CBLM Backhoe Loader Unit 2 Lo1docx Compress

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Qualification Title: HEO – BACKHOE-LOADER NC II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

SERVICING FOR EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT
Module Title: PERFORMING BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
SERVICING FOR BACKHOE LOADER
Technical Education and Skills Development

Authorityhority
SORSOGON BICOL EXPRESS EDUKASYONG
PANGMASA (SORBEEP)
INCORPORATED
Heavy Equipment Date Developed: Document No.:

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Perform Basic Issued by:
Preventive Maintenance Developed by: Page 1 of 67
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
PARTS OF A COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
References / Further Reading

Performance Criteria Checklist
Operation/ Task/ Job Sheet
Self Check Answer Key
Self Check
Information Sheet
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome Summary
Module of Content
List of Competencies
Front Page
In our efforts to standardize Competency

Based Learning Material, the above parts
are recommended for use in Competency
Based Training (CBT) in Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA) Technology Institutions. The next
sections will show you the components and
features of each part.
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Welcome to the Module Performing Basic Preventive-Maintenance

Servicing for Earth-Moving Equipment This module contains training
materials for and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Performing Basic Preventive-Maintenance
Servicing for Earth-Moving Equipment” contained the knowledge and
skills and attitudes required for Performing Basic Preventive-Maintenance
Servicing. It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate Level II
(NC II).
You are required to do through a series of learning activities in order
to complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Instruction Sheets to help you better understand the required
activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at
the end of each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at
the end of each module to write your answers for each self-check. If you
have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this learners guide because you have:
 Been working for some time
 Already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a
particular outcome, you don’t have to do the same training again. Talk to
your trainer about having them formally recognized. If you have a
qualification or certificate of competence from previous training, show it to
your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the
unit/s of competency they may become part of evidence you can present to
RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills discuss this with
your trainer.
After completing this module ask your trainer to assess your
competency. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency
profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your
own pace.
Program/Course : Heavy Equipment Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Unit of Competency: Perform Basic Preventive-Maintenance
Servicing for Earth-Moving Equipment
Module : Performing Basic Preventive-Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
In order to prolong and optimize the life and utilization of
equipment proper maintenance should be followed. Preventive
maintenance could reduce the probability of failure and
malfunctioning of equipment and motor vehicles that will result to
longer utilization hours.
In this module you will be able to recognize the steps and
procedures in performing basic preventive-maintenance servicing for
earth-moving equipment. Acquire the different skills and attitude
required in this particular vocation
You will also review underpinning knowledge about concise
sequence of checkpoints, replete with hazards involved and safety
reminders to properly undertake the daily maintenance activity by
yourselves with minimal supervision or help from your trainer.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will be both

organizing the training of this unit. It is divided into sections
which cover all the skill as and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
 Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or
manager. Your trainer is there to support you and show you the
correct way to do these things. Ask for help.
 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
Consider when you are completing activities and it is important
that you listen and take notes.
 You will be given opportunities to ask questions and practice on
the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular
work shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and
memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use self-check questions at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform
activities outlined learning materials.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on
your progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/pre-assessment
reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed
each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you
are ready for assessment.
 When you have completed this module and feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an
appointment with the registered assessor to assess you. The
results of your assessment will be recorded in your Competency
Achievement Record Sheet.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Perform adjustments/replacements on backhoe loader

2. Perform basic preventive maintenance servicing (PMS) on
backhoe loader
3. Prepare backhoe loader equipment operation reports
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
All standard of performance for providing basic preventive-
maintenance servicing is in accordance with company or establishment
standard operating procedure.
1. PERFORM ADJUSTMENTS/REPLACEMENTS
1.1 Minor defects are identified and remedied in accordance with
company/manufacturer’s procedures.
1.2 Correct/proper tools are selected based on job requirements.
1.3 Major defects are identified with checklist and referred to
appropriate personnel.
2. PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICING (PMS)

2.1 OS parts/standards are identified and serviced according to
manufacturer’s recommendations.
2.3 Fluids and lubricants are used based on manufacturer’s
manual.
2.3 Appropriate basic hand tools and equipment are identified and
used in accordance with site requirements.
2.4 Basic preventive maintenance servicing (PMS) is carried out in
accordance with manufacturer’s and/or site
conditions/requirements.
3. PREPARE EQUIPMENT REPORTS

3.1 Daily checklist form is properly accomplished in accordance with
manufacturer’s/company requirements.
3.2 Minor/major equipment defects are reported to concerned
personnel.
HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
(Backhoe Loader) NCII
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Core Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Performing pre- and

Perform pre- and post-
post-operation CON833301
1. operation procedures for
procedures for earth-
earth-moving equipment
moving equipment
Perform basic Performing basic

preventive preventive CON833302
2. maintenance servicing maintenance servicing
for earth-moving for earth-moving
equipment equipment
Perform productive Performing productive

3. operation for backhoe operation for backhoe CON833303
loader loader
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Perform Basic Preventive-Maintenance

MODULE TITLE: Perforing Basic Preventive-Maintenance

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge; skills and

attitudes required in performing preventive-maintenance servicing of
backhoe loader. It covers core competencies such as: performing pre- and
post- operation procedures, performing productive operation, and
performing basic preventive-maintenance servicing on a given backhoe
loader.
NOMINAL DURATION: 40 hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:

1. Perform adjustments/replacements on backhoe loader
2. Perform basic preventive maintenance servicing (PMS)
3. Prepare backhoe loader equipment operation reports
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Minor defects are identified and remedied in accordance with
company/manufacturer’s procedures
2. Correct/proper tools are selected based on job requirements
3. Major defects are identified with checklist and referred to
appropriate personnel
4. OS parts/standards are identified and serviced according to
manufacturer’s recommendations
5. Fluids and lubricants are used based on manufacturer’s manual
6. Appropriate basic hand tools and equipment are identified and used
in accordance with site requirement
7. Basic preventive maintenance servicing (PMS) is carried out in
accordance with manufacturer’s and/or site
conditions/requirements
8. Daily checklist form is properly accomplished in accordance with
manufacturer’s/company requirements
9. Minor/major equipment defects are reported to concerned personnel
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1
PERFORM ADJUSTMENTS/REPLACEMENTS
Contents:
1. Precautions to be taken during maintenance

2. Equipment trouble shooting. Identifying minor and major Equipment
Defects
3. Basic Tools for equipment repair and trouble shooting
Assessment Criteria
1. Observe safety precautions during maintenance

2. Minor/major equipment defects are reported to concerned personnel
3. Identify tools needed in equipment repair
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1.WORK PLACE LOCATION
2.EQUIPMENT
- Computer/Laptop
- LCD
3.TOOLS, ACCCESSORIES AND SUPPLIES
- Whiteboard
- CD
- Tapes
- Equipment Tools (e.g. Hand Tools: Wrenches, Pliers, Screw
Driver, etc.)
4.TRAINING MATERIALS
- Learning Packages
- Ball pens
- Whiteboard Markers
- Manuals / Handouts
- Daily Preventive Maintenance Checklist
- Report Sheet / Log Sheet for Equipment
Assessment Method:
Written and/or oral questionings

Direct observation/Practical demonstration
Work record and document
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1
PERFORM ADJUSTMENTS/REPLACEMENTS
Learning Activities Special Instructions
Read and understand the

1. Read Information Sheet 2.1-1 – information sheet 2.1-1 on
Familiarization of the different “Familiarization of the different
system of the Backhoe Loader system of the Backhoe Loader”
You must answer all the questions

2. Answer Self-Check 2.1-1 correctly before proceeding to the
next activity. You can ask the
Compare answers to Answer Key assistance of your trainer for
2.1-1 further explanation regarding the
topic that you may not understand.
3. View the Power Point on Listen and understand the power

Familiarization of the different lecture or point presentation on
system of the Backhoe Loader “Familiarization of the different
system of the Backhoe Loader”
Answer the trainer’s question

4. Read Information Sheet 2.1-2 – information sheet 2.1-2 on
Precautions to be taken during “Precautions to be taken during
Maintenance Maintenance”

6. View the Power Point on Listen and understand the power

Precautions to be taken during lecture or point presentation on
Maintenance “Precautions to be taken during
Maintenance”
Answer the trainer’s question
7. Read Information Sheet 2.1-3 – information sheet 2.1-3 on “.
Identifying Minor and Major Identifying Minor and Major
Equipment Defects including Equipment Defects including
Equipment Troubleshooting. Equipment Troubleshooting”

Listen and understand the power

9. View the Power Point in lecture or point presentation on
Identifying Minor and Major “Identifying Minor and Major
Equipment Defects including Equipment Defects including
Equipment Troubleshooting equipment troubleshooting”

10. Read Information Sheet 2.1-4 information sheet 2.1-4 on “Basic
– Basic Tools for Equipment Tools for Equipment Repair and
Repair and Troubleshooting Troubleshooting”

Listen and understand the power

12. View the Power Point in Basic lecture or point presentation on
Tools for Equipment Repair and “Basic Tools for Equipment Repair
Trouble Shooting and Trouble Shooting”
Information Sheet 2.1-1
Familiarization of the Different System of the Backhoe

Loader
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify the precautions to be taken during maintenance
In Module Performing Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for

