CHAPTER II

THE LANGUAGE
OF SETS
• Cities in Laguna
• Beautiful people
• Undergraduate courses offered at LSPU
SPCC
• Large positive numbers
• Letters in the alphabet
•It is a well-defined collection
of objects.

What does it
mean?
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

M L N E T E E

ELEMENT
 The objects that make up a set. We
usually use capital letters, A,B,X,Y,...
to denote sets, and lowercase letters,
a,b,x,y,... to denote elements of sets.
a  S
aS
 Indicate at least three elements of
each of the following sets.
• State Universities in the Philippines
• The Books of the Bible
• Natural Numbers
• Integers
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

O s R r T E

ROSTER
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

U L R E

RULE
• Roster Method- The elements of a set
are listed and separated by commas
and enclosed in braces.
• Rule Method- Instead of listing the
elements of a set, a rule describing a
property common to all elements is
given. A variable is used to represent
the elements.
Specify the elements of the following sets
using the roster method and rule method.
• M is the set of all whole numbers between
0 and 10.
• N is the set of the seven days of the week.
• P is the set of consonants in the word
happiness.
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

E T P Y M

EMPTY
 Other term used is null. It is a set
containing no elements.

{ } or 
{x x 2  4 and x is an odd integer}
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

L RU I S EVNA

UNIVERSAL
 It is a set that contains all elements
under consideration. It is also known as
the universe of discourse.


The set of all numbers could be used as a
universal set from which the objects for the set
G={0,-4, 6, 8, -12} are chosen.
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

b s s u T E

SUBSET
 Suppose every element of a set A
also belongs to a set B, that is, suppose
a is an element of A implies a is an
element of B.

A  B or BA
 If A is a subset of B, but there is at
least one element in B which is not in A,
then A is called a proper subset of B.
A  B or B  A
 • How many subsets can we
form given any set?

• Determine the possible subsets of the set:

A = { 1, 2}

•{ } {1} {1, 2}
{2}
• Every set is a subset of itself. The
empty set is a subset of every set.
 • How many subsets can we form
in C = {b, t, s}?

• Determine the possible subsets of the set:

C = {b, t, s}

•{} {b} {b, t} {b, t, s}

{t} {b, s}
{s} {t, s}
 • How many subsets can we form
in D = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }?

• Determine the possible subsets of the set:

C = {2, 4, 6, 8}
• {} {2} {2, 4} {2, 4, 6} {2, 4, 6, 8}
{4} {2, 6} {2, 6, 8}
{6} {2, 8} {4, 6, 8}
{8} {4, 6} {4, 8, 2}
{4, 8}
{6, 8}
 It is the set of all subsets of any
given set.
It can be obtained by the formula
P = 2n , where n is the number of
elements.
Can you give some
n properties
2 regarding subset?
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

I I N F N E T I

INFINITE
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

E N T I F I

FINITE
 KINDS OF SETS
Given: A = { t, r, u, e }
B = { 1, 2, 3, …}
• A finite set is a set with an exact number of
elements (countable number of elements).

• An infinite set is a set

with an indefinite
number of elements
(number of elements
cannot be counted).
“UNSCRAMBLE ME”

A Q L E U

EQUAL
 Two sets are equal if they both
have the same elements or,
equivalently, if each is contained in the
other.
A  B if and only if A  B and BA
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

L UE I AQVEN T

EQUIVALENT
 Two sets are equivalent if they
both have the same number of
elements.
A~ B
 Given: G = { l, i, s, t, e, n }
H = { s, i, l, e, n, t }
I = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

• Equal sets are sets with exactly the

same elements.

• Equivalent sets are sets with the same

number of elements.
“UNSCRAMBLE ME”

N O T J I

JOINT
 Two sets A and B are said to be
joint if they have element/s in common.
A  {1,2,3}
B  {3,4,5,6}
 “UNSCRAMBLE ME”

N O S J D I I T

DISJOINT
 Two sets A and B are said to be
disjoint if they have no element/s in
common.
A  {1,2,3}
B  {4,5,6}
 ACTIVITY #1
Identify whether each set is
finite or infinite. Answer only.
1. W = { c, a, r, e, f, u, l}
2. Y is the multiple of 7 from 1 to 100

3. C = { 2, 12, 22, 32, …}

4. Z = {orange, green, violet}

5. I is the set of multiples of 9

 ACTIVITY #2
Identify whether joint or disjoint, equal
or equivalent.

