −(k2 − k1 ) x (4.38)

T1E Hot medium (1)
T2A The constants A - D are relatively complex

∆T
T1A expressions which are not given here for the sake
T2E of simplicity. The important aspect is that the
Cold medium (2)
temperatures have an exponential, non-linear
Distance x profile. A special case is found with counter-
current, where the profile may be linear and
parallel if constants k1 and k2 are equal. The
Hot
Cold temperature profiles are shown in Figs. 4.3 and
Fig. 4.4 Temperature profile in heat 4.4. It is also interesting to note that with counter-
exchanger with counter-cur-
current the outlet temperature T2A of the heated
rent
medium may be higher than the outlet temperature
Heat Transfer Unit
of the cooled medium T1A. With uniflow current, on

the other hand, the outlet temperature T2A is
always lower than T1A.
ps, c
pu, cu =0
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∆h ≈ ∆p
Heat Transfer Unit
4.6 Determination of air-flow velocity
The air speed is measured at the entrance to the

measurement section. The static pressure ps in
the duct is tapped by means of four holes
distributed around the periphery of the duct.
The difference in pressure between total and static
pressure corresponds to the dynamic pressure pd
and is proportional to the square of the flow
velocity.
Assuming negligible pressure losses, the total
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pressure pg in the duct is equal to the total ambient

pressure pu . This raises the need for pitot tubes
in the duct which would influence the flow field.

With density ρ of air, speed is thus:
c= √2pd = √

2 (pu −
ps) = √

2 ∆p (4.39)
ρ ρ ρ
Height h of liquid column in inclined-tube manometer

gives
∆p = ρfl g ∆h (4.40)
where ρfl is the density of the liquid.
c= √
 2 ρ g∆h
fl (4.41)
ρ
Heat Transfer Unit
.
The volume flow V of the air is calculated with the
aid of the constant flow coefficient α and the
expansion coefficient ε according to the following
formula:
.
V=α⋅ε⋅c⋅A (4.42)
The letter A in the formula stands for the cross-

sectional area of the ventilation duct, and is deter-
mined by the edge lengths.
As well as the area, the coefficient of expansion
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(ε=1) and flow coefficient (α=1) (because there is

no orifice/diaphragm inside of the air duct) are
constant, so that the volume flow thus only

depends on the air velocity.
st.
on
h =c
ϕ
st.
con
=
ϕ
v = cons onst.
t. t=c m
is
ti
so
t he
rm
e
(t
=
h
co
=
co
n
ns
st
t.
.)
nst.
t = co
saturation curve
ϕ = 100%
t = 0°C
0
h
=
help axis
co
ns
t.
h
=
0
Fig.: 4.5 Section from h,x - diagram
Heat Transfer Unit
.
V=c⋅A (4.43)
.
Then, to determine the air mass flow, mL the result
of the previous calculation of the volume flow is
applied in the formula below.
. .
. V V
mL = = (4.44)
v ⋅ (1 + x) vf
In this formula both the specific volume v and the

absolute humidity x relate to the incoming air
03/99
condition (air-conditioning system outlet). The

absolute humidity is applied in this formula in
kg/kg, but without taking account of the unit.
Heat Transfer Unit
4.7 h,x diagram
To simplify the calculations with humid air and to

clearly show the condition change, we have the
h,x Mollier diagram. This is an oblique angle
coordinate system which shows the x values
(absolute humidity). on the abscisses axis
running at angle to the bottom right and shows
the h values (entahlpy) on the ordinate axis. A
horizontal help axis is also present to simplify
reading-off of the x values. The saturation curve
(ϕ = 100%) for the total pressure of 1.013 bar is
03/99
entered in the diagram, separating the area of