Earthmoving Equipment you learned to perform visual check of
equipment. You learned to perform “BLOWAF” and perform operation and
post-operation procedures. In this module you will learn LO1 of Performing
Adjustment/Replacement in Backhoe Loader this includes the
Familiarization of the Different System of the Backhoe Loader.
Below are the different systems of the Backhoe Loader.
Engine. The engine—the "heart" of

the automobile—operates on internal
combustion, meaning the fuel used
for its power is burned inside of the
engine. This burning occurs inside
cylinders, which contain pistons. The
pistons are attached, via a connecting
rod, to a crankshaft. Gasoline, the
most common automobile fuel, is
pulled into the cylinder by the
vacuum created as the piston moves
down through the cylinder. The
gasoline is then compressed up into
the cylinder by the upward movement
of the piston. A spark is introduced
through a spark plug placed at the
end of the cylinder. The spark causes
the gasoline to explode, and the
explosion drives the piston down
again into the cylinder. This
movement, called the power stroke,
turns the crankshaft. A final
movement of the piston upward again
forces the exhaust gases, the byproducts of the fuel's combustion, from the
cylinder. These four movements—intake, compression, power, exhaust—are
called strokes. The four-stroke engine is the most common type of
automobile engine.
Fuel System. Gasoline
must be properly mixed
with air before it can be
introduced into the
cylinder. The combination
of gasoline and air creates
a greater explosion. The
fuel pump draws the
gasoline from the gas tank
mounted at the rear of the
car. The gasoline is drawn
into a carburetor on some
cars, while it is fuel-
injected on others. Both devices mix the gasoline with air (approximately 14
parts of air to 1 part of gasoline) and spray this mixture as a fine mist into
the cylinders. Other parts of the fuel system include the air cleaner (a filter
to ensure that the air mixed into the fuel is free of impurities) and the intake
manifold (distributes the fuel mixture to the cylinders).
Exhaust System. After the

fuel is burned in the
pistons, the gases and
heat created must be
released from the cylinder
to make room for the next
intake of fuel. The exhaust
system is also responsible
for reducing the noise
caused by the explosion of
the fuel.
Exhaust gases are released from the cylinder through an exhaust valve. The
gases gather in an exhaust manifold before eventually being channeled
through the exhaust pipe and muffler and finally out the tailpipe and away
from the car. The muffler is constructed with a maze of baffles, specially
developed walls that absorb energy (in the form of heat, force, and sound) as
the exhaust passes through the muffler.
The burning of fuel creates hazardous gases (hydrocarbons, carbon

monoxide, and nitrogen oxide) that are extremely harmful to the engine's
components and the environment. The emission control system of a car,
linked to the exhaust system, functions in two primary ways. First, it
reduces the levels of unburned fuel by burning as much of the exhaust as
possible. It does this by returning the exhaust to the fuel-air mixture
injected into the cylinders. Second, it uses a catalytic converter (fitted before
the muffler) to increase the conversion of the harmful gases to less harmful
forms.
Cooling System. The cooling system also maintains the engine at a
temperature that will allow it to run most efficiently. A liquid-cooled system
is most commonly used. The explosion of fuel in the cylinders can produce
temperatures as high as 4000°F (2204°C). Liquid-cooling systems use water
(mixed with an antifreeze that lowers the freezing point and raises the
boiling point of water) guided through a series of jackets attached around
the engine. As the water solution circulates through the jackets, it absorbs
the heat from the engine. It is then pumped to the radiator at the front of
the car, which is constructed of many small pipes and thin metal fins. This
design creates a large surface area that draws the heat from the water
solution. A fan attached to the radiator uses the wind created by the
movement of the car to cool the water solution further. Temperature sensors
in the engine control the operation of the cooling system so that the engine
remains in its optimal temperature range.
Lubrication.
Without the
proper
lubrication, the
heat and friction
created by the
rapid movements
of the engine's
parts would
quickly cause it to
fail. At the bottom
of the engine is
the crankcase, which holds a supply of oil. A pump, powered by the engine,
carries oil from the crankcase and through a series of passages and holes to
all the various parts of the engine. As the oil flows through the engine, it
forms a thin layer between the moving parts so they do not actually touch.
The heated oil drains back into the crankcase, where it cools. The fumes
given off by the crankcase are circulated by the PCV (positive crankcase
ventilation) valve back to the cylinders, where they are burned off, further
reducing the level of pollution given off by the automobile.
Electrical System. Electricity is used for many parts of the car, from the
headlights to the radio, but its chief function is to provide the electrical
spark needed to ignite the fuel in the cylinders. The electrical system is
comprised of a battery, starter motor, alternator, distributor, ignition coil,
and ignition switch. The starter motor is necessary for generating the power
to carry the engine through its initial movements. Initial voltage is supplied
by the battery, which is kept charged by the alternator. The alternator
creates electrical current from the movement of the engine, much as
windmills and watermills generate current from the movement of air or
water.
Turning the key in the ignition switch draws electrical current from the
battery. This current, however, is not strong enough to provide spark to the
spark plugs. The current is therefore drawn through the ignition coil, which
is comprised of the tight primary winding and the looser secondary winding.
The introduction of current between these windings creates a powerful
magnetic field. Interrupting the current flow, which happens many times a
second, causes the magnetic field to collapse. The collapsing of the magnetic
field produces a powerful electrical surge. In this way, the 12-volt current
from the battery is converted to the 20,000 volts needed to ignite the
gasoline.
Because there are two or more cylinders, and therefore as many spark
plugs, this powerful current must be distributed—by the distributor—to
each spark plug in a carefully controlled sequence. This sequence must be
carefully timed so that the cylinders, and the pistons powering the
crankshaft, work smoothly together. For this reason, most present-day
automobiles utilize an electronic ignition, in which a computer precisely
controls the timing and distribution of current to the spark plugs.
Transmission.
Once the pistons
are firing and the
crankshaft is
spinning, this
energy must be
converted, or
transmitted, to
drive the wheels.
The crankshaft
spins only within
a limited range,
usually between
1,000 to 6,000
revolutions per
minute (rpm). Although the wheels spin at far lower rpms, the range at
which they spin is wider (to accommodate the wide range of driving speeds
of an automobile). The gears of the transmission accomplish the task of
bringing down the fast-spinning input from the crankshaft to the smaller
number of rpms needed by the wheels.
There are
two types
of
transmission: manual and automatic. Automobiles generally have at least

three gears, plus a reverse gear (many manual transmissions have four or
even five gears). With manual transmission, the driver controls the shifting
of the gears. In an automatic transmission, gears are engaged automatically.
Bot h types of transmission make use of a clutch, which allows the gears to
be engaged and disengaged.
Chassis. The chassis
is the framework to
which the various
parts of the
automobile are
mounted. The
chassis must be
strong enough to
bear the weight of
the vehicle, yet
somewhat flexible in
order to sustain the
shocks and tension
caused by turning
and road conditions.
Attached to the
chassis are the
wheels and steering
assembly, the
brakes, the
suspension, and the body.
The steering system allows the front wheels to guide the automobile. The
steering wheel is attached to the steering column, which in turn is fitted to a
gear assembly that allows the circular movement of the steering wheel to be
converted to the straight movement of the front wheels. The gear assembly is
attached to the front axle by tie rods. The axle is connected to the hubs of
the wheels.
Wheels and the tires around them form the automobile's only contact with
the road. Tires are generally made of layers of rubber or synthetic rubber
around steel fibers that greatly increase the rubber's strength and ability to
resist puncture. Proper inflation of the tires improves fuel efficiency and
decreases wear on the tires. When applied to the wheels, brakes provide
friction that causes the wheels to stop turning.
The main components of the suspension system are the springs and the
shock absorbers. The springs suspend the automobile above the wheel,
absorbing the bumps in the road surface. As the chassis bounces on the
springs, the shock
absorbers act to
dampen, or quiet, the
movement of the
springs.
Hydraulic System.
The purpose of a
specific hydraulic
system may vary, but
all hydraulic systems
work through the
same basic concept.
Defined simply, hydraulic systems function and perform tasks through
using a fluid that is pressurized. Another way to put this is the pressurized
fluid makes things work.
The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is

significant and as a result, hydraulic are
commonly used in heavy equipment. In a
hydraulic system, pressure, applied to a
contained fluid at any point, is
transmitted undiminished. That
pressurized fluid acts upon every part of
the section of a containing vessel and
creates force or power. Due to the use of
this force, and depending on how it’s
applied, operators can lift heavy loads,
and precise repetitive tasks can be easily
done.
Self- Check 2.1-1
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Encircle the letter of your
choice.
1. It is considered as the “heart” of the automobile or equipment.