6. Y = {d, o, e} and Z = { o, d, e}

7. Y = { Mercury, Mars, Jupiter} and Z = {8, 9, 10}

8. Y = {0} and Z = Ø

9. Y = {b, c, d, …} and Z = {a,e,i,o,u}

10. Y= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Z = {1,5}

 • ACTIVITY #03
• Determine whether the following is
subset or not subset.  or 

A. E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} F = {2,4,6} G = {3, 5}

1. F _______F 2. Ø______G 3. F _____ E
4. G_______E 5. E ______F

B. U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}

___6. {c, d, e, f} ___7. {g, h} ___8. Ø

___9. {a, e, i, o, u} ___10. {e, x}
END OF DISCUSSION 2
Rose R. Andrade
Faculty
 THIRD
DISCUSSION
OOOOPPPPSSS! THINK OF THIS!
Dear Lord,
May we through Your passion
Add joys to the world
Subtract evils in our hearts
Multiply the good works of Your Son
And evenly divide the gifts we receive
And in generously, repeating and non-
terminating fashion, share to others.
Amen
OPERATIONS
ON
SET
 Two sets A and B are
complementary with respect to a
universal set if they are disjoint and if
when joined together they form the
universal set.
The notation for the complement of
A=A'.

A
'
{x
x
U
an
xA
}
Suppose U={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Which of the following pairs of sets are
complementary?
1. A={0,2,4,6,8} and B={1,3,5,7,9}
2. C={1,2,3} and D={0,4,5,6,7,8,9}
3. E={3,4,5,6} and F={0,1,2}
4. G={0,1,2,3,4,5} and H={5,6,7,8,9}
 1. For each of the following, describe A'
with respect to the given universal set.
1.U={xlx is a teacher} and A={xIx is married}
2.U={xlx is married} and A={xIx is a teacher}
3.U={xlx is a puppy} and A={xIx is cute}
2. Let U={-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3}, K={-2,1,0},
L={-1,0,1,2} and M={-3}.
Find K', L' and
(M')'.
 U ' {}
( A' )'  A
A  A'  U
A  A' {}
 Two union of two sets A and B is
defined to be the set that contains all
the elements that belong to either A or
to B or to both A and B.



A
B
{
x
x
A
o
xB
}
 1. If J={xlx is a high school student} and
I={xlx is an honor student}
2. Let R={xlx is a positive integer},
Q={xlx is an integer greater than 10}
P={xlx is an integer less than 5}
3. If A={1,3,5,7} and B={2,8,9} then what is A
union B?
 The intersection of two sets A and
B is defined to be the set that contains
those elements and only those elements
that belong to both A and B.



A
B
{
x
x
A
an
x
B}
 1. If J={xlx is a high school student} and
I={xlx is an honor student}
2. Let R={xlx is a positive integer},
Q={xlx is an integer greater than 10}
P={xlx is an integer less than 5}
3. If A={1,3,5,7} and B={2,8,9} then what is A
intersection B?
 The difference of two sets A and B
is defined to be the set that contains
the elements of A that do not belong to
B.



A
B
{
x
x
A
an
x
B}
 1. Let A={v,w,xy,z} and B={a,b,p,q,x,y}.
Find A-B and B-A.
2. Suppose D={10,12,13,15} and E={6,7,9}.
Find D-E and E-D.
3. Let T={a,d,g,h,l,m,p}, V={d,l,g} and
W={d,o,s,t}. Find W-V and V-T.
Let U=N={1,2,3,. . .} be the universal
set, and let
A={1,2,3,4} B={3,4,5,6,7} C={2,3,8,9}
E={2,4,6,. . .}
A B AC
BC A E
 The cross product or cartesian
product of two sets A and B is defined to
be the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) for
which the first element a is from set A and
the second element b is from set B.

A  B  {(a, b) a  A and b  B }
 1. Let A={1,2} and B={p,q}. Find A x B
and B x A.

2. Suppose M={0,10,100} and N={0,1000}.

Find M x N and N x M.
 Suppose we have
1
.A (B  C )
U={a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j} 2.(A B) (A C)
A={c,e,g,i} 3.B C'
4A .(B  C )
B={a,b,c,d}
5.(A B )'
C
C={a,j}
 
AA
A
Idempotent Laws

AA
A

Associative Laws 
(
AB
)
C
A
(
B
C)

(
AB
)
C
A
(
B
C

Commutative Laws A B  B  A
A B  B  A
 A{}A
Identity Laws A
A A
A{}{}

Distributive Laws
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
 A A'  
( A' )'  A
Complement Laws A A'  {}
U'  {}
{}' 
De Morgan's Laws

( A  B)'  A' B'

( A  B)'  A' B'
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )
 END
OF
DISCUSSION
If U= {2,3,4,…14} A = {2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7} C = {6, 7, 8, 9}
D = {8, 9, 10, 11},
Find:
(a) (A ∪ B)' ∪ C (e) A’ ∩ (C ∩ D)
(b) A' ∪ (B ∪ C)’ (f) (A - B) ∩ (B - C)
(c) B ∩ (C ∪ D) (g) A' – C'
(d) A x B (h) C + D'