unsaturated air (above the curve) from the area

of over saturated air (mist area, below the
curve).
The isotherms (lines of constant temperature are
gradually rising straight lines in the unsaturated
area which divert to the bottom right at the
saturation curve (mist isotherms), whereby they run
almost parallel to the line of constant enthaply.
The lines of equal relative humidityϕ and equal
specific volume v are also entered. It must be
noted here that it is standard practice to state the
specific volume in the diagram in m3/kg dry air.
The partial pressure of the water vapor pD can also

be read off in the diagram. It can also be read off
on the x axis, but has a different scale graduation
to the absolute humidity.
The total pressure of the air p is the measured
with a barometer. It is made up of the partial
pressure of the dry air pL and that of the water
vapor pD .
p = pL + pD (4.45)
Heat Transfer Unit
The condition equation for gases can be used for

the partial pressure of the dry air:
RL ⋅ T
pL = (4.46)
vL
Likewise for the partial pressure of the water vapor:

RD ⋅ T ⋅ x
pD = (4.47)
vD
RL: gas constant of the air(287.1 kJ/kg K)

03/99
RD:gas constant of the vapor (461.5 kJ/kg K)

vL = vD = v(1+x) (4.48)
Heat Transfer Unit
When reading off the values from the diagram, it

must be noted that the variables in the diagram
also refer to humid air. If the reference value in the
diagram is dry air, conversion is necessary.
h (1+x)1 = h1 ⋅ (1 + x1) (4.49)
and
v (1+x)1 = v1 ⋅ (1 + x1) (4.50)
In these equations, x must always be shown in

03/99
kg/kg.
Heat Transfer Unit
5 Experiments
Since experiments based on the transfer of heat

are possible only with the heat exchangers
(accessory parts), only the volumetric flow and the
distribution of pressure in the duct will be
discussed in this section.
5.1 Determining the volumetric flow
First place the throttle valve in a position that is

03/99
vertical (90°) to the air flow. This ensures that the

maximum possible volumetric flow of the fan is
achieved, since the resistance is at its lowest level

on the pressure side.
After the fan has been switched on, the dynamic
pressure (which is a proportion of the velocity in
the duct) can then be read on the digital display
with the differential pressure sign (volumetric flow).
The position of the valve can then be changed in
order to obtain a different dynamic pressure
(volumetric flow).
The measured values for the various valve
positions are listed in the following table.
Valve position dynamic pressure pdyn

90° (open) 0.873 mbar
75° 0.636 mbar
45° 0.314 mbar
30° 0.054 mbar
5 Experiments 22
Heat Transfer Unit
The speed can now be determined from the dyna-

mic pressures in the duct.
c= √
 2⋅p dyn
ρ
Assuming a specific density of the air of 1.2

kg/m3, this results in the following flow velocity
in the duct for a valve p o s i t i o n o f 9 0 ° .

√
N
2 ⋅ 0.000873 ⋅ 105
c= m2 = 12.1 m
03/99
s
kg
1.2
m3
The duct cross-section is the product of the height

and width.
A = h ⋅ b = 0.29 m ⋅ 0.15 m = 0.0435 m2
With a valve position of 90° (fully open) this results

in a volumetric flow of:
. m m3
V = c ⋅ A = 12.1 ⋅ 0.0435 m = 1895
2
s h
The following table lists all values resulting from

Valve position dynamic flow velocity . flow
volumetric
pressure pdyn c V
90° (open) 0.873 mbar 12.1 m/s 1895 m3/h
75° 0.636 mbar 10.3 m/s 1613 m3/h
45° 0.314 mbar 7.2 m/s 1128 m3/h
30° 0.054 mbar 3.0 m/s 470 m3/h
thevariousvalvepositions.
5 Experiments 23
Heat Transfer Unit
5.2 Recording a flow profile
The flow profile is recorded using a pitot tube.