a. Radiator
b. Hydraulic Pump
c. Alternator
d. Engine
2. A filter to ensure that air mixed into the fuel is free from impurities.
a. Air Cleaner
b. Fuel Pump
c. Cylinder
d. Injector
3. This system is responsible for reducing the noise caused by the
explosion of the fuel.
a. Fuel System
b. Exhaust System
c. Hydraulic System
d. Cooling System
4. Controls the operation of the cooling system so that engine remains in
its optimal temperature range.
a. Radiator Fan
b. Improper Belt Tension
c. Compressor
d. Temperature Sensor
5. Located below the engine that holds a supply of oil which circulates
around the lubrication system.
a. Crankcase
b. Fuel Pump
c. Camshaft
d. Data Sheet
6. Which of the following is not a part of the electrical system?
a. Starter Motor
b. Battery
c. Push Rod
d. Ignition Coil
7. Allows the gear to engaged and disengaged.
a. Drive Shaft
b. Ball Joint
c. Clutch
d. Crankshaft
8. The framework to which the various parts of automobile are mounted.
a. Axle
b. Wheels
c. Chassis
d. Shock Absorber
9. What pressurized fluid is used in the hydraulic system?
a. SAE 10
b. SAE 20
c. SAE 30
d. SAE 40
10. The system which helps the engine to maintain the temperature that
will allow it to run most efficiently.
a. Fuel System
b. Exhaust System
c. Hydraulic System
d. Cooling System
II. Enumeration:
1. Enumerate the four (4) movements/strokes of the cylinder in the

engine.
2. Enumerate at least six (6) system in the backhoe loader
ANSWER KEY 2.1-1
I. Multiple Choice
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. D
II. Enumeration
1. Four (4) movement/strokes of the cylinder
Power
Intake
Compression
Exhaust
2. Any of the following system (at least six are given)
Engine
Fuel System
Exhaust System
Cooling System
Lubrication
Electrical System
Transmission
Chassis
Hydraulic System
Precautions to be taken during Maintenance
1. Identify the precautions to be taken during maintenance
Below are the precautionary measures to be consider during

maintenance of backhoe loader.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING MAINTENANCE
I. Warning Plates
 Before starting any maintenance

operation, position the machine
on firm and level ground, engage
the safety locks of the equipment
and of the controls, stop the
engine and apply the parking
brake.
 If anyone starts the engine and
operates the control levers while
the operator is servicing the
machine, this may result in
serious injury or even death.
 To avoid these risks, always attach
warning plates to the steering wheel, to
the control levers and to the ignition
key before performing any maintenance
operation; if necessary, attach
additional warning tags also around
the machine and in particular on the
cab door handles.
II. Tools
 Use only the tools supplied together with

the machine and high quality tools
suitable for the tasks to be performed.
 Do not use worn, damaged, low-quality
tools or tools that are not suitable for the
tasks to be performed, in order to avoid
any personal injury.
 After use clean the tools carefully and store them in the compartment
situated in the right access platform.
III. Personnel
 Any maintenance operation must be carried out exclusively by

authorized and duly trained personnel; specific and personal
protection measures must be adopted when grinding, welding and
when using sledges or heavy hammers.
 When assembling the equipment or cylinder connection pins, use
wooden, plastic or in any case not excessively hard tools to check the
centering of the holes.
Do not use your fingers, since you run the risk of cutting them off
IV. Equipment
 Any maintenance operation must

be carried out exclusively by
authorized and duly trained
personnel; specific and personal
protection measures must be
adopted when grinding, welding
and when using sledges or heavy
hammers.
 When assembling the equipment or
cylinder connection pins, use
wooden, plastic or in any case not
excessively hard tools to check the centering of the holes.
Do not use your fingers, since you run the risk of cutting them off
V. Working Under the Machine
 Before performing service or

repairs under the machine,
always lower the work
equipment to the ground or in
any case lower it as much as
possible.
 Always lock the tires of the
machine securely.
 Avoid working under the machine if it isn’t properly supported.
VI. Keeping the Machine Clean
 Spilled oil or grease, scattered

tools or broken pieces are
dangerous, because they may
cause someone to slip or trip.
Always keep the machine and
the worksite clean and tidy.
 To clean the machine, use a
pressurized jet of warm water or
steam and the specific
detergents available on the
market. Do not use diesel oil, oil
or solvents, since the former leave an oily coat that favours the
sticking of dust, while the latter (even if weak) damage the painted
surfaces and therefore facilitate rusting.
 While cleaning the machine, keep the pressurized jet at a minimum
distance of approx. 60 cm, in order to avoid damaging the warning
plates and the pictograms.
 Water into the electric system provokes the oxidation of the contacts
and may hinder the start of the machine or even make it start
suddenly and abruptly. For this reason, avoid using water or steam
jets to clean sensors, connectors or the inside of the operator's cab.
VII. Use of the engine during maintenance
 During maintenance operations, run the engine only when

indispensable. If the engine must be running (for example, when
checking the functionality of the alternator), it is advisable that
someone remains seated in the driving position, so that the engine
can be stopped whenever necessary.
 During maintenance operations with running engine, neither move
the control locking devices from the “lock” position, nor change the
position of the gearshift lever.
 Service personnel must not move any control lever.
 When carrying out maintenance operations, do not touch the moving
parts of the machine and avoid wearing large and loose clothes.
VIII. Periodical Change of the Safety Related Parts
 Periodically change the following components, which are important for

safety and fire prevention:
Fuel system: fuel delivery and return pipes.
Hydraulic system: main delivery pipes of the hydraulic pump.
Hydraulic system: work circuit pipes from the distributor to the
hydraulic cylinders.
Safety belt.
 Even if they seem to be in good conditions, these components must be
periodically changed with new ones.
In fact, these components tend to deteriorate over time.
 If one of these parts is defective, change or repair it even if the
prescribed change interval has not elapsed yet.
IX. Stop the engine before carrying out any maintenance operation or
inspection
 Stop the machine only on firm and level

ground and stop the engine before
carrying out any maintenance operation
or inspection.
 If it is necessary to have the engine
running during maintenance, engage
the safety LOCKS of the equipment
control levers, apply the parking brake
and carry out any maintenance operation with the help of another
person; an operator must remain on board and the words to be used
during the operation must be agreed upon.
NOTE:
 The servo control locking button
inhibits also the movements of the
backhoe when this is equipped with
servo controls.
 The maintenance personnel must be
very careful not to touch any moving
part of the engine.
X. Rules to be followed during fuel or oil topping up
 Spilled fuel or oil make the ground

slippery and may cause accidents; clean
any dirty area carefully and without
delay.
 Always tighten the fuel tank and
hydraulic oil tank safety caps securely.
 Do not use fuel to clean any part of the
machine that is dirty with oil or dust.
 Always top up the fuel and oil tanks in
properly ventilated areas and refrain
from smoking.
 When refuelling, hold the fuel gun firmly
and keep it constantly in contact with
the filler until you have finished, in order
to avoid sparks due to static electricity.
 Do not fill the tank completely, in order
to leave room for the fuel to expand.
XI. Checking the coolant level in the radiator
 Let the engine and the radiator cool down

before checking the coolant level in the
radiator.
 If it is necessary to remove the cap with
hot engine, wear suitable clothes and
protection and loosen the cap slowly, in order to release the pressure
gradually.
XII. Using Lamps
 When checking the fuel, oil, coolant or

battery electrolyte levels, always use
homologated explosion-proof lamps.
Unsuitable lamps may cause fires or
explosions
XIII. Precaution to be taken when Handling the Battery and the

alternator
 When repairing the electrical system,

disconnect the battery in order to stop
the flow of current.
IMPORTANT
 Disconnect first the negative cable (–)
and then the positive cable (+).
At the end of the operation, reconnect
first the positive cable (+) and then the
negative cable (–).
 If electrical welding operations are to be
carried out on the machine, it is
necessary to disconnect the battery and
also the alternator.
XIV. Precautions concerning the starter
 Start the engine only when correctly

seated in the driving position.
 Do not attempt to start the engine by
causing a short-circuit with the terminals
of the starter. This may cause fires,
serious injury and even death in case of
sudden or accidental movements of the
machine.
XIV. Precautions concerning the starter
 Start the engine only when correctly

seated in the driving position.
 Do not attempt to start the engine by
causing a short-circuit with the terminals
of the starter. This may cause fires,
serious injury and even death in case of
sudden or accidental movements of the
machine.
XV. Handing high-pressure pipes
 Do not bend high-pressure pipes or rub them with sharp or abrasive

objects.
Do not use any bent or cracked pipes or hoses that were previously
rejected because of leaks or fastening defects, since they may burst
during use.
 Always repair or replace any loose or faulty fuel or oil pipe. Any
leakage of fuel or oil may cause fires.
XVI. Precautions to be taken when working on high-pressure system

 Do not forget that the work equipment
circuits are always under pressure; for
this reason, when it is necessary to add
or drain hydraulic oil, or to service or
inspect the hydraulic circuit, it is
advisable to lower the equipment to the
ground and completely release the
pressure and also the residual pressure
present in the tank.
For this reason, always wear goggles
and thick gloves during the inspections
and use a piece of cardboard or a sheet
of plywood to check for oil leakages.
Small leakages from pipes under
pressure and the resulting jets are
extremely dangerous, since they can
perforate the skin and get in the blood
circulation or injure the eyes.
If you are struck by a jet of high-pressure oil or are injured, even if
slightly, consult a doctor without delay.
XVII. Precaution for maintenance work involving high temperatures

and pressures
 When the machine is stopped at the end

of operations, the engine coolant, the oil
and all the components are hot and the
hydraulic circuits are under pressure.
In these conditions, if the coolant, the
hydraulic oil or the engine oil are to be
drained in order to change them or the
filters, there are serious risks of injury
and burns.
Wait for the temperature to lower within the normal operating range
(40–45 °C) before carrying out the maintenance operations in
accordance with the procedures indicated in the relevant sections of
this manual.
XVIII. Hydraulic Accumulator
The hydraulic accumulator contains

pressurized nitrogen.
When carrying out any operation on the
accumulator, proceed with the utmost
care, in order to avoid explosions and
consequently serious injury and even
death. For this reason, keep to the
following instructions:
 do not remove the accumulator;
 do not use sparks or naked flames;
 do not make holes in the accumulator, do not weld or use
oxyhydrogen flames;
 do not hit or press the accumulator;
 when disposing of the accumulator, take care to release the gas it
contains.
XIX. Cooling fan and belt
 Be careful to the revolving parts and do

not allow anyone to get too close to
these components, since clothes or
parts of the body may get caught into
them.
 If hands, clothes, or tools become
entangled in the fan blades or the fan
belt, they may be cut off, torn or
seriously injured/damaged; for this
reason, avoid touching any revolving part.
XX. Waste materials
 Do not dispose of used oil in the sewer

system, rivers, etc.
 Always put used oil in containers. Do
not drain used oil directly on the
ground.
 Comply with the regulations and laws
regarding the treatment of hazardous
substances such as oil, fuel, solvents,
used filters, gaskets, electric cables and
batteries.
XXI. Precautions concerning technopolymers and elastomers
 Avoid burning seals, electric cables,

sealing rings.
 Dispose of elastomeric and polymeric
waste according to the regulations in
force.
 Do not touch any burnt elastomeric or
polymeric waste and in case of
accidental burning avoid inhaling the
toxic gases produced.
 In case of contact with the skin, immediately rinse with a solution
made of water and an alkaline detergent for about 30 minutes and
then contact a poisoning treatment center without delay.
XXII. Precautions to be taken when inflating tires

 Always bear in mind that tyres can burst
while being inflated, causing serious
accidents.
 Before inflating the tyres, always check
the wheel rims and the tyre sidewalls
and tread for dents, cuts, broken plies or
other defects.
 Have the tyres checked and serviced by
specialized personnel.
 Inflate the tyres using a protection structure and a pneumatic
inflating gun with extension complete with pressure gauge.
 Make sure that there is nobody in the vicinity before starting to inflate
a tyre. Stand beside the tyre to inflate it.
 Do not exceed the inflation pressures prescribed for the single types of
tyre and make sure that all the tyres have the same pressure.
XXIII. Precautions for the installation of the exhaust system tail pipe
 When the machine is stopped at the end

of work, the exhaust pipe (1) and the
tailpipe (2) are very hot. In these
conditions, if any maintenance
operation has to be carried out, the
operator runs the risk of being burned
or injured.
Carry out any maintenance operation
only when these parts have cooled down
and in any case always use thick gloves.
 Pay the utmost attention when installing the tailpipe (2) on the
exhaust pipe (1), since the former must be positioned correctly with
the outlet of the exhaust gases directed toward the front part of the
machine and inclined 60° outwards.
This position serves to prevent the exhaust gases from being directed
towards the cab and therefore towards the operator.
XXII. Precautions to be taken when using synthetic biodegradable oil

type (HEES)
 It is not possible to mix the synthetic biodegradable oil type HEES
with ordinary hydraulic oils, since when the temperature increases
insoluble compounds are generated, which are deposited on the filters
and clog them (the maximum concentration of ordinary oil must not
exceed 1% of the total quantity of oil).
 Biodegradable oil can be used only in the hydraulic system; it cannot
be used for the engine, the transmissions, the braking system, etc.
 Before introducing synthetic biodegradable oil in the hydraulic
system, empty the system completely, disconnecting the cylinders and
all the parts that may contain ordinary oil, and replace the drain filter
with a new one.
Start the engine and let it idle without using the work equipment, wait
until the oil reaches a temperature of at least 40°C, then start moving
the equipment, so that all the parts of the system are filled with oil.
Stop the engine and check the oil level
Resources:
Operations & Maintenance Manual, WEAM007504, WB93S-5,
Backhoe Loader, Komatsu
Self- Check 2.1-2
I. TRUE OR FALSE:
Direction: Tell whether the given statements about the “Precautions to be
taken during Maintenance” are correct. Write T if the statement is true and F
if the statement is false.
_________1. Always start the engine when performing maintenance activity.

_________2. Do not use worn, damaged, low-quality tools or tools that are not
suitable for the tasks to be performed, in order to avoid any
personal injury.
_________3. Before performing service or repairs under the machine, always
raise the work equipment to the ground or in any case raise it as
much as possible.
_________4. While cleaning the machine keep the pressurized jet at a
minimum distance of approximately, 10 cm in order to avoid
damaging the warning plates and the pictograms.
_________5. Always tighten the fuel tank and hydraulic oil tank safety caps
securely.
_________6. Check the coolant level in the radiator immediately without letting
the engine and the radiator cool down.
_________7. When repairing the electrical system, disconnect the battery in
order to stop the flow of current.
_________8. This means that precautions should be observe due to
high oil pressure
_________9. This means that you could disposed used oil in the
sewer system, river, etc.
_________10. Before inflating tires, always check the wheel rims and the tire
sidewalls and threads for dents, cuts, broken plies or other
defects.
II. Identification:
Direction: Identify the answer in the following question. Write your
answers in the space provided before each number.
_________1. This is always attached to avoid risk. This is attached to the

steering wheel, to the control levers and to the ignition key before
performing any maintenance operation.
_________2. If it is unavoidable to start the engine during maintenance. This
should be engage.
_________3. What should be used when checking the fuel, oil, coolant or
battery electrolyte levels.
_________4. What cable of the battery should be disconnected first and at the
end of the operation this should be reconnected last.
_________5. What should be used in the hand when checking/inspecting oils.
(gloves)
_________6. The normal operating temperature range before carrying out
maintenance operation involving high temperatures and
pressures.
_________7. The hydraulic accumulator contains pressurized _____________.
_________8. This is where the tools are being kept/store. Sometimes it is
located in the right access platform.
_________9. This is opened in order to top-up or refill coolant in the radiator.
This also serves as a seal to protect the cooling system from
contaminants.
_________10. Pay the utmost attention when installing the tailpipe (2) on the
exhaust pipe (1), since the former must be positioned correctly
with the outlet of the exhaust gases directed toward the front part
of the machine and inclined ______ outwards.
This position serves to prevent the exhaust gases from being
directed towards the cab and therefore towards the operator.
ANSWER KEY 2.1-2
I. True or False
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. T
II. Identification
1. Warning plates
2. Safety locks
3. Homologated explosion-proof lamps
4. Negative (-) cable
5. Gloves
6. 40-45°C
7. Nitrogen
8. Toolbox
9. Radiator cap
10. 60°
Report Minor / Major Equipment Defects

Of Hydraulic Excavator
1. Identify the Minor / Major equipment defects of Hydraulic
Excavator
Downtime of equipment maybe due to neglecting minor / major
defects experienced during or before maintenance activity. In order to
eliminate such situations, it is important to know the following defects and
to report it immediately to appropriate personnel.
Minor Defects
May include but not limited to:
1. Weak Battery:
Signs of a weak battery includes

the following:
 Hard Vehicle Starting. A weak
battery can cause a hard
starting condition if the
weakened battery has
sufficiently low levels of
cranking power, or amps,
needed to quickly and
efficiently start an equipment.
 Vehicle Non-Starting. A battery
does not have to be completely
dead in order to prevent an
equipment from being started.
Many times a battery is very
weak will simply lack sufficient
power to turn a vehicle’s
starting motor and/or turn a vehicle’s crankshaft.
 Dim Headlights. Dim or weak headlight beam can often be assign
of a weak battery if battery lacks sufficient power to power the
vehicle’s electrical accessories, including headlights.
 Starter Clicking. A classic
symptom of a weak car battery is
a clicking sound coming from the
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
starter when an equipment’s ignition key is turned. This clicking
sound comes from the starter solenoid, a small electrical
component that receives current from an equipment’s battery. A
weak equipment battery can lack the power to fully activate the
starter solenoid resulting in a clicking sound.
 Battery Recharging Problems. A battery that cannot be recharged
fully is often times a sign of a weak battery that has degraded to
the point of needing to be replaced. Although the battery may hold
a weak or low-level charge, if cannot be recharged back to its full
strength due to internal wear and degradation.
 Check Engine Light: The check engine light sometimes appears
when your battery power is weak.
2. Improper Belt Tension

 Some symptoms of improper
tensioning include:
- Cracking of the belt
- Pieces breaking off
- Hardened appearance
- Squealing during startup
- Over amperage of your motor
- Pulleys wearing out
prematurely
- Worn out front motor bearing
 Belt is too loose: When a belt sits
loose on a pulley, the belt can slip
while in motion and cause extra
friction.
The additional friction can result in
a buildup of heat on the belt and
the pulley. The excess heat can
cause premature damage to your
belts.
 Belt is too tight: If a belt is too tight in a system, it can add stress
to your bearings. The added stress to bearings can result into over
amperage of your motor and potential motor failure
3. Clogged Air Filter / Cleaner
The following are some common

signs of a dirty/clogged air
filter/cleaner:

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
 Reduced Fuel Economy. Your engine compensates for lower
amounts of oxygen by consuming more fuel to produce sufficient
power. A decrease in gas mileage is usually a sign that something
is amiss. Your air filter contributes to your fuel efficiency, but a
dirty filter can cause reduced oxygen flow.
The additional friction can result in a buildup of heat on the belt
and the pulley. The excess heat can cause premature damage to
your belts. too tight
 Misfiring Engine. Restricted air
supply from a dirty air filter
results in unburnt fuel exiting
the engine in the form of soot
residue. This soot accumulates
on the spark plug, which in
turn cannot deliver the
necessary spark to combust
the air-fuel mixture. You’ll notice the engine does not start up
easily, misfires, or jerks roughly as a result.
 Unusual Engine Sounds. In normal circumstances, when your
equipment is stationary with the engine turned on, you should
sense the smooth rotation of the engine in the form of subtle
vibrations. If you notice an excessive vibration or hear coughing or
popping noises, it is often from a clogged air filter causing dirtying
or damaging a spark plug.
 Check Engine Light Comes On. Many modern engines suck up
about 10,000 gallons of air for every single gallon of fuel burned in
the combustion cycle. The inadequate air supply can result in
carbon deposits — the byproduct of combustion — accumulating
in the engine and setting off the Check Engine Light. If that
happens, have your mechanic check the air filter among other
diagnostics. The Check Engine light can illuminate for a variety of
reasons. A mechanic will need to scan the onboard computer for
the stored trouble code that triggered the Check Engine Light as
well as the source of the problem
 Air Filter Appears Dirty. A clean air filter appears white or off-white
in color, but as it accumulates dust and dirt, it will look darker in
color. However, very often, the inner layers of filter paper inside
the air filter might have dust and debris that is not visible even in
bright light. This makes it essential that you have your mechanic
check the air filter when you take the car in for maintenance.
Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding
replacement.
 Reduced Horsepower. If the equipment does not respond
adequately or if you notice jerking movements when you press the
accelerator, this could indicate that your engine is not receiving all
the air it needs to perform. Since it improves airflow, replacing
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
your air filter can improve acceleration or horsepower by up to
11%.
 Black, Sooty Smoke or Flames Exiting the Exhaust. The inadequate
air supply can result in some of the fuel not burning completely in
the combustion cycle. This unburnt fuel then exits through the
exhaust pipe. If you see black smoke coming from your exhaust
pipe, have your mechanic replace or clean the air filter. You might
also hear popping sounds or see a flame at the end of the exhaust
caused by heat in the exhaust system igniting the unburnt fuel
near the tailpipe. This is a potentially hazardous condition and
needs to be diagnosed right away.
 Strong Fuel Smell. If there isn’t enough oxygen entering the
carburetor or fuel ejection system when you start the equipment,
the excess unburnt fuel exits the equipment through the exhaust
pipe. Instead of seeing smoke or flames coming out of the exhaust
pipe, you’ll smell gasoline. This is a clear indication that it’s time
to replace the air filter.
4. Loose Clamps
 Noisy exhaust. One of the first

symptoms of a bad or failing exhaust
clamp is a noisy exhaust system. If
one of the exhaust clamps fails or has
an issue it can lead to a loud exhaust
as a result of an exhaust leak. The
exhaust may ring noticeably louder at idle, and noticeably louder
during acceleration.
 Loose exhaust components. Another
symptom of a problem with an
exhaust clamp are loose exhaust
components. The exhaust clamps are
designed to hold together and seal the
exhaust systems pipes. When they
fail, it can cause the exhaust pipes to
come loose, which can cause them
to rattle and sometimes even hang visibly beneath the vehicle.
 Failed Emission Test. Another symptom of a problem with the
exhaust clamps is a failed emissions test. If any of the exhaust
clamps fail or come loose, an exhaust leak can form which can
affect the vehicle’s emissions output. An exhaust leak can disturb
the vehicle’s air-fuel ratio, as well as its exhaust stream content -
both of which can cause a vehicle to fail an emissions test.
5. Incorrect Tire Inflation

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
Indications of incorrect tire
pressures/inflation:
 Spongy Drive. If you’ve been

driving and slowly begin to
notice that driving the
vehicle seems softer, almost
sponge-like, this is a sign of
low tire pressure. As the tire
pressure decreases, the tire
begins to flatten out. This
more of tire’s service area is
making contact with the
road, creating the spongy
feel.
 Hard Hits. If tire pressure is
too low and the drives over
bumps and ridges, it will feel
like it’s toppling over them without ease. This is a result of less
cushion within the tires’ air chambers. As you drive, see if it feels
like the shock absorbers aren’t working. Hard hits and a harsh
drive indicate low tire pressure
 Alignment Issues. As you drive if it feels like it’s out of alignment
or drifting to one side, it may be suffering from decreased tire
pressure. If the tires don’t have equal amounts of pressure, it can
push the equipment out of alignment.
Check all of tires and bring them to the standardized pressure as
prescribed by the tire codes found on the lower edge of the rubber
or in your owner’s manual.
 Reduction in Mileage. If the equipment seems to be using an
unusual large amount of fuel while on drive, one cause could be
low tire pressure. This is due to the increased surfaced area of the
tire making contact with the road, thus increasing fuel
consumption and decreasing mileage.
6. Busted Bulbs
Headlights are some of the most

important lights found on road going
vehicles. They provide the
illumination that helps the driver
both see, and be seen when driving
on the road. The light is provided by
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
high intensity bulbs that are installed in plastic or glass headlight
housings. Headlight bulbs can come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes,
and designs, and are designed to be replaceable when they burn out.
As the lights provide illumination for low light conditions, they are
very important to the overall safety and drivability of the vehicle,
especially for night time driving. When the headlight bulbs fail, the
vehicle can be left without the very important safety and visibility that
is provided by the headlights. Usually faulty headlights will produce a
few symptoms that can let the driver know that they may require
attention.
 Dim lights. One of the first symptoms of a bad or failing light bulb
is dim lights. Over time light bulbs can wear out and begin to
shine noticeably dimmer than they were new. A dim light will not
provide proper illumination and is also usually a sign that the
bulb is approaching the end of its service life.
 Light flickering on and off. Another symptom of a bad or failing
light bulb is flickering lights. If the light filaments become
damaged or excessively worn it can cause the bulb to flicker. A
flickering bulb will usually burn out soon after the issues has
begun. A flickering bulb can also be a sign of a bad harness or
connection, so a proper inspection is highly recommended.
 Light is out. Another, more serious, symptom of a bad light bulb is
a light that is out. With regular use, light bulbs will eventually
burn out and cease to function. A light that is out is usually a sign
that the bulb has burned out and needs to be replaced. It is
recommended to replace them in pairs if possible, as the opposite
light will also usually be near the end of it’s service life if one of
them has burned out.
Major Defects
May include but not limited to:
1. Busted Hydraulic Hose
The following are some of the

common causes why hydraulic
hose fails:
 Tube erosion. Hydraulic hose
tube erosion often causes
external leakage. Tube
erosion is usually caused by
a concentrated high-velocity
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
stream of fluid or by small particles in the fluid. The red arrows in
the image point to the start of the erosion.
In order to avoid tube erosion, use Hose Products Division’s flow
capacity nomogram to determine the proper hose size based on
the recommended maximum velocities. Also, be sure that the hose
assembly is not bent too tight for flow and that the fluid medium
is not too abrasive for the inner tube of the hose. It is important to
follow the maximum bend radius noted in the engineering
specifications for each hose, as well as diameter, during the
assembly process.
 Fluid Compatibility. System
contamination and external
leakage can be a direct result
of fluid compatibility issues.
Incompatible fluids will cause
the inner tube of the hose
assembly to deteriorate, swell,
and delaminate. The inner
tube can also partially wash
out in some cases.
The hose you order must be compatible with the fluid being
conveyed. Verify that the fluid is not only compatible with the
inner tube, but also the outer cover, fittings, and even O-rings.
 Dry air/aged air. The inner tube
of hoses develops numerous
tiny cracks due to aged or dry
air. This type of failure is
sometimes hard to spot because
the hose will remain flexible,
however there will be signs of
external leakage. Typically,
there are no signs of cracking
on the hose under the fittings.
To avoid dry or aged air problems, confirm your hose is rated for
extremely dry air. Hoses with inner tubes of PKR are preferred for
these applications. If possible, raise the dew point of the air.
 Minimum bend radius. Hose
assemblies can fail relatively
quickly if the minimum bend
radius is not met. In this image,
it is obvious that the tube and
cover physically ripped apart at
the outside of the bend, noted
by the red arrow. The blue