The pitot tube is first set at a height of 145 mm
(center of duct). The dynamic pressure can be
read on the slanted tube manometer after the radial
fan has been switched on with a fully open throttle
valve.
With each measurement the pitot tube is shifted
further upwards until it comes in contact with the
top of the duct.
03/99
The following table shows the measurements:

Position of pitot tube dynamic

pressure pdyn
145 mm 75 Pa
190 mm 75 Pa
210 mm 75 Pa
230 mm 75 Pa
250 mm 75 Pa
270 mm 73 Pa
275 mm 66 Pa
280 mm 60 Pa
282 mm 55 Pa
284 mm 51 Pa
286 mm 43 Pa
288 mm 38 Pa
5 Experiments 24
Heat Transfer Unit
A graphic presentation of these values produces

the following illustration, assuming that the same
values will be obtained when the pitot tube is
shifted to the bottom of the duct(0 mm):
Dynamic pressure in Pa
80
Flow profile
70
60
50
40
30
20
03/99
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Immersion of pitot tube in mm
The illustration clearly shows that the flow

velocity at the walls of the duct is considerably
lower than at the center. Flow losses occur at
the wall due to surface irregularities. This results
in a lower velocity.
5 Experiments 25
Heat Transfer Unit
5.3 Entering the air state in the h,x diagram
In order to determine the exact state of the air with all

its values, it is sufficient to indicate the relative
humidity and the temperature. Both values result
in a point in the h,x diagram, from which then all
other values can be read.
Entering a point P at a temperature of t=18°C and a
relative humidity of ϕ=50% results in the following
values:
g water
Absolute humidity x = 6.35
03/99
-
kg air
kJ
- Enthalpy h = 34.0
kg
- Steam pressure pD = 10.2 mbar
m3
- Specific volume v = 0.833
kg
40000 20000 15000 12500 10000 9000 8000 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500
40
%
ϕ in
y
20
% idit
35 hum
tive
4000
rela
30
%
40
80
76
25 60 % 72
68
3500
64
80 %
60
20 % 56
100
52
en
tha 48
lp y
44
hi
15 nk 40
J/
kg
dr 36
y ai r 32 3000
10 28
24
20
5
16
12
0 2500
8
-5
0
-10
2000
-15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 500 1000 1500
5 Experiments 26
Heat Transfer Unit
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical Data
Main dimensions:
Length 2310 mm
Width 750 mm
Height 1800 mm
Weight 150 kg
Power supply 230 V/ 50 Hz, 16 A

03/99
Radial fan:
Power 900 W
Rotational speed 2830 U/min

Max. volumetric flow 1620 m3/h
Max. differential pressure 1050 Pa
Power supply 230 V, 50 Hz
Air duct (internal insulation):

Cross-section 150 x 290 mm
Material Sheet metal lined with Styrofoam
Pitot measuring device:

Diameter of pitot tube 1 mm
Adjustment range 300 mm
Tube connection 4 mm
Slanted tube manometer:

Measurement range 0 - 100 Pa
Medium air
Combined temperature/humidity sensor:

Measurement range, temp. 0 - 50 °C
Output signal 0 - 10 V DC
Meas. range, rel. humidity 0 - 100 %
Power supply 24 V AC
Pressure sensor:
Measurement range 0 - 10 mbar
Power supply 24 V DC
6 Appendix 27
Heat Transfer Unit
Digital displays with transmitter power supply:

Display 3 1/2 digit
Transmitter power supply 24 V DC
Power supply 230 V, 50 Hz
03/99
6 Appendix 28
Heat Transfer Unit
6.2 h,x - Diagram
40000 20000 15000 12500 10000 9000 8000 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500
Temperature in °C
40
in %
yϕ
idit
hum
35 % tiv e 4000
20 Re
la
03/99
30
%
40
80
76
25 72
%
60
68 3500
64
80% 60
20 56
%
100 52
En
t ha 48
lpi
e hi 44
15 nk
J/ 40
kg
d ry
a 36
ir
3000
32
10
28
24
20
5
16
12
0 2500
8
4
-5
0
-10
2000
-15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 500 1000 1500
Absolute humidity x in g/kg dry air Margin scale ∆h/ ∆ x in kJ/kg water steam
6 Appendix 29
Heat Transfer Unit
6.3 Symbols and units
α Flow coefficient 1
α Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K
A Cross-section area m2
c Flow velocity m/s
cp Specific thermal capacitance kJ/kgK
d Nozzle diameter m
ε Expansion coefficient 1
η Efficiency 1
03/99
h Specific enthalpy kJ/kg