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
circle indicates where the tube and cover are buckled at the inside
of the bend.
In vacuum or suction applications, if the bend radius is exceeded,
the hose may tend to be flat in the bend area. This will hinder or
restrict flow. If the bend is severe enough, the hose may kink. To
prevent minimum bend radius hose failures, double-check the
recommended bend radius. Replace hose assemblies and change
routing, length, or fittings to route the hose within the published
minimum bend radius if they do not comply.
 Insertion Depth. When a hose
assembly is not properly
assembled, it can create very
dangerous situations. Fittings
need to be pushed on
completely to meet the
recommended insertion depth.
If the hose insertion depth is
not met, fittings can blow off,
leaving a failed hose assembly.
The last grip in the fitting shell
is essential to the holding strength.
 Improper Assembly.
Contamination can cause
several problems for a hydraulic
hose assembly. When cutting a
hose, metal particles and debris
can settle inside the hose if not
properly flushed. This abrasive
debris left in the hose will
contaminate the hydraulic
system. It can also cause small
fractures to develop on the
inner tube of the hose
assembly, resulting in leakage.
To prevent hose failures from contamination, the hose must be
properly cleaned before inserting the fittings. The inner tube
should be “squeaky-clean” before fittings are inserted. After the
fittings are crimped, be sure to cap the ends in order to keep the
hose clean and avoid recontamination during transport. Parker
offers hose cleaning kits and clean seal caps that provide a quick
and easy way to reduce contamination, thereby reducing the risk
of downtime resulting from clogged filters, component
malfunctions and hose failures.
 Heat Aged. Hose failure can
occur from overheating the hose
assembly. Overheating will
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
cause the hose to become very stiff. The inner tube will harden
and begin to crack because the plasticizers in the elastomer will
break down or harden under high temperatures. In some cases,
the cover may show signs of being dried out. The hose assembly
may remain in its installed shape after being removed from the
application and if flexed, audible cracking can be heard.
In order to prevent overheated hydraulic hose assemblies, confirm
hoses are rated for the temperatures required by your application.
Also, reduce ambient temperatures or use heat guards and shields
to protect the hose from nearby high-temperature areas.
 Abrasion. Hydraulic hoses are
put through rigorous
applications every day, which
eventually take their toll. If not
inspected on a regular basis,
abrasion can cause a hose
assembly to burst and leak.
Excessive rubbing of the hose
against an external object or
even another hose can wear away the cover and eventually the
reinforcement layers.
The cover is meant to protect the hose, so signs of damage to the
cover or reinforcement layers should warn you that something is
wrong. Protective sleeving is available to better protect against
abrasion. Parker offers hose shields, sleeves, as well as
protectors to meet the needs of a variety of applications.
When damage is detected, replace these hoses and consider adding a

protective textile or a metal sleeve to protect the hose assembly—
especially if it appears to be in a vulnerable or troublesome area.
Look for hoses that are rubbing in their clamps, dampness behind the
ferrule, rust or oxidization of the fittings, cracked or missing covers
and exposed wire reinforcements.
2. Defective Electrical System / Electro-Mechanical System

 Lighting: Busted Light, light
does not function, light too dim
than the actual rating, etc.
 Starting: Difficulty in starting
engine, Engine does not start,
etc.
 Monitoring Gauge: Panel gauge
does not react correctly, gauges
do not function, etc.

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
Other related troubles are specified below:
TROUBLE CAUSE REMEDY

Lights do not work  Faulty cables.  Check and repair any
satisfactory even with loose terminal and
engine running at high  Faulty fan belt connection.
speed: tension.  Adjust fan tension
Lights come on
intermittent with engine
running:
Alternator charge warning  Faulty alternator  Change.
lights does not go out  Faulty cables.  Check and repair.
with engine running and
increasing speed:
Alternator emits an  Faulty alternator.  Change.
abnormal noise:
Starter does not turn with  Faulty cables.  Check and repair.
key in START position:  Battery charge  Change.
insufficient.
 Faulty engine start
fuse.
Starter pinion engages  Battery charge  Charge the battery
and then disengages: insufficient.
Starter makes engine run  Battery charge  Charge the battery

slowly: insufficient.  Change.
 Faulty starter.
Starter disengages before  Faulty cables.  Check and repair.
engine has started:  Battery charge  Charge the battery.
insufficient.
Engine oil pressure  Faulty bulb.  Change.
warning light does not  Faulty pressure  Change.
come on when engine is sensor.
stopped
Alternator charge warning  Faulty bulb.  Change.
light does not come on  Faulty cables.  Check and repair.
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
when engine is stopped
3. Abnormal Tire Conditions

Tires are considered bald
when one or more of their
grooves reaches 2/32 of an
inch deep, compared with
about 10/32 of an inch for
new tires (tread wear is
usually measured in 1/32-
inch increments). Signs of
abnormal tire conditions
includes:
 Vibration. Sometime the tread of
the tire develops a defect that
cannot be balanced out. This is
typically caused by a minor
separation of the steel and
polyester band inside the tire.
When this occurs, it may feel
like the tire is simply out of
balance, but no matter how
many times you balanced it, the
problem remains.
Unfortunately, this problem is
non-repairable and the tire(s) will need replaced.
 Noise. Tires can make many noise, some are normal wear and tear
while others are a sign of a bad tire(s). A constant humming sound
that changes with speed is a sign of chopped tread. Chopped tread
is a sign of a lack of rotation or a failing suspension component. A
thumping sound is a sign of a flat spot in a tire. Flat spot are
typically caused either by a defect in the tire or locking up the
brakes. Neither of these noises can be repaired and the tire(s) will
need to be replaced as the tread has been compromised.
 Wobbling. Wobbling is the most obvious tire sign of a bad tire.
Wobbling typically only happens at low speeds and you will
physically feel the car bounce up and down and you also may see
the steering wheel move. This is caused by severe separation of
the internal belts. When the belts separate this badly, the
pressurized air presses on just the rubber tread. This cause a
large bubble on the tread; that bubble is what causes the
wobbling.
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
 Lack of Traction. Lack of wet traction is another tell-tale sign of
bad tires. The loss of wet traction is due to the tread wearing down
to where there are no more grooves in the tire. These grooves are
designed to allow the water on the road to escape from the tread.
When the water cannot escape, hydroplaning occurs.
Hydroplaning is when the water causes the tire to lift off of the
road and lose all traction. At this point, replacement of the tire(s)
is required.
4. Excessive Engine Oil Consumption

The main purpose of oil is to lubricate
the components of engine, so they can
keep running smoothly. There is a
certain level of oil consumption in
which an engine will have under normal
conditions. Common causes of
excessive engine oil consumptions are
the following:
 Worn Seal or Gasket. Worn-out or
damaged crankshaft seals or valve
cover gaskets will cause leaking and
oil will be lost while driving which
causes constant top off of engine oil
to avoid engine damage. Worn seal
or gasket should be replaced
immediately to avoid unnecessary
top up of oils.
 Bad Quality Oil. Using the wrong
type of oil in your engine, or using
used oil which accumulated a lot of debris and dirt will cause it to
burn. More importantly, the oil won’t be able to adequately
lubricate the components of the engine because of its condition.
This will force the engine to consume more oil.
 Worn Piston Rings. Worn out or damaged piston rings will also
cause excessive oil consumption. Oil will be able to seep through
them and then enter the internal combustion chamber. This will
cause the oil to burn while carbon deposits form on the piston
rings and cylinders.
 High Oil Pressure. When there is high oil pressure, oil will flood
through the engine in excessive amounts. This oil will likely fall on
the cylinders and get burnt up. This high oil pressure could be
due to a faulty setting on the equipment central computer. A
similar problem is adding too much oil during an oil change.
5. Leakage

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
 Air. Compressed air systems are
invaluable assets in a wide range
of industries, and while it is often
an unavoidable business expense,
air leaks could be sapping more
money out of your pocket in
excessive energy losses every year.
When searching for leaks in the
compressed air systems, some
specific areas might be susceptible to leakage than others. During
inspections, be extra vigilant when looking at:
- Air hoses and air hose connections or couplings
- Worn disconnects, or disconnects missing O-rings
- Filters, lubricators and regulators, if improperly installed
- Open blow-offs
- Open condensate traps
- Leaking or botched drains
- Failed or inferior quality thread sealants, or incorrectly
applied thread sealants
- Control and shut-off valves
- Worn out seals or gaskets
- Old or poorly maintained pneumatic tools
- Idle or unused machine or production equipment with air
input
- Inappropriate use of air, i.e. as a blower for cleaning instead
of using other cleaning tools
- Using compressed air to cool cabinets such as control or
electric panels.
 Fuel. A fuel leaks
happens when a hole in
your vehicle’s fuel system
causes petrol to leak out.
Petrol is a flammable
substance, meaning that
a leak can create fire
risks. For this reason,
mechanics recommend
that the problem should
be fixed immediately.
Fuel leaks can severely reduce the ability to process fuel and
maintain a high efficiency. Causes of petrol leaks:
- Fuel tank. Over time, the fuel tank can become worn and
rusty. This can eventually lead to the leaking of fuel. IN this
case, leaks will likely appear towards the back of your
vehicle, where the fuel tank is located.

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
- Fuel lines. The fuel lines transport fuel from the tank to the
engine with the help of the fuel pump. The fuel lines can
also leak due to rust and wear. These leaks can appear
anywhere between the fuel tank location.
- Fuel Regulator or Fuel Injector seals leaking. Loose o
damaged seals in the fuel regulator or fuel injectors can
cause fuel under pressure to squirt or leak out while the
ignition key is on or the engine is running. As these
components are in the engine bay with the hot exhaust and
potential for sparks, the fire risk is very high.
Symptoms of petro leaks incudes:

- Strong petrol smell. Perhaps the most obvious symptom is
you may be able to smell petrol from inside or around the
equipment. In this case, you should IMMEDIATELY either
take the equipment to a qualified mechanic or have qualified
mechanic come and visit you, so that you don’t have to risk
driving the equipment and potential fire.
- Visible petrol leaks. If you smell and see small puddles of
fuel appearing underneath your equipment you should
immediately call a qualified mechanic to come to you to
inspect the vehicle. Also you must avoid all potential
ignition sources such as open flames, sparks and smoking
near the equipment.
- Reduced fuel levels. You may notice that your vehicle is
using fuel more quickly, or the fuel gauge is going down
when you are not diving. This is often a sign of a fuel leak.
- Reduced engine performance. If the engine is starving for
fuel and not getting the required amount of fuel, it will not
be able to perform to its full ability.
 Cooling. A leak in
your radiator not
only creates a risk for
overheating and
engine damage, but it
also creates a
potential risk of
engine fire. It's
important to do
occasional checks of
your radiator and
cooling system to address
any leaks as soon as you detect
them. Signs of radiator leaks
includes the following:
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
- Radiator Discoloration. Pop the hood and look for spotting on
the radiator or around the engine. If a leak is allowing
coolant to come out and land on the radiator or other hot
spots on the engine it will boil off and leave behind spots
which will likely begin to quickly rust.
- Low Coolant Levels. Part of your routine auto maintenance
should include checking the coolant fluid reservoir to make
sure it is full. If it isn’t it means that fluid is escaping during
operation.
- White Exhaust Smoke. If you do find that the coolant levels
are low, you may notice that there is white exhaust smoke
coming out for the equipment. His generally indicate that
coolant is being burnt up in the engine due to a leak and
expelled out of the tailpipe.
- Leaking Coolant Fluid. If you find a puddle of a green, sweet
smelling, liquid under your equipment you have just
discovered a coolant leak. Leaks may spring from a hose or
from the radiator itself. It is important to have it repaired as
soon as possible in order to prevent your equipment from
overheating, which will definitely lead to numerous engine
problem.
 Hydraulic Leak. Chances are, if
you work around or with
construction equipment, you
have seen or had to deal with a
hydraulic leak. Hydraulic leak is
one of the most common issues
experienced, symptoms and signs
of hydraulic problems:
- Abnormally high fluid
temperatures. When fluid
circulates to areas of
differing pressures without
correct pressure
correction, excess heat can
be generated and any
areas that show signs of
internal leakage can
increase the heat load on
the system. This include
anything from a leaking
cylinder to an incorrectly
adjusted relief valve.
- Poor operation. When a
machine starts to show
signs of reduced performance and functionality this points
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
to a problem with the hydraulic system. A loss of speed in
the system is usually caused by a poor flow rate and can be
noted when the system takes longer to cycle or is slow in its
general operation.
Leakage is a common cause of slow operating speeds as flow
can escape from hydraulic circuits. This leakage can be
either internal or external with typical candidates being
burst or degraded hoses or leakage from pumps, valves and
actuators.
A useful tool to measure leakages and pressure drops is an
infrared thermometer which can identify components with
internal leakage. So going by the manufacturers limits for
correct temperatures, the thermometer can pinpoint
potential problems. Incorrect hydraulic oil out of
manufacturer specification can also lead to pressure
changes and a decrease in system performance. A
successful infrared test will also pick this issue up.
- O-ring failure. Make sure the O-ring material is compatible
with the media being conveyed. Make sure the O-ring
material is rated for the expected temperature range. Make
sure the O-ring did not get pinched during installation
6. Hard Starting Engine

An equipment that is hard to
start can be a major
inconvenience. While this is
usually not a life threatening
malfunction, it can make getting
around much more difficult.
There are a number of issues
that will make an equipment
hard to start. Everything from
the electrical system to the fuel system to the actual starter itself can
be the problem.
Finding the root cause of a hard starting engine can take some
investigation. Ignoring a hard starting issue can further damage the
vehicle, which will often result in a more expensive repair. Common
reasons for this to happen:
 Bad Starter. Over time starter motors can wear out and start to
malfunction. If this is the problem the starter will have to be
replaced. If the equipment turns over, the problem is not the
starter. If nothing happens when the key is turn ed the problem
could be the starter, or if the equipment turns over very slowly
and the dash lights dim while it is cranking, the starter could be
the culprit.

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
 Bad Relay Wiring. The wiring between the battery and starter can
become loose or broken which will prevent the starter motor from
functioning. The wiring will need to be replaced or repaired.
 Low or Dead Battery. The starter motor needs voltage from the
battery to operate. If the battery is low or failing it may not
produce enough current for starter motor to function. Charging or
replacing the battery should resolve this problem. It is also
possible that terminals have become corroded or loose. Cleaning
and tightening the terminals and cables is recommended
 Failing Solenoid. A failing solenoid is a common issue with the
starter system and if the solenoid is going bad, the equipment will
be difficult to start. The starter will need to be inspected to
determine if the problem is the starter motor itself or the solenoid.
A failing solenoid will need to be replaced.
 Failing Ignition Switch. Over time an ignition switch can start to
fail and one of the most common symptoms is that the car is hard
to start. If the ignition switch is hot to the touch this indicates an
issue with the ignition switch wiring. A failing ignition switch will
eventually stop working completely and will need to be replaced.
 Defective Fuel Pump. If the engine is not getting enough fuel, it will
be hard, if not impossible to start. The fuel pump is responsible
for pulling gas from the tank to the injectors and if it is not
delivering enough fuel the car will be difficult to start and
eventually will not start at all.
 Fouled Plugs. Spark plugs create the spark which allows the
vehicle o burn fuel. Fouled plugs are one of the most common
reason for a hard starting engine. As electrodes wear down, the
voltage required to jump the gap to ignite the fuel increases. This
can lead to prolonged cranking before the engine will start.
 Clogged Fuel Filter. Fuel that has too much alcohol or water in it
will result in a car that is difficult and often impossible to start.
Even if it does start, contaminated fuel can do serious damage to
the engine. If contaminated fuel is suspected, have the vehicle
inspected immediately.
7. Faulty Gauges. Fuel gauge sender and

fuel level gauge works with each other.
When one fail this will affect the other. As
this system is simple, there are only a few
ways in which it can fail, which is great
for diagnosis.
 Sending Unit Failure. Issues with the
sending unit is the most common
reason why the fuel gauge system
fails. If the sending unit becomes
damaged or worn out, it may
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
incorrectly report upon the fuel levels in the tank, warning that
the fuel is low when it isn’t and vice versa.
 Circuit Problems. Like many systems in your Mini, the fuel gauge
system is electrical. Issues with the circuits can also cause part
failure. This is usually caused by loose c onnections and
corrosion.
 Fuel Gauge Level Failure. Less common but still possible, the fuel
level gauge may fail. This occurs when the internal circuits are
faulty. It will often result in the gas gauge level only able to display
a limited range of gas levels, such as only up to half full.
Like with causes of failure, there are also only a few symptoms of fuel
gauge failure, meaning it is an easy issue to identify should it occur.
Listed below are the symptoms you’ll want to look out for.
 Erratic Fuel Gauge Level. Keep an eye on your dash often, as the
first symptom of a fault in the fuel gauge system is an erratic fuel
gauge. When the fuel gauge sender becomes faulty, it may send
incorrect information to the gauge level, resulting in the level
suddenly changing positions or giving an inaccurate reading.
 Fuel Level Gauge Stuck on Empty. Another typical symptom of
failure is a fuel gauge level that is stuck on empty. If the float
malfunctions or becomes separated from the arm, or if the resistor
fails, then it is likely the system will assume this is because the
fuel is empty.
 Fuel Gauge Level Always Reads Full. Probably the least common
sign of failure is a fuel gauge level that constantly remains at full.
This is typically caused by a faulty resistor. This can be
dangerous, as it can result in your Mini suddenly running out of
fuel at an unexpected moment.
8. Worn-out Ground Engaging

In an earth moving equipme
nt, the most important part is
the working tool. In the
backhoe loader the ground
engaging tool (G.E.T) is the
bucket. Common defects to be
check are the following:
 Cracks on base edges
beside adapters and
corner welds.
 Cracks on base edges on
top and bottom of rear weld.
 Excessive wear on the
bucket tips. Tips worn
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
through on the bottom or cracked in the pocket area should be
replaced.
 Damage to the bucket tip adapters. Badly worn bottom straps
that are worn into bottom cavity should be replaced.
 Damaged or missing retainer pins. Tap lightly on each pin. If
pin moves easily, replace the retainer.
9. Abnormal Sounds
Abnormal sounds are indication
that there is something wrong.
Some of the parts to be checked
are the following:
 Alternator. Alternator that
emits abnormal noise is
should be changed
 Hydraulic Pump. Pump that
emits abnormal noise is due
to incorrect oil level, faulty pump, and unsuitable oil for the
temperature. Remedy that can be done is to top up oil, replace
faulty pump and used the appropriate oil recommended by the
manufacturer.
 Engine (during combustion or in mechanical parts). Abnormal
noise in the engine maybe due to fuel with low cetane rating,
overheating, damaged exhaust silencer and excessive valve
clearance.