.
m Mass flow kg/s

k Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K
λ Heat conduction coefficient W/Km
ϕ Relative humidity %
p Pressure mbar
.
Q Heat flow W
ρ Specific density kg/m3
R Precipitation density kg/m2h
RD Gas constant - steam kJ/kgK
RL Gas constant - air kJ/kgK
r Evaporation energy kJ/kgK
T Absolute temperature K
t Temperature °C (K)
tf Wet-bulb temperature °C (K)
v Specific volume m3/kg
.
V Volumetric flow m3/h
x Absolute humidity g/kg
6 Appendix 30
Heat Transfer Unit
6.4 Index
A
Air mass flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C
Clamp closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Coefficient of expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Coefficient of heat conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Coefficient of heat transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Control cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
D
03/99
Differential equation system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Duct sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
E
Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Empty section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
enthalpy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
F
Flow coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Flow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
G
gas constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
H
h,x diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Heat flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Heat quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Heat transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
humidity, relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
I
Inclined-tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Installation location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
isotherms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
M
Mass flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
mist area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Appendix 31
Heat Transfer Unit
P
partial pressure, water vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Partition area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pitot tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pressure relief connection piece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
R
Radial fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ring chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
S
Slanted tube manometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
03/99
Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

T
Temperature difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Temperature profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 15
Throttle valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7
total pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
V
Volume flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
volume, specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
W
Wetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Appendix 32

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Equipment for Engineering Education

G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

Diff. Pressure(Flow) Temperature1 Temperature2

1.23 1.23 1.23

Diff. Pressure Humidity 1 Humidity 2

1.23 1.23 1.23

Publication-No.: 916.000 00 A 312 12 03/99

2.3 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3.2 Air duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Risk of injury or death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 Purpose of heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.7 h,x diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 Determining the volumetric flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.1 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.2 h,x - Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.3 Symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

The transfer of heat in heat exchangers plays a

The inlet and outlet temperatures of the media

The G.U.N.T. Multi Purpose Air Duct and

Diff.Pressure(Flow) Temperature1 Temperature2

Diff. Pressure Humidity 1 Humidity 2

1. Movable frame 10. Wetting tubes

The WL312 unit is equipped with industrial

of heat transfer processes.

Dif f. Pressure Hu mid it y 1 Hum idi ty 2

• The air duct is prepared for the use of different

The pressure curve over the cross-section

2.3 System components

2.3.1 Radial fan

The air that is used as the heat-exchanging

2.3.2 Air duct

An insulated air duct with an internal cross-section

2.3.3 Pitot measuring device

An adjustable pitot tube is installed at the duct

1 loosened in order to change the position of the

4 desired position. The tube is locked into place by

2.3.4 Control cabinet

A control cabinet is provided for the operation of

1.23 1.23 1.23 - Differential pressure via the installed heat

- Air temperature at the inlet to the heat

2.4 Start-up and operation

Before the unit can be put into operation, a location

After the unit has been connected to a 230V/50Hz-

2.4.1 Replacing the heat exchanger

The unit includes a empty section which is

- Loosen the clamp closures (1) on the empty

3.1 Risk of injury or death

The radial fan is operated with an electrical

- DANGER! Keep hands away from the

3.2 Risk to unit and function

- IMPORTANT! Keep air inlet to the duct and

- IMPORTANT! Secure unit against rolling.

4.1 Purpose of heat exchanger

Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between

refrigerators (media: air/refrigerant).

4.2 Function of heat exchanger

As it flows along the partition, the hot medium

1. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.

usedto designate the inlet and outlet, with the