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
Self- Check 2.1-3
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
choice.
1. The following are indications that you should check the engine,
except:
a. Weak Battery
b. Clogged Air Filter/Cleaner
c. Improper Belt Tension
d. Abnormal Noise
2. Sign of a weak battery.
a. Hard Vehicle Starting
b. Reduced Fuel Economy
c. Noisy Exhaust
d. Spongy Drive
3. The figure in the right indicates.
a. Check Engine Air Filter
b. Check Engine Oil Filter
c. Check Engine Coolant
d. Check Coolant Pressure
4. Air filter contributes to fuel efficiency, but a dirty air filter can cause
reduced oxygen flow and will _________.
a. Increase Fuel Economy
b. Reduced Fuel Economy
c. Same Fuel Economy
d. Not affect at all.
5. Loose exhaust clamp can cause the following, except.
a. Noisy Exhaust
b. Intact Exhaust Components
c. Loose Exhaust Components
d. Failed Emission
6. This will deficiencies will cause decrease in mileage, except:
a. Incorrect Tire Inflation
b. Clogged Air Filter/Cleaner
c. Fuel Leaks
d. Improper Belt Tension
7. In the ground engaging tool (G.E.T) of a backhoe loader the following
should be check:
a. Crack on base edges besides adapter, corner welds, top and
bottom of rear weld
b. Circuit Problems. Loose connection and corrosions
c. Fuel Regulator or Fuel Injector seals leaking
d. Fuel that has too much alcohol or water in it
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
8. Excessive oil can be caused by the following, except one:
a. Loose Clamp
b. Worn Seal or Gasket
c. Bad Quality Oil
d. Worn Piston Ring
9. Which is not a Minor Defect
a. Weak Battery
b. Improper Belt Tension
c. Loose Clamp
d. Busted Hydraulic Hose
10. Which is not a Major Defect
a. Excessive Engine Oil Consumption
b. Defective Electrical System
c. Loose Clamp
d. Busted Hydraulic Hose

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
II. TRUE OR FALSE:
Direction: Tell whether the given statements are correct. Write T if the
statement is true and F if the statement is false.
_________1. A battery does not have to be completely dead in order to prevent

an equipment from being started.
_________2. When a belt sits loose on a pulley, the belt can slip while in
motion and cause extra friction.
_________3. Restricted air supply from a dirty air filter with not cause harm in
the performance of the engine.
_________4. If the exhaust clamp is loose this will not affect the emission
output at this will help to prevent exhaust leak.
_________5. If tire pressure is too low and the drives over bumps and ridges, it
will feel like it’s toppling over them without ease.
_________6. A symptom of a bad or failing light bulb is flickering lights
_________7. Hose assemblies can fail relatively quickly if the minimum bend
radius is not met.
_________8. If the panel gauge does not react correctly, the gauges will still
function.
_________9. If the tire’s grooves reach 1/16 of an inch deep, it is not
considered bald/worn-out.
_________10. If a leak is allowing coolant to come out and land on the radiator
or other hot spots on the engine it will not cause any damage.
ANSWER KEY 2.1-1
I. Multiple Choice
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. D
10. C
II. True or False

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. F
Basic Tools for Equipment Repair

and Troubleshooting
1. Identify the Basic Tools for Equipment Repair and Troubleshooting
A tool is an object used to extend the ability of an individual to modify
features of the surrounding environment. Although many animals
use simple tools, only human beings, whose use of stone tools dates
back hundreds of millennia, use tools to make other tools. The set of tools
required to perform different tasks that are part of the same activity is called
gear or equipment.
Hand Tools
A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor.

Categories of hand tools include wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking
tools, struck or hammered tools, screw drivers, vises, clamps, snips, saws,
drills and knives.
 Wrenches. Is a tool used to provide grip

and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects usually
rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts or
keep them from turning.
 Pliers. A hand tool used to hold objects

firmly, useful for bending and compressing a
wide range of materials.
 Screwdrivers (Positive and Negative) Is

a tool, manual or powered, used for
screwing (installing) and unscrewing
(removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a
shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning
the handle.
 Hammer. Is a tool consisting of a weighted

"head" fixed to a long handle that is swung
to deliver an impact to a small area of an
object. This can be, for example, to drive
nails into wood, to shape metal (as with a
forge), or to crush rock.
 Vice grip. Is a type of pliers that

have a myriad of uses beyond
removing broken screws and
loosening frozen nuts. You
can use them to clamp small things
in place, to remove stripped or
broken screws and even to open a
zipper when the pull breaks off.
 Grease Gun. Is a common

workshop and garage
tool used for lubrication. The
purpose of the grease gun is to
apply lubricant through an
aperture to a specific point,
usually on a grease fitting or
'nipple'. The channels behind
the grease nipple lead to where
the lubrication is needed.
 Tire Gauge. Is a pressure gauge used

to measure the pressure of tires on a
vehicle. Since tires are rated for
specific loads at certain pressure, it is
important to keep the pressure of the
tire at the optimal amount.
 Paint Brush. Is a brush used to apply paint or
sometimes ink. A paintbrush is usually made
by clamping the bristles to a handle with a
ferrule.
 Steel Brush. I s a tool consisting of

a brush whose bristles are made of wire, most
often steel wire. The steel used is generally
a medium- to high-carbon variety and
very hard and springy.
Equipment
Equipment most commonly refers to a set of tools or other objects

commonly used to achieve a particular objective. Different jobs require
different kinds of equipment.
 High Pressure Washer. Is the use of high-

pressure water spray to remove loose
paint, mold, grime, dust, mud, chewing
gum and dirt from surfaces and objects
such as buildings, vehicles and concrete
surfaces.
 Air Compressor. Is a device
that converts power (using an
electric motor, diesel or gasoline
engine, etc.) into potential
energy stored in pressurized air
(i.e., compressed air). By one of
several methods, an air compressor
forces more and more air into a
storage tank, increasing the
pressure.
Self- Check 2.1-4
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
choice.
1. A tool that is used to turn objects usually rotary fasteners, such as

nuts and bolts.
a. Screw Drivers
b. Wrenches
c. Pliers
d. Vises
2. Pliers is used to:
a. Hold objects firmly, useful for bending and compressing a wide
range of materials
b. Screwing (installing) and unscrewing (removing) screws
c. Remove broken screws and loosen frozen nuts.
d. Used to clamp small thigs in place, to remove stripped or broken
screws and even to open a zipper when the pull breaks off.
3. Is a type of pliers that have a myriad of uses beyond removing broken
screws and loosening frozen nuts.
a. Slip-Joint Plier
b. Needle-Nose Plier
c. Vice Grip
d. Fencing Pliers
4. It is used to measure the pressure of tires
a. Tire Gauge
b. Plug Gauge
c. Ring Gauge
d. Feeler Gauge
5. A set of tools or objects commonly used to achieve a particular
objective.
a. Hand Tool
b. Power Tools
c. Pneumatic Tools
d. Equipment
6. Uses a high pressure water spray to remove loose paint. (A)
a. High Pressure Washer
b. Spray Gun
c. Air Compressor
d. Hand Tool
7. Is a tool consisting of a weighted “head” fixed to a long handle hat is
swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. (A)
a. Hammer
b. Screw Drivers
Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
c. Vice Grips
d. Pliers
8. Is a common workshop and garage tool used for lubrication (D)

a. Tire Gauge
b. Plug Gauge
c. Spray Gun
d. Grease Gun
9. Is a device that converts power into potential energy stored in
pressurized air.
a. High Pressure Washer
b. Spray Gun
c. Air Compressor
d. Hand Tool
10. Which is not a Hand Tool
a. Hammer
b. Screw Drivers
c. Air Compressor
d. Pliers
II. Enumeration:
1. Enumerate the five (5) Hand Tools

Operation (Backhoe
Loader) NC II
Servicing for earth
moving equipment
ANSWER KEY 2.1-4
I. Multiple Choice
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. C
II. Enumeration
1. Any of the following:
Wrenches
Pliers
Screw Drivers
Hammer
Vice Grip
Grease Gun
Tire Gauge
Paint Brush
Steel Brush

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What are the parts of a competency-based learning material?

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING

Unit of Competency: PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Technical Education and Skills Development

Heavy Equipment Date Developed: Document No.:

References / Further Reading

In our efforts to standardize Competency

Welcome to the Module Performing Basic Preventive-Maintenance

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will be both

1. Perform adjustments/replacements on backhoe loader

2. PERFORM BASIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICING (PMS)

3. PREPARE EQUIPMENT REPORTS

List of Core Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Performing pre- and

Perform basic Performing basic

Perform productive Performing productive

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Perform Basic Preventive-Maintenance

MODULE TITLE: Perforing Basic Preventive-Maintenance

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge; skills and

NOMINAL DURATION: 40 hours

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:

1. Precautions to be taken during maintenance

1. Observe safety precautions during maintenance

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

Written and/or oral questionings

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read and understand the

You must answer all the questions

3. View the Power Point on Listen and understand the power

Read and understand the

You must answer all the questions

6. View the Power Point on Listen and understand the power

You must answer all the questions

Listen and understand the power

Read and understand the

You must answer all the questions

Listen and understand the power

Familiarization of the Different System of the Backhoe

In Module Performing Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for

Below are the different systems of the Backhoe Loader.

Engine. The engine—the "heart" of

Exhaust System. After the

The burning of fuel creates hazardous gases (hydrocarbons, carbon

transmission: manual and automatic. Automobiles generally have at least

The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is

Self- Check 2.1-1

1. It is considered as the “heart” of the automobile or equipment.

1. Enumerate the four (4) movements/strokes of the cylinder in the

Precautions to be taken during Maintenance

Below are the precautionary measures to be consider during

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING MAINTENANCE

 Before starting any maintenance

 Use only the tools supplied together with

 Any maintenance operation must be carried out exclusively by